No. 13.

VIEW OF THE EXTENT OF INTRA-MURAL BURIAL GROUND PROVIDED, AS COMPARED WITH THE QUANTITY REQUIRED FOR THE METROPOLIS, AT THE STANDARD OF 110 PER ACRE.—Vide Report, § 159, § 160, § 161, § 171.
The plan represents the statistical facts and proportions of space after the mode used by Mr. Sopwith, the engineer. Each square of the subjoined plate represents an acre. The extent of squares coloured shows the extent of ground occupied by each religious denomination. The blank spaces show the extent of deficiency of public ground for the burial of the population in single graves.

BURIAL FEES.—A Return of the Amount of the Burial Fess received by the Clergymen of several of the Parishes of the Metropolis was given in to the Committee of the House of Commons by the Bishop of London. The following Table gives the same Amount of Fees divided by the Returns of the Number of Burials, in the Years 1830, 1831, and 1832, returned from the several Parishes, to an order of the House of Commons made in the Year 1834.


PARISHES.	No. of Burials in 1830.	No. of Burials in 1831.	No. of Burials in 1832.	Average of the three Years.	Amount of Burial Fees in 1838.			Amount of Burial Fees in 1839.			Amount of Burial Fees in 1840.			Average Burial Fees, 1838–9–40.			Average Fee per Burial.
					£.	s.	d.	£.	s.	d.	£.	s.	d.	£.	s.	d.	£.	s.	d.
St. James, Westminster	1,063	1,168	1,087	1,106	329	0	0	298	0	0	246	0	0	291	0	0 [^[66]]	0	5	3
St. Botolph, Bishopsgate	248	300	319	289	36	1	2	42	7	2	23	9	10	33	19	4	0	2	3
St. George the Martyr	158	218	147	174	70	12	6	59	5	10	59	0	8	62	19	8	0	7	3
St. John, Westminster	815	893	984	897	123	7	0	93	19	8	105	13	7	107	13	5	0	2	5
St. George in the East	705	681	802	729	101	15	0	101	8	6	74	8	6	92	10	8	0	2	6
St. Bride	162	223	175	187	51	6	8	51	2	0	81	2	4 [^[67]]	61	3	8	0	6	7
St. Giles and St. George, Bloomsbury	1,296	1,669	1,934	1,633	1,038	4	0	768	4	0	870	15	0	892	7	8	0	10	11
St. Dunstan, Westminster	115	113	122	117	39	9	2	24	0	8	35	5	10	32	18	7	0	5	8
St. Clement Danes	395	524	494	471	121	14	9	112	19	10	86	3	4	106	19	4	0	4	6
Bethnal Green	617	951	1,064	877	71	4	0	67	4	0	62	3	6	66	17	2	0	1	6
St. Botolph, Aldersgate	140	169	160	156	60	8	4	58	2	8	45	10	0	54	13	8	0	7	0
St. George, Hanover Sq.	1,224	1,389	1,389	1,334	597	17	0	423	8	2	488	11	2	503	5	5	0	7	7
St. Giles, Cripplegate	231	225	307	254	87	9	6	66	6	10	56	14	10	70	3	9	0	5	6
St. Andrew, Holborn	587	586	847	673	306	0	1	324	14	1	223	15	2	284	16	5	0	8	6
St. Catherine Cree	36	33	40	36	75	3	6	43	16	6	56	13	6	58	11	2	1	12	6
St. Olave, Hart Street	22	19	28	23	60	8	0	37	4	0	32	2	0	43	4	8	1	17	7
Allhallows Barking	50	64	66	60	31	9	6	7	19	0	15	16	6	18	11	8	1	6	2
Total	7,864	9,224	9,965	9,016	3,202	0	2	2,580	2	11	2,563	5	9	2,781	16	3	0	6	2
N.B.—This List specifics only the Clergyman’s Fees, not those paid to the Churchwardens, Clerk, or Sexton.

PAROCHIAL BURIAL-GROUNDS IN THE METROPOLIS.


