The loyalists of America and their times

by Egerton Ryerson

CONTENTS.

[CHAPTER XXVII.]

• Alliance between Congress and France not productive of the effect anticipated; efforts
  of the British Government for reconciliation with the Colonies 1-16
• Alliance deferred twelve months by France after it was applied for by Congress, until the King of France
  was assured that no reconciliation would take place between England and the Colonies [1]
• Lord Admiral Howe and his brother, General Howe, Commissioners to confer with Congress with a view
  to reconciliation; their power limited; Congress refuses all conference with them, but the vast majority of
  the Colonists in favour of reconciliation [2]
• Reasons of the failure of the two Commissioners [4]
• New penal laws against the Loyalists [5]
• Three Acts of Parliament passed to remove all grounds of complaint on the part of the Colonists, and the appointment of five Commissioners; Lord North's conciliatory speech; excitement and opposition in the
  Commons, but the bills were passed and received the royal assent [6]
• Lord North's proposed resignation, and preparations for it [8]
• Opinions of Lords Macaulay and Mahon as to the success of a commission; proposed terms of reconciliation
  if appointed and proposed by the Earl of Chatham [8]
• The large powers and most liberal propositions of the five Royal Commissioners for reconciliation between
  the Colonies and the Mother Country [11]
• The refusal of all negotiation on the part of Congress; bound by treaty to the King of France to make no
  peace with England without the consent of the French Court [12]
• The three Acts of Parliament, and proposals of the five Commissioners of all that the Colonists had desired
  before the Declaration of Independence; but Congress had transferred allegiance from England to France,
  without even consulting their constituents [12]
• Appeal of the representative of France to the Canadians to detach Canada from England (in a [note]) [12]
• Sycophancy of the leaders of Congress to France against England [13]
• The feeling of the people in both England and America different from that of the leaders of Congress [14]
• The war more acrimonious after the alliance between Congress and the Kingof France and the failure
  of the British Commissioners to promote reconciliation between Great Britain and the Colonies [16]

[CHAPTER XXVIII.]

• Complete Failure of the French Fleet and Army, under Count D'Estaing, to assist
  the Congress 17-32
• Count D'Estaing arrives in America with a powerful fleet and several thousand soldiers [17]
• Anchors off Sandy Hook for eleven days; goes to Long Island by Washington's advice, and sails up
  Newport River, whither he is pursued by the Lord Admiral Howe with a less powerful fleet; the ships,
  with 4,000 French soldiers and 10,000 Americans, to land and attack the British on Long Island, who
  were only 5,000 strong [17]
• The two fleets separated by a storm; only fighting between individual ships [18]
• Count D'Estaing, against the remonstrances and protests of American officers, determines to sail for
  Boston Harbour for the repair of his ships [18]
• Bitter feeling and riot between the American sailors and citizens and French seamen and soldiers in the
  streets of Boston [19]
• Raids in New England by British expeditions (in a [note]) [19]
• Differences between Count D'Estaing and the American officers as to the mode of attacking the British on
  Long Island [19]
• Early in November Count D'Estaing with his fleet quitted the port of Boston and sailed for the West Indies,
  thus disappointing the hopes of the Americans from the French alliance [20]
• Count D'Estaing, though strengthened by the fleet of Count De Grasse, could not be induced to come to
  close fight with Admiral Byron [21]
• The French take St. Vincent [21]
• Count D'Estaing complained of by the Americans to the French Court, which orders him to return to the
  American coasts and assist the Colonists [22]
• D'Estaing arrives suddenly on the American coasts with twenty-two sail-of-the-line and eleven frigates and
  six thousand soldiers; his magnificent plans and expectations [22]
• D'Estaing arranges with General Lincoln to attack Savannah and rescue the province of Georgia, and
  afterwards other Southern provinces, from the British [23]
• Account of the Siege of Savannah, and the defeat of the French and their American allies; result of the contest [24]
• Mutual recriminations and jealousies between the French and American officers; Count D'Estaing sails
  with his fleet for France [25]
• Why this minute account of Count D'Estaing's abortive expeditions to America; the barren results of the first
  two years' alliance between Congress and the King of France, by Dr. Ramsay [27]
• Spain joins France against England in 1779 [28]
• Low state of the American army and finances; discouragement and despondency of the Americans in 1780 [28]
• The degeneracy of Congress in 1778, as stated by General Washington [29]
• Depreciation of public credit; sale of the confiscated property of "Tories" [30]

[CHAPTER XXIX.]

• 1780—A year of weakness and disaster to the American cause, and of success to
  the British 32-41
• Depression of American finances [32]
• Weakness of Washington's army [32]
• La Fayette returns from France with a loan of money and reinforcements of naval and land forces [33]
• The British receive naval reinforcement of war ships, and become superior to the French [33]
• Failure of the French reinforcements [33]
• Sir Henry Clinton goes South; besieges and takes Charleston [34]
• Conditions of the surrender and treatment of the inhabitants, as stated by Dr. Ramsay and misrepresented
  by Mr. Bancroft [35]
• Sir Henry Clinton's bad administration and bad proclamation in South Carolina; his exaggerated statements
  of his success; re-embarks at Charleston for New York [36]
• Expeditions to secure the universal submission of the people; but they weakened the cause of the British
  in the hearts of the people [36]
• The military power of Congress reduced and crushed in the Southern States [37]
• Lord Cornwallis's antecedents, and those of Lord Rawdon (afterwards Marquis of Hastings); but their
  severe policy unjustifiable and injurious to the British cause [38]
• Military proceedings in the North also unfavourable to the Congress; its confessed weakness and gloomy
  prospects [40]
• Appeal of Congress to France for men and money as their only hope [40]
• Washington's despondency without French aid (in a [note]) [41]
• Mr. Hildreth, the historian, on the gloomy state of American affairs at the close of the year 1780, though
  the English victories and rule did not attract the hearts of the people to the British cause [41]

[CHAPTER XXX.]

