FOOTNOTES:
[64] D'Ohsson (i. 315, 316) asserts the Ḳuṭb to be the chief minister of the Ghós; and gives an account somewhat different from that which I offer of the orders under his authority: but perhaps the Turkish Darweeshes differ from the Arab in their tenets on this subject.
[65] It is said that "the Nuḳaba are three hundred; the Nujaba, seventy; the Abdál, forty; the Akhyár, seven; the ´Omud, four; the Ghós [as before mentioned], one. The Nuḳaba reside in El-Gharb [Northern Africa to the west of Egypt]; the Nujaba, in Egypt; the Abdál, in Syria; the Akhyár travel about the earth; the ´Omud, in the corners of the earth; the abode of the Ghós is at Mekkeh. In an affair of need, the Nuḳaba implore relief for the people; then, the Nujaba; then, the Abdál; then, the Akhyár; then, the ´Omud; and if their prayer be not answered, the Ghós implores, and his prayer is answered." (El-Isḥáḳee's History, preface.)—This statement, I find, rests on the authority of a famous saint of Baghdád Aboo-Bekr El-Kettánee, who died at Mekkeh, in the year of the Flight, 322. (Mir-át ez-Zemán, events of that year).
[66] Modern Egyptians, ch. x.
[67] El-Jabartee's History of Modern Egypt, vol. ii., obituary of the year 1201 (MS. in my possession).—The appellation of "the four Ḳuṭbs" is given in Egypt to the seyyid Aḥmad Rifá´ah, the seyyid ´Abd-El-Ḳádir El-Jeelánee, the seyyid Aḥmad El-Bedawee, and the seyyid Ibráheem Ed-Dásooḳee, the founders of the four orders of darweeshes most celebrated among the Arabs, called Rifá´eeyeh, Ḳádireeyeh, Aḥmedeeyeh, and Baráhimeh.
[68] El-Jabartee's History, vol. i., obituary of the year 1188.
[69] Mir-át ez-Zemán, events of the year 291.
[70] Mir-át ez-Zemán, 1. 1.
[71] Mir-át ez-Zemán, events of the year 218.
[72] Ibid., events of the year 334.
[73] Es-Suyooṭee's Nuzhet el-Mutaämmil, section 4.
[74] These are two very celebrated welees.
[75] El-Jabartee's History, vol. iii., events of the month of Shaạbán, 1215 (A.D. 1800-1801).
[76] El-Jabartee's History, vol. ii., obituary of the year 1207, and events of Rejeb, 1200; and vol. iii., events of Rabeeạ eth-Thánee, 1214.
[77] El-Isḥáḳee, reign of El-Mutawekkil. Cp. De Sacy, Chrest. Arabe, i. 122, 123 (2nd ed.).
[78] The zikr here described was performed near the tomb of a saint, for whose sake it was celebrated. The ceremony is often performed in a sepulchral mosque, and often in the court, or in a chamber, of a private house.
[79] For an example, see Modern Egyptians, ch. xxiv.