PLACES OF BURIAL.	Population in 1841.	Estimated Extent in Square Yards.	Annual Number of Burials.	No. of Burials per Acre.
Allhallows Barking, Great Tower Street	1,924	825	50	293
All hallows, Bread Street	263	100	‘Scarcely any’
Allhallows, Lombard Street	516	350	‘Seldom used.’
Allhallows, London Wall	1,620	615	24	189
Allhallows, Staining Lane	502	619	20	156
Allhallows-the-Great, Thames Street	672	346}	50	319
Allhallows-the-Less, ditto	181	412}
Alphage, St. London Wall	976	388	50	624
Andrew’s. St	35,301	4,840	250	250
Andrew’s, St. Burial-ground, Gray’s Inn Lane		9,258	312	163
Andrew’s, St. Undershaft	1,163	265	70	1,278
Andrew’s, St. Wardrobe, and St. Ann, Blackfriars	3,596	657	100	737
Anne, St. and St. Agnes within Aldersgate	513	1,650	70	205
Ann’s, St. Limehouse	19,337	24,500	150	30
Anne’s, St. Soho	16,480	2,732	200	354
Augustine’s, St. and St. Faith’s.	1,070	3,700	30	39
Bartholomew, St. the Great	3,414	783	100	618
Bartholomew, St. the Less	744	183	8	212
Benet, St. Fink	383	277	6	105
Benet, St. Paul’s Wharf	588	297	36	587
Bennet, St. Sherehog	145	145	‘Seldom used.’
Botolph, St. Aldersgate	5,906	1,918	250	631
Botolph, St. Aldgate	9,525	1,545	250	783
Botolph, St. Bishopsgate	10,969	3,034	250	399
Botolph, St. by Billingsgate	278	266	3	55
Bride’s, St. Fleet Street }	6,126	1,472	130	427
Ditto, Ground in Farringdon Street }
[^[68]]Bridewell Chapel	529	2,400	10	20
Broadway Chapel of Ease to St. Margaret’s and St. John		7,220	500	335
Catherine, St. Coleman Street	322	388	36	449
Catherine, St. Cree, or Christchurch	1,740	1,100	100	440
Chapel Royal, Tower		525	4	37
Charlton Church		2,150	30	68
Chelsea Hospital Burial-ground	Vide St. Luke.	6,696	55	40
Chelsea Old Church	Vide St. Luke.	1,210	6	24
Christ Church, Blackfriars Road		8,448	520	298
Christ Church, Newgate Street	2,446	1,934	30	75
Christ Church, Spitalfields	20,436	6,413	350	264
Clement, St. Danes	15,459	1,736	100	279
Clement, St. Danes, 2nd Ground, Portugal Street		1,422	300	1,021
Cripplegate Poor-ground, Warwickplace, St. Luke’s		1,400	100	346
Dionis, St. Backchurch	806	132	20	733
Dunstan, St. Fleet Street	3,266	851	208	1,182
Dunstan, St. in the East	1,010	600	150	1,210
Dunstan, St. Stepney	63,723	21,795	200	44
East India Company’s Chapel Yard, High Street Poplar		6,447	60	45
Edmund, St. the King	391	164	‘Seldom used.’
Ethelburga, St.	669	240	30	605
Fulham Church	9,319	12,000	200	81
George’s, St. Bloomsbury	16,981	12,100	300	120
George, St. Botolph Lane	235	76	2	127
George’s, St. District Church, Camberwell	39,868	11,640	100	42
George, St. Hanover Square, Burial-ground, Uxbridge Road	66,453	21,200	1,200	240
George, St. in the East	41,350	15,000	500	161
George, St. the Martyr	Vide St. Andrew’s.	12,100	200	80
George, St. Burial-ground, Old Kent Road	46,644	1,368	130	460
George, St. the Martyr, Southwark		4,050	470	562
Giles, St. Camberwell	39,868	16,000	500	151
Giles, St. Cripplegate	13,255	4,700	200	206
Giles, St. in the Fields	37,311	4,958	400	390
Ditto, Burial-ground, St. Pancras		24,200	1,560	312
Greenwich Church	29,755	2,740	700	1,236
[^[69]]Greenwich Hospital Burial-ground		22,480	300	65
Gregory, St. by St. Paul’s	1,444	1,095	100	442
Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street		6,000	36	29
[^[69]]Guy’s Hospital Ground, Snow’s Fields		3,120	85	132
Hackney, South	Vide St. John	3,300	100	145
Hackney, West	Vide St. John	6,534	200	148
Helen, St. Great	659	779	30	186
Holy Trinity, Brompton	9,515	26,524	100	18
Islington Chapel of Ease		17,659	416	114
James, St. Chapel of Ease, Clerkenwell		3,500	350	484
James, St. Clerkenwell	56,756	2,000	400	968
James, St. Burial-ground, Ray Street, Clerkenwell		800	150	907
James, St. Clerkenwell, 2nd Ground		1,000	300	1,452
James, St. Duke’s Place	964	338	15	215
James, St. Garlickhithe	520	162	20	598
James, St. New Church		8,100	260	155
James, St. Piccadilly		4,840	60	60
Ditto, Burial-ground, Hampstead Road		26,620	624	113
John, St. Baptist, Savoy	414	600	50	403
John’s, St. Chapel of Ease		26,000	1,560	290
John’s. St. Chapel, Walworth		6,400	150	113
John’s, St. Church, Waltham Green		3,600	15	20
John’s, St. Clerkenwell	Vide St. James	315	200	3,073
Ditto, Burial-ground, Benjamin Street		1,079	12	54
John, St. the Evangelist	108	7,260	500	333
John, St. the Evangelist, Horslydown		9,740	250	124
John, St. the Evangelist, Great Waterloo Street		5,924	400	327
John’s, St. Hackney	37,771	31,000	700	108
John, St. the Baptist	367	363	12	160
John, St. High Street, Wapping	4,108	6,600	250	183
John’s, St. Hoxton		6,050	600	480
John, St. Zachary	183	905	6	32
King’s Road, Chelsea		4,840	130	130
Lawrence, St. Jewry	625	200	35	847
Leonard’s, St. Ground, Hackney Road		2,000	225	544
Leonard’s, St. Shoreditch	83,432	8,000	300	181
Luke’s, St. Burial-ground, Bath Street		1,240	200	781
Luke, St. Chelsea, New Church	40,179	19,360	468	117
Luke’s, St. Old Street	49,829	9,287	500	261
Magnus, St.	239	44	6	660
Margaret’s. St		5,000	50	48
Margaret, St. Lothbury	189	291	12	300
Margaret, St. Pattens, with }	553	81	‘Closed’
St. Gabriel, Fenchurch Street }		473	4	41
Mark’s, St. Kennington		8960	500	270
Martin, St. in the Fields, Burial-ground, Camden Town		19,360	832	208
Ditto, Burial-ground, Drury Lane		1,269	40	153
Martin, St. Orgars	353	99	‘Seldom used’
Martin. St. Outwich	135	123	12	472
Martin, St. Vintry	288	450	3	32
Mary, St. Abbotts, Kensington	26,834	6,620	330	241
Mary, St. Abchurch, with St. Lawrence Pountney	907	566	6	51
Mary, St. Aldermanbury	751	313	30	464
Mary’s, St. Burial-ground		2,776	200	349
Mary, St. Aldermary	494	173	8	224
Mary, St. at Hill	987	167	40	1,159
Mary, St. at Bow		2,716	52	93
Mary, St. Chapel, Hammersmith		8,960	20	11
Mary, St. Haggerstone		7,260	100	67
Mary, St. Lambeth	115,888	2,400	250	504
Mary, St. Islington	55,690	7,450	750	487
Mary, St. le-Strand, Burial-ground, Russell Court		473	90	921
Mary, St. le-Strand	2,520	200	12	290
Mary. St. Love Lane		100	‘Seldom used’
Mary Magdalen, St		288	12	202
Mary Magdalen, St. Bermondsey	34,947	9,184	600	316
Mary’s, St. Newington	54,606	8,160	350	208
Mary’s, St. Paddington	25,173	20,116	936	222
Mary’s, St. Rotherhithe, and	13,917	11,800 }	345	139
Trinity District Church		200 }
Mary, St. Somerset	375	389	‘Seldom used’
Mary. St. Staining	268	423
Mary’s, St. Stoke Newington		3,000	50	81
Mary’s, St. Whitechapel	34,053	4,219	150	172
Ditto. Workhouse-ground		2,776	200	349
Mary, St. Woolnoth	317	33	‘Very few’
Mary, St. Woolwich	25,785	12,800	600	227
Mary-le-bone, St.	138,164	13,500	520	186
Mary-le-bone, St. Old Church, High Street	1138,164	12,000	36	87
Mary-le-Bow, St	346	250	30	581
Matthew, St. Bethnal Green	74,088	12,100	600	240
Matthew, St. Friday Street	160	208	21	489
Michael, St. Bassishaw	687	222	30	654
Michael, St. Cornhill	454	240	6	121
Michael, St. Queenhithe	647	266 }	30	342
Ditto, Burial-ground, Trinity Lane		158 }
Mildred, St. Bread Street	351	242	‘Seldom used’
Mildred, St. Poultry	280	84
Nicholas, St. Acon	194	287
Nicholas, St. Cole Abbey	254	67	‘Never used’
Nicholas, St. Olave	431	334	20	290
Pancras, St. Old Church	129,763	24,200	400	80
Paradise Row Burying-ground		8,532	1,040	590
[^[70]]Paul’s, St. Cathedral		3,745	‘Seldom used’
Paul’s. St. Covent Garden	5,718	4,064 }	200	129
Ditto. Burial-ground contiguous to workhouse		3,455}
Paul’s, St. Deptford		12,000	360	145
Paul’s, St. Hammersmith	9,888	6,888	200	141
Paul’s, St. Shadwell	10,060	3,000	250	403
[^[71]]Penitentiary Burial Ground		432	10	112
Peter, St. Cheap, corner of Wood St	227	96	‘Never used’
Peter, St. Cornhill	656	287	40	674
Peter, St. District Church, Walworth		7,800	300	186
Peter-le-Poor, St.	559	48	‘Seldom used’
Peter’s, St. New Church, Hammersmith	3,565	1,210	50	200
Peter, St. Paul’s Wharf	341	292	‘Seldom used’
Poplar New Church	20,342	14,686	300	99
Olave, St. Hart Street	816	462	36	377
Olave, St. Jewry	168	306	‘Seldom used’
Olave, St. Silver Street	972	335	‘Never used’
Olave’s, St. Tooley Street	6,745	770	200	1,257
Saviour’s, St	18,219	2,700 }
Ditto, Cross Bones Ground, Red Cross Street }		4,500 }	244	143
Ditto. College Park Street		1,040 }
Sepulchre, St		1,746 }
Ditto, in Church Lane	12,325	1,785 }	256	293
Ditto, in Durham Yard		702 }
Stephen, St. Walbrook	322	306	50	791
Swithin’s, St. Cannon Street	389	241	20	402
Ditto, 2nd Ground		66	24	1,760
Temple Church, St. Mary’s		400	‘Very few’
Thomas Apostle, St.	648	340	‘Seldom used’
[^[71]]Thomas, St. Hospital Ground, Snow’s Fields		1,449	84	282
Trinity Church, Minories	579	302	7	112
Vedast, St	427	108		179