• The French and Congress Allies recover Virginia; surrender of Lord Cornwallis; results 42-52
• General Washington and the French Commander plan an expedition to the South [42]
• Sir Henry Clinton deceived as to their design [43]
• Count De Grasse sails for the Chesapeake with a fleet of 28 ships and 7,000 French troops [43]
• Remarkable march of the allied army, five hundred miles from New York to Virginia, without committing any depredations whatever upon the inhabitants, even in the season of fruits [43]
• Plan of the siege of York Town [44]
• Earl Cornwallis's measures of defence [44]
• Position and strength of the allied forces, and their process of operations [45]
• Lord Cornwallis's courageous and protracted defence; is disappointed of promised reinforcements from
  New York [45]
• Lord Cornwallis capitulates to superior forces [45]
• Conditions of capitulation [46]
• Circumstances of the Loyalists [46]
• Groundless boastings of American orators and writers over the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, commanding
  but a small part of the British forces [47]
• The unrivalled skill and courage of Washington undoubted, as well as the bravery and endurance of his
  soldiers; but the success of the siege of York Town chiefly owing to the French, but for whose ships,
  artillery and land forces, Lord Cornwallis would have been the conqueror, rather than conquered, in
  this famous siege and battle [47]
• The resources of England; the peace party opposed to the continuance of the American War irrespective
  of the Battle of York Town [48]
• The war party and corrupt administration at length defeated in the House of Commons, after repeated and protracted debates and various intrigues [50]
• Change of Government, and end of Lord North's twelve years' administration [51]
• Seven years' war and bloodshed, and an unnatural alliance would have been prevented, liberty secured,
  and the united life of the Anglo-Saxon race saved, had Congress, in 1776, adhered to its previous
  professions (in a [note]) [52]

[CHAPTER XXXI.]

• Change of administration in England; change of policy for both England and the Colonies;
  peace negotiations at Paris; cause of the United Empire Loyalists; change of ministry;
  the King compelled to yield 53-65
• Names of the new Ministers; death of the Marquis of Rockingham, the Premier, succeeded by the Earl
  of Shelburne, in consequence of which several Ministers resign, and are succeeded by others, among
  whom was Pitt, as Chancellor of the Exchequer (in a [note]) [53]
• Correspondence between Dr. Franklin, at Paris, and the Earl of Shelburne, which led to negotiations for
  peace [54]
• Parliament does not pass an Act to authorize peace with America until three months after the accession of
  the new Ministry [54]
• Dr. Franklin proposes to include Canada in the United States [54]
• English and American Commissioners meet at Paris and hold protracted negotiations, with many delays,
  in regard to terms of peace [56]
• Two most difficult questions of the treaty—The fishing grounds of Newfoundland and the Loyalists [56]
• It was agreed that the Americans should have the right to take fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, but
  not to dry or cure them on any of the King's settled dominions [56]
• Preamble and articles of the treaty (in a [note]) [56]
• The most important question of the Loyalists [57]
• They constituted the majority of the population of the Colonies at the beginning of the contest [57]
• It was at length agreed that the Congress should recommend to the several States to compensate the
  Loyalists; but Dr. Franklin anticipated no success from it, as of course he did not desire it [58]
• Dr. Franklin's counter-scheme to defeat the proposition of the English Commissioners, who gave way [58]
• Dr. Ramsay on the Loyalists being "sacrificed" to their sufferings [59]
• Mr. Hildreth on the same subject [61]
• What was demanded for the Loyalists had been sanctioned by all modern civilized nations in like circumstances [61]
• How honourable to the United States to have imitated such examples [62]
• The fallacy of the plea or pretext that Congress had no power to grant an amnesty and compensation
  to the Loyalists [62]
• Severe censure of the royal historian, Dr. Andrews, upon the English Commissioners for having agreed
  to sacrifice the Loyalists (in a [note]) [62]
• "All parties in the Commons unanimously demand amnesty and indemnity for the Loyalists."
  (Bancroft, in a [note]) [62]
• Dr. Franklin and his colleagues outwitted the English Commissioners not only in regard to the Loyalists
  but also in regard to immense territories [63]
• Deplorable condition of the Loyalists during the war; utter abandonment by the English Commissioners [64]

[CHAPTER XXXII.]

• Origin of Republicanism and hatred of Monarchy in America; Thos. Paine, sketch of his
  life, character, and writings, and their effects 66-71

[CHAPTER XXXIII.]

• The hiring of Foreign soldiers and employment of Indians in the Civil War 72-84
• The policy of the British Ministry in employing foreign soldiers and Indians in the war with the Colonies
  deprecated by all classes in England and America and throughout Europe [72]
• Violent opposition in Parliament to the hiring of foreign troops; exasperation in the Colonies (in a [note]) [73]
• Unreliable and bad character of the Hessian mercenaries [74]
• Remarks upon the bad policy of employing them, and their bad conduct, by the royal historian (in a [note]) [74]
• The employment of Indians still more condemned and denounced than the hiring of foreign troops [74]
• Employment of Indians by both the French and English during the war of 1755-63, between France
  and England [75]
• At the close of the war the French authorities recommended the Indians to cultivate the friendship of England [75]
• Both Congress and the English sought the alliance and co-operation of the Indians; misstatements of the
  Declaration of Independence on this subject (in a [note]); the advantages of the latter over the former in
  conciliating the Indians [75]
• The employment of the Indians in every respect disadvantageous to England [76]
• English Generals in America individually opposed to the employment of the Indians in the military campaigns [76]
• Failure, if not defeat, of General Burgoyne's army by the bad conduct, and desertion, of his Indian allies [76]
• But Washington and Congress, as well as the English Government, sanctioned the employment of the
  Indians in the war, and the first idea of thus employing them originated with the first promoters of revolution
  in Massachusetts [77]
• Omissions of American writers to state that the aggressions and retaliations of the Congress soldiers and
  their coadjutors far exceeded in severity and destruction the aggressions and retaliations of the Indians
  on the white inhabitants [77]
• Many letters and biographies of actors in the Revolution show that very much of what was written or
  reported during the Revolution against the English Loyalists and Indians was fictitious or exaggerated [78]
• Proceedings of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts (before the affairs of Concord and Lexington)
  to enlist and employ the Indians against the British [79]
• General Washington, under date of July 27th, 1776, recommends the employment of Indians in the
  revolutionarycause [80]
• The Americans have no ground of boasting over the English in regard to the employment of Indians and
  their acts during the war [81]
• Efforts of General Burgoyne to restrain the Indians, who were an incumbrance to his army, and whose
  conduct alienated great numbers of Loyalists from the British cause [82]
• The conduct and dread of the Indians roused great numbers to become recruits in General Gates' army,
  and thus rendered it far more numerous than the army of General Burgoyne (in a [note]) [83]
• American invasion and depredations in the Indian country the latter part of 1776, as stated by Dr. Ramsay [84]
• The invasion unprovoked, but professedly as a "precaution" to "prevent all future co-operation between
  the Indians and British in that quarter" bordering in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia [84]
• Complete destruction of Indian settlements; their country a desolation [84]

[CHAPTER XXXIV.]

• The massacre of Wyoming; four versions of it by accredited American Historians, all
  differing from each other; the facts investigated and false statements corrected 85-98
• The original inflated and imaginary accounts of the "Massacre of Wyoming" [85]
• Four versions of it by accredited historians [85]
• The account given by Dr. Ramsay [87]
• Remarks upon Dr. Ramsay's account [88]
• Description of Wyoming [88]
• Mr. Bancroft's account of the "Massacre" [88]
• Mr. Tucker's brief account of the "Massacre" [90]
• Mr. Hildreth's more intelligible and consistent account of the "Massacre" [90]
• Remarks on the discrepancies in four essential particulars of these four accounts [94]
• Supplementary remarks, founded on Colonel Stone's refutation of the original fabulous statements of
  the "Massacre," in his "Life of Joseph Brant, including the Border Wars of the American Revolution" [98]

[CHAPTER XXXV.]

• American retaliation for the alleged "Massacre of Wyoming," as narrated by American historians 99-122
• Destruction of Indian villages and settlements for several miles on both sides of the Susquehanna by
  the Americans [99]
• Attack in retaliation "by Indians and Tories" on Cherry Valley, but more than revenged by Colonel
  G. Van Shaick on the settlements [99]
• The destruction of Indian villages and other settlements to the extent of "several miles on both sides of the Susquehanna," more than an equivalent revenge for the destruction of Wyoming (in a [note]) [100]
• This only the beginning of vengeance upon the Indian settlements on the part of the "Continentals;" cruelties compared [100]
• General Sullivan's expedition, and destruction of the towns, settlements, crops, and orchards of the Six
  Nations of Indians, as stated by Dr. Andrews [100]
• The same expedition, as stated by Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Hildreth, Mr. Holmes, and Dr. Ramsay [102]
• Further examples of "retaliation," so-called, inflicted upon the Indians and their settlements (in a [note]) [106]
• The "Tories," driven among the Indians as their only refuge, treated as traitors; their conduct and duty [108]
• Colonel Stone's account in detail of General Sullivan's expedition of extermination against the Six
  Nations of Indians [108]
• Dr. Franklin's fictions on the massacre and scalping of the whites by Indians, in order to inflame the
  American mind against England; his fictions recorded as history [115]
• Injustice done to the Indians in American accounts of them; their conduct compared with that of their
  white enemies [119]

[CHAPTER XXXVI.]

• Situation and treatment of the Loyalists during the War 123-138
• Summary of the condition and treatment of the Loyalists [123]
• The relation of both parties before the Declaration of Independence [123]
• How the Declaration of Independence changed the relations of parties both in England and America [123]
• At the Declaration of Independence the adherents to England the largest part of the population of the Colonies [124]
• Elements of their affectionate attachment to England [125]
• Their claims to have their rights and liberties respected [125]
• Their position and character stated by Mr. Hildreth; abused by mobs and oppressed by new Acts
  and authorities [125]
• John Adams the prompter and adviser for hanging "Tories;" his letter to the Governor of Massachusetts on
  the subject [127]
• First scene of severity against Loyalists at Boston; new American maxim of morals for not forgiving "Tories" [127]
• Treatment of Loyalists in New York, Philadelphia, Virginia, and other places [128]
• Kindness of the French officers and soldiers after the defeat of Lord Cornwallis [129]

[APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXXVI.]

• State Legislative and Executive acts against the Loyalists [130]
• Rhode Island; Connecticut [130]
• Massachusetts [131]
• New Hampshire; Virginia; New York [131]
• New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware [132]
• Maryland; North Carolina; Georgia [132]
• South Carolina [134]
• Remarks on the Confiscation Acts and policy of the several States mentioned [136]

[CHAPTER XXXVII.]