PROTESTANT DISSENTERS’ BURIAL-GROUNDS AND OTHERS.


PLACES OF BURIAL.	Estimated Extent in Sq. Yards.	Annual Number of Burials.	No. of Burials per Acre.
Episcopalians.

St. Leonard’s, Chapel, Bromley	270	52	932
St. George’s, Chapel, New Road	3,250	125	186

Presbyterians.

Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney	3,300	100	147
St. Andrew’s, Scotch Church	900	100	538

Congregationalists or Independents.

Independent Chapel, Greenwich	1,000	100	484
Pulling’s Chapel, Deptford	400	50	605
Wickliffe Chapel, Stepney	600	150	1,210
Ebenezer Chapel, Shadwell	680	120	854
Dr. Burder’s, Hackney	3,168	100	153
Meeting House, Old Gravel Lane	60	4	23
Esher Street, Lambeth	1,210	72	288
Brunswick Chapel, Three Colts Street	480	72	524
Collier’s Rents, Borough	970	50	249
Abney Chapel, Stoke Newington	780	36	223
Mile End Chapel	2,420	52	104
Trinity Chapel, Poplar	1,200	36	145
Stockwell Green	725	‘Very few’

Baptists.

Enon Chapel, Woolwich	112	25	1,080
Worship Street Chapel	720	30	202
Regent Street, Lambeth	320	12	181
Cox’s, Dr., Chapel, Hackney	824	26	153
Maze Pond	650	10	74
East Street Chapel	140	2	69
Hammersmith	2,420	30	60

Wesleyan Methodists.

Methodist Chapel, Woolwich	1,226	100	395
City Road Chapel	2,148	150	338
Stafford Street, Peckham	336	16	230
Wesleyan Chapel, Hammersmith	2,430	18	36
Southwark Chapel, Long Lane, Borough	780	‘Very few’

Roman Catholics.

Parker Row, Dockhead	300	100	1,613
Moorfields	120	30	1,210
Poplar	833	140	813

Quakers.

Long Lane, Bermondsey	2,728	60	106
Coleman Street	4,759	35	35
Hammersmith	1,210	1 or 2	6

Jews.

Mile End Road	4,840	52	52
North Street, Mile End Road	24,200	200	40
Chelsea	4,800	22	22
Grove Street	10,890	30	13

Foreign.

Swedish Chapel	450	10	108

Undescribed.

Union Chapel, Woolwich	1,500	100	323
Cannon Street Road	2,400	550	1,109
Paradise Row, Lambeth	8,532	1,040	590
New Bunhill Fields, Islington	4,300	520	585
Ebenezer Chapel, Long Lane	265	20	365
Bunhill Fields	18,150	600	160
Zion Chapel, High Street, Borough	210	2	46
Poplar Chapel	8,000	52	31
Maberly Chapel	270	3	54
Brook Street, Ratcliffe Highway	700	2 or 3	21
Millyard Chapel	960	1	5
Whitfield’s Chapel, St. Pancras	4,650	300	312
York Street Chapel, Lock’s Fields	1,860	‘Very few’
Denmark Row, Cold Harbour Lane	400
Salem Chapel, Woolwich	360	‘Seldom any’
Little Alie Street, Goodman’s Fields	‘Small’	6

GENERAL BURIAL-GROUNDS.

PLACES OF BURIAL.	Estimated Extent in Sq. Yards.	Annual Number of Burials.	No. of Burials per Acre.
[^[72]]Bunhill Fields, City	8,000	1,000	605
[^[72]]Bunhill Fields, New	3,250	1,560	2,323
[^[72]]John’s, St., Borough	1,440	142	477
[^[72]]London, North East	24,200	250	50
[^[72]]Sheen’s New Ground	9,680	600	300[^[72]]
Spa Fields	14,520	1,560	520

CEMETERIES.