• Treatment of the Loyalists on their applications for redress after the Revolution 139-144
• Impolicy of such persecuting proceedings on the part of the States, by an American writer [141]

[APPENDIX "A" TO CHAPTER XXXVII.]

• Review of the principal characteristics of the American Revolution, and remarks on the feelings which
  should now be cultivated by both of the former contending parties, by Mr. J.M. Ludlow [145]

[APPENDIX "B" TO CHAPTER XXXVII.]

• Reflections of Lord Mahon on the American contest; apology for George III.; unhappiness of Americans
  since the Revolution; unity of the Anglo-Saxon Race [154]

[CHAPTER XXXVIII.]

• Treatment of the Loyalists by the British Government and Parliament after
  the Revolution 159-182

[PART FIRST.]

• Proceedings in Parliament; refusal of the States to compensate the Loyalists, as proposed in the
  Treaty of Peace, and contrary to the example and practice of civilized nations [159]
• In the House of Commons, Mr. Wilberforce, Lord North, Lord Mulgrave, Secretary Townsend,
  Mr. Burke, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Norton, Sir Peter Burrell, Sir William Bootle, and other members
  of Parliament, spoke on the subject [160]
• In the House of Lords, Lords Walsingham, Townsend, Stormont, Sackville, Loughborough and Shelburne,
  also advocated the claims of the Loyalists [163]
• Grounds of the responsibility of Parliament to the Loyalists for compensation [164]
• Unpopular and unprecedented omissions in the terms of Peace [164]
• Fallacy of the argument of advocates of the Treaty [165]

[PART SECOND.]

• Agents in England of the Loyalists; proceedings of the Parliamentary Commission; results 166-182

[CHAPTER XXXIX.]

• The Loyalists driven from the United States to the British Provinces 183-190

[CHAPTER XL.]

• Brief sketches of some individual Loyalists in the British Provinces; first settlers
  in Canada, and how they travelled hither 190-208
• 1. Samuel Anderson; 2. Rev. John Bethune; 3. Doanes—five brothers; 4. Stephen Jarvis;
  5. Wm. Jarvis; 6. David Jones; 7. Jonathan Jones; 8. Captain Richard Lippincott; 9. The McDonalds;
  10. John McGill; 11. Donald McGillis; 12. Thomas Merritt; 13. Beverley Robinson; 14. Beverley
  Robinson, jun.; 15. Christopher Robinson; 16. Sir John Beverley Robinson; 17. Sir Charles
  Frederick Phillipse Robinson; 18. Morris Robinson; 19. John Robinson; 20. Roger Morris;
  21. Allen McNab; 22. Luke Carscallen; 23. John Diamond; 24. Ephraim Tisdale; 25. Lemuel Wilmot
• Dr. Canniff's account of the migration of the first Loyalists from Lower Canada, and settlement on the
  North Shore of the St. Lawrence, and in the country round and west of Kingston [204]

[CHAPTER XLI.]

• First settlement of Loyalists in the British Provinces—especially of Upper
  Canada,—their adventures and hardships, as written by themselves or their
  descendants 208-270
• First settlement of the first company of Loyalists at the close of the Revolutionary War, in and near
  Kingston, Upper Canada, by the late Bishop Richardson, D.D. [208]
• First settlement of Loyalists in Nova Scotia, by a gentleman of that Province [211]
• Colonel Joseph Robinson, his adventures and settlement, by the late Hon. R. Hodgson, Chief Justice
  of Prince Edward Island [213]
• Robert Clark, his sufferings in the Revolutionary War, and settlement in the Midland District, U.C.;
  by his son, late Colonel John C. Clark [216]
• Captain William B. Hutchinson, his sufferings and settlement in Walsingham, County of Norfolk, U.C.;
  by his grandson, J.B. Hutchinson, Esq. [218]
• Patriotic feeling and early settlement of Prince Edward County and neighbouring Townships; by
  Canniff Haight, Esq. [219]
• Colonel Samuel Ryerse, his adventures, settlement, and character, in the County of Norfolk; in letters
  by his son, the late Rev. George J. Ryerse; and in a memorandum, including a history of the early
  settlement of the County of Norfolk, and recollections of the war of 1812-1815; by Mrs. Amelia Harris,
  of Eldon House, London, U.C. [226]
• Colonel Joseph Ryerson, his adventures, sufferings, and settlement in the County of Norfolk, U.C.;
  by an intimate friend of the family [257]
• Note.—Colonel Samuel Ryerse and Colonel Joseph Ryerson were brothers, and both officers in the
  British army during the Revolutionary War; but in the commission of the former, his name was spelled
  Ryerse; and it being difficult at that time to correct such an error, he and his descendants have always
  spelt their name Ryerse, though the original name of the family, in the records of New Jersey, in Holland,
  and previously in the history of Denmark, is Ryerson.
• Interesting piece of local history; by the Rev. Dr. Scadding [259]
• Loyalty and sufferings of the Hon. John Monroe; by his son [261]
• Sufferings of the U.E. Loyalists during the Revolutionary War; vindication of their character—including
  that of Butler's Rangers—their privations and settlement in Canada; by the late Mrs. Elizabeth Bowman
  Spohn, of Ancaster, in the County of Wentworth, U.C., together with an introductory letter by the writer
  of this history [264]

[CHAPTER XLII.]

• Origin and Character of the Governments of British North America.—Nova Scotia 271-276

[CHAPTER XLIII.]

• New Brunswick 277-280

[CHAPTER XLIV.]

• Prince Edward Island [280]

[CHAPTER XLV.]

• Government of Lower Canada 281-306
• The famous Quebec Act, 14th Geo. III.; its provisions; why and by whom opposed; opposed in the
  Lords and Commons, and in the Colonies; supposed to have promoted the American Declaration
  of Independence [281]
• Constitutional Act of 1791—Act 31st George III., chapter 31 [285]
• Mr. Pitt explains the principal provisions of the Bill; provided against the imposition of taxes in the colonies
  by the Imperial Parliament; opposed by some members in the Commons; rupture between Burke and
  Fox (in a [note]); Pitt's defence of the Bill [285]
• The Bill becomes an Act; separates Upper from Lower Canada; constitutes a legislature for each province;
  how the two branches of the legislature were constituted; the representative form of government obtained
  by the United Empire Loyalists [286]
• The Administration of the Government and Legislation in Lower Canada under the new constitution [288]
• Lord Dorchester Governor-General; first session of the Legislature; Speakers of the two Houses;
  a Speaker elected in the House of Assembly who could speak both the French and English language [289]
• The Governor's first speech to the Legislature [290]
• The cordial and loyal response of the House of Assembly
  [290]
• Useful and harmonious legislation; a noble example and illustration of loyalty by the House of Assembly
  before the close of the session [292]
• The Governor's speech at the close of the session [294]
• Unjust statements against the French corrected (in a [note]) [294]
• Second session of the Legislature called by Lord Dorchester on his arrival from England; his cordial
  reception; beneficial legislation; Canadians recoil from the horrors of the French Revolution [295]
• French Republican agents endeavour to incite Canadians to revolt, and to excite hostilities against England
  in the United States [297]
• Mutual cordiality between the Governor-General and the House of Assembly [297]
• Visit of the Duke of Kent to Lower Canada as Commander of the Forces; his wise and patriotic counsels;
  beneficial influence of his visit and residence [297]
• Lord Dorchester lays the public accounts before the Assembly; their contents; this proceeding highly
  satisfactory to the Assembly; bills passed and assented to [298]
• Interval of quiet between the second and third Sessions of the Legislature; Lord Dorchester's practical
  and noble speech at the opening of the third Session; Mr. Christie's remarks upon it; cordial answer of
  the House of Assembly, to whom the public accounts were transmitted, even more comprehensive
  and complete than those sent down the previous Session [299]
• Commissioners first appointed to adjust the revenues between Upper and Lower Canada; their courteous
  and fair proceedings on both sides [301]
• Gratifying close of the third Session [302]
• Auspicious opening, useful legislation, and happy conclusion of the fourth and last Session of the first
  Parliament of Lower Canada [302]
• Termination of Lord Dorchester's thirty-six years connection with Canada; review of his conduct and
  character by the historian Bancroft; cordial addresses to him, and his affectionate answers [303]
• Meritorious conduct of the French Canadians [305]

[CHAPTER XLVI.]

• Government of Upper Canada 307-315
• How governed and divided by Lord Dorchester before the Constitutional Act of 1791 [307]
• The Constitutional Act of 1791, 31 George III., chapter 31, and construction of governments under it [307]
• General John Graves Simcoe the first Governor; character of his government; arrives at Kingston 8th
  July, 1792, where the members of the Executive Legislative Councils were sworn into office, and writs
  issued for the election of members of the House of Assembly [308]
• The seat of government first established at Newark, now Niagara, where a small frame house was built
  for the Governor, and in which also the first Session of the Legislature was held [308]
• Number of members of the Legislative Council and House of Assembly present at the opening of the
  Session; their character [309]
• Number and character of the population of the country, including the Mohawk Indians, headed by Joseph
  Brant [309]
• First Session of the first Parliament and its work [309]
• Remarkable speech of Governor Simcoe at the close of the Session, explanatory of our constitution of
  government [310]
• Change of the seat of government and reasons for it [311]
• Governor Simcoe's work and policy; removal to the West Indies, and abandonment of his wise policy [311]
• Parliament meets at Niagara until 1797; its legislation; Governor Simcoe's successor, the Hon. Peter
  Russell and General Hunter; population of Upper Canada in 1800 [312]
• Legislation, progress, trade, custom-houses [313]
• Provision for one Grammar School Master in each of the eight districts [314]
• Emigration; legislation; experience of the country during sixteen years under the new constitution [314]
• State of the country in 1809 [314]
• Anticipated hostilities between Great Britain and the United States; concluding remarks on this period
  of Canadian history [315]

[CHAPTER XLVII.]

• War of the United States against Great Britain, from 1812 to 1815 316-317
• Introductory and general remarks; illustrations of true loyalty; war struggles of England for human liberty
  when the United States joined the tyrant of Europe in war and invaded Canada; comparative population
  of Canada and the United States; Canada, almost unaided, successfully resists the eleven invasions of the
  United States against her; phases of the war against her [316]

[CHAPTER XLVIII.]

• Declaration of War by the United States against Britain, and preparations for the
  invasion of Canada 318-330
• The alleged and real causes of the war; the Democratic party in the United States always hostile to
  England and her colonies, and sympathisers with every raid against Canada [318]
• Two alleged causes for the war by the United States; Berlin decrees, and answers to them by British
  Orders in Council—results [319]
• Collusion between Napoleon and the President of the United States against England; seduction and
  desertion of British sailors (nearly 10,000) besides soldiers; the justice and acknowledged right of the
  British claims, and injustice and unreasonableness of the Madison Government's proceedings [319]
• The event between the warships Leopard and Chesapeake; American misrepresentations of it; dishonest
  conduct of President Madison in respect to it; noble and generous proposal of the British Government,
  disclaiming the conduct of the captain of the Leopard, and offering to compensate all parties for injuries
  done them by the Leopard [323]
• The "Henry Plot" affair; conduct of President Madison in respect to it; declaration of war by the United
  States [327]

[CHAPTER XLIX.]