PLACES OF BURIAL.	Estimated Extent in Sq. Yards.	Annual Number of Burials.	No. of Burials per Acre.
Highgate Cemetery	101,640	220	10
Nunhead ditto	242,000	208	4
East London ditto, Beaumont Square, Mile End	26,620	850	154
City of London and Tower Hamlets ditto, Mile End	135,520	624	22
West of London and Westminster ditto, Earls Court, Brompton	193,600	254	6
South Metropolitan ditto, Norwood	193,600	180	5
Kensal Green. All Souls’ Cemetery	222,640	800	17
Abney Park Cemetery	145,200	200	7

[43]. Art. ‘Mortality,’ Ency. Britan., last edit., p. 524.

[44]. The county of Dublin is left out as having a disproportionate amount of suburban population.

[45]. The census, which gives not only the description of the houses, but the different description of buildings or sizes of farms, shows that in both groups of counties they are nearly of the same size, but the farms are rather the largest in the best conditioned group. In both sets, 93 per cent. of the farms are under 30 acres; upwards of 40 per cent. of them from 1 to 5 acres only; 35 per cent. of them from 5 to 15 acres; 13 per cent. from 15 to 30 acres; and about 7 per cent. only above 30 acres; so that the chief differences would apparently be in their houses.

[46]. By my colleagues and myself, the uncertainty of the returns of commitments, or of convictions, as data to judge of the amount of crime committed in any district, was demonstrated in § 1 to § 4 of our Report as Commissioners of Inquiry into the condition of the Constabulary Force in England and Wales; but that uncertainty attaches perhaps in the least degree to the higher classes of crimes.

[47]. Mr. W. B. Robinson, the Registrar for West Hackney District, describes the condition of the houses where the greatest mortality prevails as “bad, with murky superficial gutters within a yard of the front doors. Supply of water bad, quite insufficient for health, and that only three times a week; cleanliness not prevailing. Shacklewell is, beyond doubt, the most healthy village in the district, or, I may say (after nearly 30 years’ practice here), within the same distance from London (two miles). The only parts of the district that are particularly unhealthy are the streets I have named, together with Hartwell street, Dalston; but all these require three things only to render them not less healthy than the other parts of the neighbourhood: 1. Proper and effectual drainage, and removal of superficial drains and gutters. 2. A constant supply of water, so as to wash away impurities in the drains, and enable the inhabitants to preserve a greater degree of cleanliness, &c. 3. That the houses should be kept in better repair, and frequently limewashed; and the privies should be more frequently emptied, and not allowed to run over; and that any stagnant ditch, within a certain distance from houses, should be covered over.”

[48]. Mr. E. Jay, Registrar of Hanover-square District.—Name any particular streets, courts, or houses which, from the number of deaths occurring therein, and the nature of the diseases, appear to you to be unhealthy.—“I should therefore say that the most unhealthy streets, &c., in my district are Oxford-buildings, Brownstreet, Toms-court, Thomas-street, Grosvenor-market, Grosvenor-mews, George-street, and Hart-street; and to these, perhaps, may be added North-row, and Dolphin-court, and Providence-court, also the north end of Davies-street, adjoining Oxford-street. I have observed small-pox always to exist, when prevalent anywhere, in No. 24, George-street (Grosvenor-square); and much sickness and mortality have occurred in No. 18, Oxford-buildings. Oxford-buildings consist of 18 inhabited houses, containing many wretched families, principally Irish labourers; it was improved lately, in consequence of the exertions of humane individuals, but is still the seat of great poverty and vice. The ventilation here is so bad, that even visiting the houses is a disagreeable duty, from the foul air breathed even for a short space of time. The supply of water is good, and the drainage is reported by those who attend to the subject to be perfect, as it is throughout the parish; but the bad effluvia show that there must be some defect in this point. Three families frequently live in one room, some of the houses containing upwards of 50 persons; many of them live almost entirely on potatoes and herrings, and beer when they can get it. Want of fuel in many cases in winter. Brown-street.—Occupied by the poor and working class; the rooms very small, badly ventilated, and cleansed; the damp kitchens, with frequently stone-doors, are lived and slept in. Living is bad, from the poverty which prevails here. Hart-street.—Many poor families reside here, often in great want. Tolerably well drained. Toms-court.—Contains eight houses; inhabitants in a wretched state in many cases, partly from want of employ, partly from intemperance. Small-pox and epidemics have raged here. George-street.—Some of the houses here are inhabited by working men of a better class, but it also contains others in a wretched condition, in point of cleanliness and ventilation, and much privation is suffered by the inhabitants. Grosvenor-market.—This spot is particularly close, being built almost in cul de sac; the houses are dark, badly ventilated, and most unhealthy; the food of some of the poorest principally potatoes; a large slaughter-house situated here adds to its unhealthiness; great want of fuel in winter. Grosvenor-mews.—Here the inhabitants are very thickly crowded, and among the children there is always much mortality; in one house, at the time of taking the census, there were 80 persons. The inhabitants consist of coachmen and their families, as do many of the mews in this district. This class is frequently intemperate: they live over stables, are ignorant of the necessity of free ventilation, and many appear to suffer in consequence. New comers from the country complain of the want of free air, to which they ascribe their deteriorated health. Thomas-street.—Some of the houses in bad condition, and inhabited by the poorest families. No attention to ventilation. Supply of butchers’ meat casual and infrequent. Pneumonia and bronchitis are frequently fatal in these poorer districts; and he who enters the damp, dark, underground kitchen, in which all the occupants live and sleep, in which the room is made more close by a fire required for their cooking, the atmosphere is loaded with moisture from wet clothes hung across the narrow space to dry, and probably some child ill of disease, sees that such a state of surrounding circumstances shuts out all chance of recovery in at least the majority of cases.”

[49]. Mr. G. Pitt, the Registrar of the Rotherhithe District, states:—“Hanover-street contains about 35 or 40 houses, in a very old and dilapidated state. The houses have generally six or eight rooms each, and sometimes as many families of the poorest kind, chiefly Irish. As the street has no thoroughfare, and is on an incline of at least 10 feet, it is badly drained. The water and filth constantly remaining in the street, it is most unhealthy. The same remarks apply in all respects to Spread Eagle-court, except that the houses stand upon level ground. Norfolk-place and Kenning’s-buildings are exposed to the most offensive exhalations of about 150 feet in length of open sewer, which receives the filth of the whole surrounding neighbourhood. Typhus prevailed here at one time to a most serious extent. The persons who occupy the houses above described are labourers, with uncertain employment, and their earnings of course irregular. Their food of the coarsest kind, with habits by no means temperate.”