• Declaration of War by the United States 331-336
• Declaration of war, June 18, 1812; votes in the House of Representatives for and against it [331]
• Character of the war party and its Generals [333]
• Opposition to the war, and reasons against it, by a State Convention of New York [333]
• Address of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts against the war [334]
• The Orders in Council, as administered, beneficial to American merchants [335]

[CHAPTER L.]

• Preparations made by the Canadians for their defence 337-351
• War against the Canadas being contemplated in the United States [337]
• Preparations by Lower Canada; Sir George Prevost succeeds Sir James Craig as Governor-General;
  his character and first speech to the Legislature [338]
• The loyal answer of the Assembly, and liberal provisions for the defence of the Province [338]
• Organization of militia [339]
• American residents allowed twenty days to leave the Province [340]
• Second Session of the War Legislature, 16th July, 1812; the Governor's speech, relying upon the Province,
  and noble reply, and further various and liberal supplies and measures of the Legislative Assembly to meet the emergency [340]
• Preparations in Upper Canada for self-defence [341]
• General Brock calls a meeting of the Legislature, July 27, 1812; his stirring speech at the opening of the
  session; hearty response and liberal supplies of the House of Assembly [342]
• Patriotic address of the Assembly to the people of Upper Canada, and remarks upon it [342]

[CHAPTER LI.]

• First Invasion of Upper Canada, in the Western District, by General Hull, and his
  Proclamation to the Inhabitants of Upper Canada, given entire in a [note] 346-351
• General Brock's manly and overwhelming reply to General Hull's proclamation, in an address to the
  people of Canada [349]

[CHAPTER LII.]

• General Brock takes Detroit, General Hull's Army, the Territory of Michigan, and
  Immense Military Stores 352-364

Incidents of this Great Achievement.

• 1. Smallness of General Brock's army, and the manner in which he collected it [353]
• Preparations at Windsor for the attack upon Detroit before General Brock's arrival there [353]
• Crossing the river, and the surrender of Fort Detroit, &c. [354]
• 2. General Brock's council with the Indians at Sandwich before crossing the river at Detroit; his conversation
  with the great chief Tecumseh; and after the taking of Detroit, takes off his sash and places it around
  Tecumseh, who next day placed it around the Wyandot chief, Round Head; reasons for it given to
  General Brock [355]
• General Brock's estimate of Tecumseh, and the latter's watching and opinion on the conduct of the former [356]
• Particulars of Tecumseh's personal history and death (in a [note]) [357]
• Surprise and taking of Michillimackinack, and other defeats, discouraging to General Hull, before his
  surrender of Detroit [358]
• Particulars of the surrender [361]
• General Brock's proclamation to the people of Michigan [362]
• Remarks on the difference in sentiment and style between this proclamation to the inhabitants of Michigan
  and that of General Hull to the inhabitants of Canada [363]
• General Brock's return to York; having in 19 days settled public legislative business, raised a little army,
  taken a territory nearly as large as Upper Canada, and an army three times as numerous as his own [364]

[CHAPTER LIII.]

• Second Invasion of Upper Canada at Queenston 365-371
• Crossing of the river from Lewiston to Queenston of 1,500 regular troops, who, by a private path,
  gain Queenston Heights; death of General Brock; the invaders dislodged from the Heights and driven
  down the banks of the river; American militia refuse to cross the river; American soldiers surrender to
  General Sheaffe to the number of 900 men, besides officers, including General Wadsworth and Colonel
  Winfield Scott [365]
• Armistice [368]
• Incidents on the Niagara frontier after the death of General Brock, by Lieutenant Driscoll, of the 100th
  Regiment [368]

[CHAPTER LIV.]

• Third American Invasion of Canada 372-379
• A large American army assembled; confidence of its success [372]
• No reinforcements from England; but the sacrifice and zeal of the Canadians for the defence of their
  country against this third and most formidable invasion of the year [373]
• The Commander-in-Chief's (General Smyth) address to his army, given entire in a [note] [373]
• Its effect to bring 2,000 volunteers from the State of Pennsylvania [374]
• The troops embark; General Smyth does not appear; failure of the attempted invasion; General Smyth's
  flight from his own soldiers, who shoot off their guns in disgust and indignation [375]
• Three armies, altogether of 10,000 men, defeated by less than 1,000 Canadian volunteers and soldiers [378]

[CHAPTER LV.]

• An Invading Army of 10,000 men, under General Dearborn, defeated by Colonel De
  Salaberry, with 300 Canadians, at Chateauguay; Description of the Battle 380-382
• The Canadian militia put in readiness to repel a second apprehended invasion, but General Dearborn
  does not venture it, and retires with his hosts into winter quarters [381]
• The Canadian militia allowed to retire for the winter [382]
• The armistice between Generals Sheaffe and Smyth injurious to Upper Canada (in a note) [382]

[CHAPTER LVI.]

• Campaigns of 1813 383-425
• Americans determined to conquer Canada this year [383]
• Disadvantage of the Governor-General of Canada from the fewness of his troops, regulars and militia,
  compared with those of the invading armies [383]
• Three American invading armies—one consisting of 18,000 men, the second of 7,000 men, and the third
  of 8,000 men [384]
• General Proctor's slender force at Detroit [384]
• Battle of Frenchtown; victory of Colonel Proctor; American misrepresentations respecting it corrected [385]
• Colonel Proctor promoted to be General [388]
• Several American plundering raids on Brockville and neighbourhood; retaliatory raid of the British on
  Ogdensburg; town ordnance, arms, &c., taken, and vessels destroyed [388]
• Canadian preparations in the winter of 1813 for the season's campaign; U.E. Loyalist regiment comes from Fredericton, New Brunswick, to Quebec, on snow shoes [390]
• The American plan of campaign to invade and take Canada in 1813 [390]
• The American fleet on Lake Ontario superior to the British fleet; attack upon York with 1,700 men,
  commanded by Generals Dearborn and Pike; battle, explosion of a magazine; many of both armies
  killed; Canadians defeated and York taken [391]
• Americans evacuate York and return to Sackett's Harbour, after having destroyed public buildings, and
  taken much booty [393]
• Americans attack Fort George, Newark (Niagara), by land and water, and after a hard fight take the town
  and fort, the British retiring to Queenston [393]
• General Vincent, having destroyed the fortifications on the frontier, retreats to Burlington Heights, pursued by Generals Chandler and Winder, with an army of 3,500 infantry and 300 cavalry [394]
• Colonel Harvey, with 700 men, surprises the whole American army at Stony Creek, captures their two
  generals and 150 men, &c. [395]
• American army retreats in great disorder towards Fort George [396]
• The affair at the Beaver Dams; the capture of 700 American soldiers, with their officers, by a small party
  of soldiers and Indians—the captured prisoners being five to one of their captors [397]
• The American army confined to Fort George and its neighbourhood [397]
• A small party of the British retaliate the marauding game of the Americans by crossing the river at
  Chippewa, attacking and dismantling Fort Schlosser and bringing off military stores; and seven days
  afterwards, 11th July, crossing from Fort Erie to Black Rock, and burning the enemy's block-houses,
  stores, barracks, dockyards, &c. [397]
• The two armies almost within gunshot of each other at Fort George; but the Americans could not be drawn
  out to a battle, though their numbers were two to one to the British [398]
• General Harrison prepares to prosecute the war for recovering the Territories of Michigan; General Proctor
  raises the siege of Lower Sandusky and retires to Amherstburg [399]
• Unsuccessful expedition of Governor-General Prevost and Sir James L. Yeo against Sackett's Harbour;
  Sir George Prevost orders the withdrawment of the troops, at the very crisis of victory, to the great
  disappointment and dissatisfaction of his officers and men [399]

Occurrences on Lake Ontario.

• Second unsuccessful attempt of Commodore Sir James Yeo on Sackett's Harbour [401]
• Commodore Chauncey's expedition to the head of the lake to take Burlington Heights is deferred by the preparations of Colonels Harvey and Battersby to receive him [402]
• Commodore Chauncey makes a second raid upon York (Toronto), plunders, burns, and departs; singular coincidence [402]
• The British fleet, sailing from Kingston the last day of July, with supplies for the army at the head of the lake, encounters the American fleet at Niagara, and after two days' manœuvring, a partial engagement ensues,
  in which the British capture two small vessels—the Julia and Growler [402]
• A graphic account of the naval manœuvring and battle by the American historian of the war, Brackenridge
  (in a [note]) [402]
• Encounters and tactics of the British and American fleets on Lake Ontario for the rest of the season [404]

Occurrences on Lake Erie and in the West.

• Fleet fitting out by Commodore Perry at Presqu' Isle (Erie) blockaded by Commodore Barclay, who,
  neglecting his duty and absenting himself from Presqu' Isle, allowed the American fleet to get over the bar
  at the mouth of the harbour, and getting into the lake with their cannon reshipped and completely equipped [405]
• Commodore Barclay, the enemy too well manned and too powerful for him, sails for Amherstburg;
  is pursued by Commodore Perry and compelled to fight, in which he lost his fleet, though he fought bravely [406]
• In consequence of the loss of the fleet on Lake Erie, the British army in possession of the territory of
  Michigan, left without resources, evacuate the territory and Fort Detroit, before an American army of 7,000
  men and 1,000 dragoons, under General Harrison [407]
• General Proctor retreats up the Thames; is pursued by General Harrison, with a force of 3,000 men,
  including 1,000 Kentucky dragoons, and overtaken near Moravian Town, where a battle ensues, in which
  General Proctor is defeated with heavy loss—the Indians remaining loyal, fighting longest, suffering most,
  with the loss of their chief, Tecumseh [408]
• Shameful burning of Moravian Town by the Americans [410]
• Americans accept Indian alliance; Americans intoxicated by these successes, but driven from every inch
  of Canadian territory before the end of the year [410]

American Invasion of Lower Canada.

• Defeat of an American advance invading division, and capture of two vessels, the Growler
  and Eagle, of eleven guns each, at the Isle-aux-Noix, by 108 men, under the command of Lieut.-Col.
  George Taylor [411]
• Attacks upon and capture and destruction of the American war materials, hospitals, barracks,
  &c., at Plattsburg, under Colonel Murray (General Moore retreating with 1,500 men), at Burlington
  (where was encamped General Hampton with 4,000 men), capturing and destroying four vessels, and
  afterwards at the towns of Champlain and Swanton, destroying the block-houses and barracks [412]
• These successes but preliminary to the Canadian victories of Chateauguay, and Chrystler's Farm [413]

Battle of Chateauguay.