[50]. Mr. W. Stainer, the Registrar of St. Olave District.—In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest, in proportion to the population?—“In the densely populated courts and alleys where there are open drains and sewers, and the inhabitants are living in dirt, stench, and a state of wretchedness to be conceived only by those who have witnessed it. Prior to the year 1841 several very unhealthy courts existed, in which some of the earliest cases of Asiatic cholera occurred on the first appearance of that disease in the metropolis, but these have been removed, and the ground now forms the site of the termini of the Brighton and other railways. There are large open sewers completely stagnant through or near them, the smell from which in summer is so dreadful that it is extraordinary how human beings can bear it. The supply of water is scanty. The inhabitants are not more dirty than might be expected from their circumstances.”

[51]. Mr. James Pursey, the Registrar of St. Mary, Paddington.—In what parts of your district has the greatest number of deaths occurred from small-pox, measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, diarrhœa, dysentery, cholera, influenza, or fever (typhus)?—“Kent’s-place, Church-place, North-wharf-road, Dudley-street, Green-street.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“There being no sewer, the drainage is bad. A good supply of water may be had if proper receptacles were set up. Filthy condition; Kent’s-place particularly; so much so, that the medical officer stated to me that he intended to write to the guardians thereupon.”

Mr. T. W. C. Perfect, the Registrar of St. Peter’s, Hammersmith.—“All that part of the district called Mulberry-hall, consisting of various courts and alleys; South-street, in an unfinished state; High-bridge, including New-street; Foundry-yard; Trafalgar-street and Henrietta-street; the New-road, and all the houses erected, and now building in Mr. Scott’s park. Always damp and aguish.”

Mr. W. Larner, the Registrar of the North-west District.—In what parts of your district has the greatest number of deaths occurred from small-pox, measles, scarlatina, hooping cough, diarrhœa, dysentery, cholera, influenza, or fever (typhus)?—“Chelsea Workhouse, Leader-street, Oakham street, Little College-street, Arthur-street, and Britton-street. The above streets are not supplied with sewers to drain the surface, and, consequently, the waste water of the houses is carried away by cesspools on the respective premises attached to each house. Generally supplied by water being laid on from the Chelsea Water-works Company. In general, a want of cleanliness. According to the returns on taking the census in 1841, it was found to be the case that very many of the houses in the above-mentioned streets (the principal of which are only four-roomed houses) contained 10, 12, and in some cases more persons; therefore, it may be inferred from those returns it oftentimes occurs that three, four, and frequently more, sleep in the same rooms in these streets.”

[52]. Mr. Edward Joseph, the Registrar of the Rectory District, states:—“Calmell-buildings, to which I allude, is a narrow court, being about 22 feet in breadth; the houses are three stories high, surrounded and overtopped by the adjacent buildings; the drainage is carried on by a common sewer running down the centre of the court, the receptacle for slops, &c. from the houses on both sides; the lower apartments, especially the kitchens, which are under ground, are damp and badly ventilated, light and air being admitted through a grating on a level with the court. At all times, but especially so in warm weather, a most offensive effluvia is perceptible everywhere. The houses are 26 in number, and rented at about 20l. to 30l. per annum; each contains 10 rooms, which the renters of houses let out to families or individuals, who in their turn in many instances receive as lodgers those who are unable to bear the expenses of a room; by such means an immense per centage is added to the original rent. According to last year’s census, the number of inhabitants in this court was 944, of whom 426 were males, 518 females; of this number, 118 were children under 7 years of age; 200 from 7 to 20 years; 439 from 20 to 45; and 189 from 45 years and upwards. The number of persons in one house varied from 2 to 70. Males employed, 261; females, 163. Total number of the working population 424, leaving 520 without occupation; the greater part of these were children and old persons, dependent upon parochial relief and the assistance of others. The following is a statement of the comparative mortality in different parts of the houses, as it occurred during the past year:—In the kitchens, 1 in 13; parlours, 1 in 37; first floor, 1 in 30; second floor, 1 in 33; attics, 1 in 12.”

[53]. Mr. A. Barnett, the Registrar of the Limehouse District.—In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842, been the greatest in proportion to the population?—“In those parts of my district in which there exists the greatest amount of distress, namely, the want of food, of firing, of water, also of cleanliness, both of person and habitation, and, I may add, of the district generally: as examples, may be mentioned the districts surrounding Jamaica-place, Salmon’s-lane, Eastfield-street, Limehouse-causeway, Three-colt-street, and the Tile-yard.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, and cleanliness.—“The drainage is frequently altogether wanting, in most cases very imperfect; the supply of water insufficient, and want of cleanliness very apparent.”

Mr. T. Barnes, the Registrar of the Shadwell District.—In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842, been the greatest in proportion to the population?—“New Gravel-lane, and the several courts and alleys communicating therewith, Angel-gardens, New-street, and Labour-in-vain-street, Shadwell; Red Lion-street (including the workhouse), Upper Well-alley, Cross-alley, and Upper Gun-alley, Wapping. The drainage is bad; the supplies of water are insufficient. In these parts of the district the density of population is great. In many cases a whole family, consisting of seven or eight persons, sleep in the same room.”

[54]. Mr. Worrell, the Registrar of the Gray’s Inn-lane District:—“To ascertain and compare the healthy with the unhealthy parts of my district, I have placed against each street the whole number of deaths from all causes during the last five years. I have taken the number of deaths from a population of 5000, resident in what I consider healthy streets; and I have also taken the number of deaths from a population of 5000, resident in streets which I consider unhealthy. The 5000 occupying the best houses are composed of merchants, professional gentlemen, and the richer class of tradesmen; they occupy 728 houses, containing about 7800 good rooms; the streets are wide, well drained, and have a plentiful supply of water. The 5000 occupying the unhealthy streets are composed of the lower class of tradesmen, journeymen mechanics, labourers, and costermongers; they occupy 431 houses, containing about 2800 rooms, the best of which are little better than the worst of the 7800 before mentioned; the streets are mostly confined, the drains in a bad state, and in many places the accumulation of filth renders the atmosphere foul, whilst the supply of water is not very good. The number of deaths which I find in the healthy-streets during five years, amongst a population of 5000, amounts to 325; and, during the same period, amongst 5000 occupying the unhealthy streets I find 613. No doubt, many of the residents in the best houses go into the country, with the view of benefiting their health, and there die; but certain it is that many more of the poorer classes die in the workhouses and hospitals—so that, no doubt, amongst a certain number of poor, at least two deaths occur to one amongst the same number of rich. Having been a collector of rates upwards of 25 years, and, as a house agent, having had much to do with the letting of houses, I am thoroughly acquainted with the neighbourhood; and, having taken an active part in collecting and distributing voluntary contributions in times of distress and severe weather, I have been enabled to judge of the condition of the poor and their habitations, and I have always observed that sickness prevails much more in places where sewers and drains are bad than in other parts where the inhabitants are equally poor, but have more wholesome houses to live in. Any suggestion here as to remedy may, probably, be considered out of place, but, having had much experience as a Commissioner of Pavements, as well as in several offices of local management during the last 25 years, and having given much attention to the subject (an evil which, in my opinion, affects the metropolis to an extent little imagined), I have no doubt as to the means of remedy, and improvement in the local administration living perfectly easy and effectual.”

“In another classification he arranges, from descriptions of streets with nearly equal population, the highest in each class; the relative proportions, and average ages of deaths, are ascertained to be as follows:—

	Population.	Deaths.	Average Age of Death.
Class 1	1432	97	35
Class 2	1465	119	32
Class 3	1448	157	25
Class 4	1386	200	21

“The above statement proves that, out of a population of 1432 occupying the best houses, 95 deaths occurred within five years, 29 of which, at and under five years of age; and that out of a population of 1386, occupying the worst houses, the whole number of deaths are one hundred and eighty-nine, one hundred and four of which at and under five years of age.”

[55]. Mr. F. Hutchinson, the Registrar of the South District:—State generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“The drainage of all or most of these courts and houses is exceedingly defective. About a year ago, for instance, I thought it my duty to complain to the local authorities respecting a privy in Hanging-sword-alley, that had been full for a great length of time, and could not have been used, but for a hole just below the seat, by means of which the fluid contents flowed into the open gutter. The effluvia from these houses arising from the defective state of the drains is most offensive. In some houses there are only cesspools in the cellars, which are emptied only once in from six months to three years. Water is supplied from the New River three times a-week for about two hours. In many of the houses, water-pipes have never been laid down, and in others the Company have stopped the supplies, in consequence of non-payment. Some of these places, and in particular Plumtree-court, are in a most filthy state. Offal, accumulations of dirt, and the refuse of vegetables, &c, lying in the gutters. The houses are generally remarkable for their dirty and uncomfortable appearance, and are mostly without any proper receptacle for dirt and ashes. The population is very dense; 15 to 20, and, I am informed, sometimes 30 persons, inhabiting one house, consisting of six rooms. The general condition of the population is very bad, particularly as regards the women and children, who are more confined to these localities than the men, the latter being generally employed elsewhere during the day-time. Many of the persons renting these houses suffer in pocket by letting lodgings to parties who never pay; and in health, by thus crowding their families, so as to induce disease and infectious disorders.”

[56]. Mr. C. H. Rich, the Registrar of the Mile End New Town District, observes:—“With reference as to the healthy and unhealthy streets in my district, I have been carefully through my books, and I cannot particularize any one place more than another. The drainage is very bad; the hamlet is drained principally by surface drainage, which empties itself into a ditch which is uncovered. It runs along the north side of the hamlet, which makes it very unwholesome; there has, within the last three years, been a sewer made (down High-street and Well-street), which has much improved that part of the district. The hamlet has been much improved within the last four years as regards the paving of several of the streets which were in a most filthy state; they are now under the commission. If Luke-street and Underwood-street, which contain about 50 houses in each street, were paved, it would be a great improvement, and no doubt beneficial to health. For want of proper sewerage, the health of the hamlet is generally bad.”

[57]. Mr. N. Bowring, the Registrar of the district Haggerstone West, specifies as the seats of the greatest mortality,—“Philips-street, Edward-street, Mill-row, Wilmer-gardens, and the upper part of Hoxton Old Town (east side), in which the principal diseases are typhus fever, consumption, inflammation of the lungs, and scarlatina. Two of those places mentioned above, namely, Mill-row and Wilmer-gardens, are without drainage; but at the back of the west end of Philips-street, south side of Edward-street, and at the back of the upper end of Hoxton Old Town, is an open ditch, almost a dead level, in which filth of every description is thrown. I believe it is under the management of the Commissioners of Sewers, but is seldom cleaned out; the stench emitted, particularly in the summer months, is almost intolerable, and is considered by the inhabitants as the sole cause of much illness and death. Drainage very deficient. Water supplied three times a week. The people generally of cleanly habits.”

[58]. Mr. George Pearse, the Registrar for the St. John the Evangelist District, thus describes the condition of the places in the lower districts, where the greatest mortality occurs:—“Great Peter-street, Perkin’s rents, Duck-lane, and Old Pye-street, are the most densely populated in the district. The houses in Great Peter-street, for the most part, are very old, irregular, and uncleanly. Occupied by tradesmen and small shopkeepers, together with labourers, mechanics, and others of uncertain earnings. The houses in the other three streets are often occupied by 10 or 12 persons in one room, most of them of the lowest grade in society, such as mendicants, hawkers, costermongers, lodging-house-keepers, thieves, and abandoned females of irregular and intemperate habits. Their food chiefly consists of salt-fish and other scraps, collected by the mendicants and disposed of to the general dealers. The houses are, for the most part, very low, filthy, and dilapidated, badly drained, and indifferently supplied with water. There are other unwholesome nuisances arising from the collecting and boiling bones, soap, and tallow, &c. Holland-street, Medway-street, Marlborough-place. New Peter-street, with several other avenues, surrounding an extensive waste (formerly the site of Marlborough square) oftentimes nearly covered with stagnant water. The houses are small, very dirty, and dilapidated, low in situation, without any drainage, having stagnant waters back and front; some in the occupation of the labouring class, and laundresses low in the scale, irregular in their earnings and habits. Many cases of typhoid fever have occurred here, and several recently. Rochester-row, Strutton-ground, and Artillery-square, are thickly populated by tradesmen of all kinds and others; they are without sewerage or proper drainage; the first having an open ditch through the centre for the greater part; and the occupiers of the latter are under the necessity of pumping out into the open street (generally at night) the offensive water that collects in the cesspools within their dwellings. Part of Vauxhall-bridge road, which is contiguous to Douglas-street, Bentinck-street and place, with sundry other small streets or places communicating with them on the one side, and Upper and Lower Garden-street, with Dean’s-place, on the other. The houses are small and numerous; inhabited by labourers, laundresses, costermongers, and others; without proper drainage, having open ditches and stagnant waters in their vicinity. Typhus and scarlatina have been frequent here, and several deaths therefrom have occurred within the last few weeks. In Causton-street the houses are small, populous, with courts or places occupied by labourers generally, and an open ditch in front. Ship-court, with Cottage-place, is situated very low; composed of small, ill-ventilated, dirty, dilapidated houses; thickly inhabited by labourers and others of very low and irregular earnings and habits; adjoining several large dilapidated premises, with extensive wastes or yards used as pig and cow-yards, or for the purpose of collecting slop-soil and other filth, left evaporating in the open air, without sewerage or proper drainage. Vine-street, with Champion’s-alley, York-buildings in Grub-street, on one side, and Scott’s-rents on the other, for the most part are small old houses, peopled by the labouring classes, with bad drainage, and the wharfs in Millbank-street, for the deposit of slop-soil and other nuisance.”

[59]. Mr. J. Verrall, the Registrar of the St. John’s District.—“The following places appear to me to be unhealthy from the absence of all habit of cleanliness in most of the inhabitants; the want of drainage; the ruinous condition of the houses; the number of lay-stalls, in which filth of all kinds is accumulated, and the number of pigs kept in the neighbourhood,—King-street, Queen-street, Gold-street, Ship-street, Hilliard’s court, and Pruson’s island. In the following places (in addition to the foregoing) the houses appear unhealthily crowded and very dirty, with inadequate means of ventilation, namely, Church’s-gardens, New-court, Crown-place, Miner-court, Macord’s-rents, Ellis-court, Petrie-court, Hampton-court, Rycroft’s-court, and Matthew’s-court.”

[60]. Mr. George Lee, the Registrar of the St. Giles’ South District reports generally, as to the condition of the worst parts of the district, that they are characterized by insufficient drainage, indifferent supply of water, cleanliness neglected.

Mr. John Yardley, Registrar of St. George, Bloomsbury District.—“They are places without a thoroughfare to (two of them are built many feet below the surface of the street adjoining), and surrounded with houses of much greater height.”

[61]. Mr. W. Fitch, the Registrar of the St. Clement Danes’ District, describes the houses of the lower classes as excessively crowded.—“The number of persons sleeping in the same rooms are generally the whole family, from two to six persons, and often more. I beg to observe, that where persons occupy different rooms in one house they are generally very particular in keeping the doors of their rooms closed for the purpose of preventing others passing up and down stairs overlooking their abode, thereby causing a very great check to ventilation. Washing clothes, and placing them to dry in the rooms during the night, is another inconvenience the wretchedly poor are labouring under in many parts of my district, and this to a great extent.”

[62]. Mr. C. Mears, Registrar of Waterloo-road, No. 1 District.—In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest in proportion to the population?—“In the undermentioned parts:—Whitehorse-street, Wootton-street, Windmill-street, Windmill-row, Little Windmill-street, and courts, Isabella-place, Broadwall, Cornwall-road and place, Cottage-place, Commercial road, Bond-place and Commercial-buildings, Princes court, Eaton-street, Brad-street, Roupell-street, New-street, Mitre-place, John-street, Salutation-place.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“In the above places there is very imperfect drainage; very few have any communication with the sewers. The houses have cesspools, and the water runs to waste and settles on the surface, leaving the lower parts of the houses damp. Supplies of water tolerably good; cleanliness, indifferent.”

Mr. J. Green, Registrar of Waterloo-road, No. 2.—In what parts of your district has the greatest number of deaths occurred from small-pox, measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, diarrhœa, dysentery, cholera, influenza, or fever (typhus)?—“Juston-street, Hooper-street, Whiting-street, Apollo-buildings, courts and streets adjacent, Charles-street, Harriot-street, Frazier-street, Lucretia-street, James street, Barnes-terrace, Granby-place and Granby-gardens, Burdett street, Francis street.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“In the above-named streets the drainage is very imperfect, and much filthy water is thrown often into the streets. A plentiful supply of water. Many pay but little attention to cleanliness. Densely populated. In many houses from four to eight or nine in one room.”

[63]. Mr. R. Bell, the Registrar of the Kent-road District:—In what parts or your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest in proportion to the population?—“There are many close, filthy courts in this district; in these, the deaths are uniformly the highest; and the local registration does not correctly show this fact, for the people inhabiting them are very poor, and in extreme illness are often removed either to the workhouse or the hospitals, and they die in those places.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“Drainage,—open gutters choked, and pits of stagnant water. Supplies of water—good supply from water works. Cleanliness—as a general rule they seldom attend to this, unless they expect a visit from the medical or other officers: they excuse it by stating that they have to work for their living. The people live very close in small rooms; have often more than one bed in a room. Beds are made of straw and shavings to sleep on, and a great number sleep on the floor; from three to ten persons in a room; almost every room is a sleeping-room.”

Mr. J. Bedwell, the Registrar of the Borough-road District;—In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest in proportion to the population?—“My district, formerly nearly a square, bounded on the west by about 50 houses in Blackfriars-road; on the south, by about 70, in the Borough road; on the east, by about the same number in Blackman-street, and partly on the north by Wellington-street; I find the greatest number of deaths in proportion to the population in the small streets within the above quadrangle. Drainage very deficient; supply of water plentiful; cleanliness little attended to by a great number. The density of population extreme. Small houses with a family in each room. We have lodging-houses in the Mint where from 50 to 150 sleep nightly; 10 large beds in one room in some of them.”

[64]. Mr. J. Paul, the Registrar of St. James’s District.—In what parts of your district has the greatest number of deaths occurred from small-pox, measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, diarrhœa, dysentery, cholera, influenza, or fever (typhus)? And in what parts have epidemic diseases been most fatal?—“I do not know. Neither small-pox, scarlatina, measles, whooping-cough, diarrhœa, nor influenza has been peculiarly localized. My experience of a longer date as surgeon to the poor of the district leads me to believe that cholera, dysentery, and typhus fever have been more prevalent in London-street and its vicinity, and the Tar-yard. In both these places drainage is bad; and the inhabitants of the former locality obtain their supply of water from a running ditch—a common receptacle for everything, where a hundred cloacina empty themselves. Drainage is bad in many parts of the district; lots of small houses are built; streets of a better description unfinished; their proprietors, who look only to the cash returns, pay little attention to the drainage or cleanliness. There appears to be no remedy for these calamities. The supply of water is now pretty good.”

[65]. Mr. George Reynolds, the Registrar of the Church District, in answer to the question, In what parts of your district has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest in proportion to the population? states. “In Beckford-row, Elliot-row, Alfred-place, Camden-gardens, Pitt-street, Pott-street, Camden-street, Wolverley-street, New York-street, and Ponderson-gardens.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“The places I have named are entirely without drainage. Supply of water, one hand-cock to many houses. Cleanliness, great want of.” Name any particular streets or parts which, according to the facts that have fallen under your notice, appear to you to be healthy, and with reference to the points adverted to in the preceding question, compare the healthy with the unhealthy portions of your district.—“My entire district, I think, would be in a much more healthy condition had we efficient drainage; instead of which, even this, the main road of the parish, is without a sewer, notwithstanding the Commissioners of Sewers have been repeatedly memorialized, and the following fact brought under their notice, that the cellars of the houses do not extend to the depth of 3 feet 6 inches below the level of the carriage-road, and yet there is an average of 18 inches of water during the greater part of the winter season, that many persons are obliged to use the pump for many hours daily to preserve their property.” He gives the following letter from a medical officer of great experience:—

“289, Bethnal-green-road, October 31st, 1842.

“Dear Reynolds,—As you are aware, I have attended many of the inhabitants of this road and its vicinity, and I do not hesitate to say that many of their diseases are to be attributed entirely to the want of drainage. They are—1st, febrile diseases; 2nd, diseases of the respiratory organs; 3rd, nervous diseases; 4th, diseases of the digestive organs; and lastly, cachectic diseases. Of the first kind, the very numerous cases of fever in the undrained districts that occur shortly after the autumnal rains, I take in the light of cause and effect. Rheumatism (acute and chronic) are the result of sleeping in houses the walls of which absorb the surface water and elevate it by capillary attraction to the height of two or three feet. The diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs are above the average number, and are attributable to the same cause. The nervous diseases I attribute to the poisonous gases exhaled from putrifying matter. They are—1st, epilepsy. In two families this disease attacked every one of the younger branches of the family, and they were cured by removal to another district. Many cases of spasm of a particular muscle, as one or two of the muscles of the face, the large muscle in front of the neck, and even some of the muscles of the arm; also frequent cases of the most inveterate hysteria, have been temporarily relieved by removal, and have returned again on their return home. Of the cachectic diseases, some are produced, others aggravated, by this cause. Scrofula is of this latter description. The cases of the children in your own family show that it is impossible to prevent suppuration when the patient is constantly breathing a humid atmosphere. This has also been the case with one of your immediate neighbours. That form of scrofula termed tabes mesenterica, I think, is, in many cases, brought on entirely by the same cause. Want of time prevents my extending the example of diseases attributable to this cause.

“I am, dear Reynolds, yours truly, “T. Taylor.”

Mr. James Murray, the Registrar of the Hackney-road District, in answer to the question, In what parts of your district, has the number of deaths registered in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 been the greatest, in proportion to the population? states, “The greatest number of deaths registered, in proportion to the population, have occurred in all the streets leading into Old Cock-lane, especially the courts therein, and in all the streets leading into the Hackney-road as far as Strout’s-place, viz., Old Nichol-street, New Nichol-street, Half Nichol-street, Vincent-street, Mead-street, Turville-street, and courts therein, Collingwood street, Old Castle-street, Virginia-row, Austin-street, Gascoigne-place, and Weatherhead, Nova Scotia, Green Gate, and Cooper’s-gardens, and Wellington-row.” In what parts of your district has the greatest number of deaths occurred from small-pox, measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, diarrhœa, dysentery, cholera, influenza, or fever (typhus)?—“The greatest number of deaths from the diseases named have occurred in precisely the same parts of my district, especially in the courts and in those anomalous assemblages of small cabins built on low and undrained ground, called gardens.” And in what parts have epidemic diseases been most fatal?

“Epidemic diseases have been most fatal wherever the greatest number of people are congregated on the smallest space, which is again the identical spot mentioned above, with the exception of Wellington-row and the gardens, where the deaths appear to be chiefly caused by their low, damp, and almost swampy condition during winter. Pneumonia being there the prevailing cause of death, with occasional instances of putrid sore throat.” And state generally the condition of those unhealthy streets, courts, and houses, as to drainage, supplies of water, cleanliness.—“These streets and courts have generally an imperfect drainage, suitable only to a former state. These drains are very near the surface; and some of the houses are built over them, so as to communicate a dampness prejudicial to health. The gardens herein mentioned appear to be entirely without drainage. The supply of water in the streets is generally good, but in the courts and in the gardens is derived from a main, to the cock of which the inhabitants have common access while the water is on, and have to fetch it in pails to their houses, which mode of supply I consider to be insufficient for health or cleanliness. The population is very dense, in some cases amounting to nearly 30 persons in a single house. As an average, an enumeration district may be taken, 57 houses, 580 persons. On taking in a larger district, 30,000 people congregated on a spot about half a mile square. The houses are universally let out in rooms, a custom apparently introduced by the French refugees; the houses built by whom are all on the Edinburgh Old Town or French fashion, with large rooms on each floor, intended for a family, with a common staircase. A single room now generally contains a family, with tools of trade, bed, and kitchen, which, coupled with uncleanly habits, occasions a constant effluvium, very oppressive, and, I doubt not, unhealthy. In the larger houses, the lowest grade live in damp under-ground kitchens.”

[66]. The Average for the previous six Years was £405.

[67]. Increase of 1840, from two tablets.

[68]. Extra-Parochial.

[69]. Private.

[70]. Collegiate.

[71]. Private.

[72]. Private.

LONDON:

Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford-street.

For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.