• General Hampton, with 5,000 men, defeated by the skill and courage of Colonel De Salaberry
  with 300 Canadians; the battle described, and the close of it witnessed, by the Governor-General Prevost
  and Major-General De Watteville [413]
• General Hampton with his demoralized army retires into winter quarters at Plattsburg [417]
• Next expedition against Montreal by the St. Lawrence, under command of General Wilkinson, with
  a force of 10,000 men; the American soldiers promised grand winter quarters at Montreal [417]
• American army descends the St. Lawrence from near Kingston in 300 boats; is followed by a detachment
  of the British from Kingston, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, who overtakes and
  skirmishes with divisions of the American army on the way; at the American post, at the town of Hamilton,
  takes a considerable quantity of provisions and stores, and two pieces of ordnance [418]

Battle of Chrystler's Farm.

• American force engaged between 3,000 and 4,000 men; the British forces were about 800 rank and file; preliminaries and description of the battle, said to be the most squarely and scientifically fought battle
  of the war [419]
• Losses; General Wilkinson's testimony as to the loyalty and courage of the Canadians [420]
• General Wilkinson proceeds down the St. Lawrence with his flotilla; disappointment and mortification
  at General Hampton's disobedience and failure to meet him at St. Regis; crosses the St. Lawrence and
  retires into winter quarters at Salmon River [420]
• The campaign of the season terminated in Lower Canada; the Canadian militia dismissed to their homes
  with thanks and applause [421]

British Victories in Upper Canada.

• In December, 1813, Lieutenant-General Drummond supersedes Major-General De Rottenburgh in
  command of Upper Canada, and proceeds to York and the head of the Lake at Burlington Heights;
  despatches Colonel Murray to arrest the predatory incursions of General McClure in the neighbourhood
  of Fort George, of which he was then in possession [422]
• McClure's plundering the inhabitants; his barbarous act in burning the town of Newark (Niagara), and flight
  to the American side of the river [423]
• The British, under command of Colonel Murray, take Fort Niagara, the whole garrison, and much
  warlike supplies [423]
• Lewiston, Manchester, Black Rock and Buffalo destroyed in retaliation for the burning of Newark (Niagara),
  and exposure of 400 women and children, by McClure [424]
• Proclamation issued by General Drummond, deprecating this savage mode of warfare, and declaring his
  purpose not to pursue it, unless compelled by the measures of the American Government [425]

[CHAPTER LVII.]

• Movements and Campaigns in 1814—The third and last year of the war 426-434
• Two years' expensive failures of American invasions against Canada; preparations on both sides for the
  third year's campaigns [426]
• Volunteers, soldiers and sailors, march through the woods from New Brunswick to Canada [426]
• Expression of Royal satisfaction and admiration of the loyalty and courage of the Canadians during the
  war, making special mention of the affair of Chateauguay and Colonel De Salaberry [427]
• First American invasion of Lower Canada in 1814; the American soldiers, crossing Lake Champlain on
  the ice, attack Le Colle Mill (Block-house), and are driven back by a small but heroic force of Canadians [427]
• General Wilkinson returns with his army to Plattsburg; and, disappointed and mortified at his failures, retires
  from the army [428]
• Prairie du Chién, on the Mississippi, taken by the British, and Fort Michillimackinack triumphantly defended
  against a large American force; and Sir John C. Sherbrook, Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, reduces an extensive portion of American territory adjoining New Brunswick, and adds it to that Province [428]
• Peace in Europe; reinforcements of 16,000 veteran soldiers from England to Canada [430]
• Sir George Prevost's abortive expedition against Plattsburg censured; recalled to England to be tried by court-martial; dies a week before the day of trial [330]
• The estimate of Mr. Christie, the Canadian historian, of the character and policy of Sir George Prevost [431]
• Opening of the campaign in Upper Canada; expedition from Kingston against Oswego, which is dismantled,
  its fortifications destroyed, military stores, &c., seized [432]
• British fleet, supreme on Lake Ontario, blockades Sackett's Harbour; intercepts supplies being sent from
  Oswego to Sackett's Harbour, but is unsuccessful in pursuing American supply boats up the Sandy Creek;
  the pursuers taken prisoners and well treated by the Americans [433]

[CHAPTER LVIII.]

• Last Invasions and last Battles of the war 435-460
• Americans, in two divisions, under command of Brigadier-Generals Scott and Ripley, cross the river and
  land on the Canadian side above and below Fort Erie, which is commanded by Major Buck, and
  surrendered without firing a shot, to the great loss of the British, and to the great advantage of the Americans [435]
• General Brown, with a force of over 4,000 troops, advances down the river from Fort Erie, with a view
  of taking Chippewa; is encountered by General Riall, who is compelled to retire to the rear of his works at Chippewa; heroism of the Lincoln Militia [436]
• General Riall retires to Fort George, pursued by General Brown; pillage of the American soldiers and
  officers in the neighbourhood of Fort George [437]
• Both armies reinforced; General Brown in difficulties; retreats towards Chippewa; is pursued by General
  Riall; burns the village of St. David's; makes a stand at Lundy's Lane—called Bridgewater by the Americans [437]
• Battle of Lundy's Lane; preliminaries to it [438]
• The battle itself; protracted and bloody struggle; Americans retreat to beyond Chippewa [439]
• Forces engaged; losses on both sides; victory absurdly claimed on the American side [441]
• American army retreats to Fort Erie, pursued by General Drummond, who invests the fort [443]
• Storming the fort; terrible conflict; on the point of victory a magazine blown up, destroying all the British
  soldiers who had entered the fort—including Colonels Drummond and Scott—compelling the retirement
  of the assailants; British losses severe [444]
• The enemy shut up for a month in the fort by the British investment [445]
• At the expiration of a month the enemy makes a sortie, with his whole force; surprises and destroys the
  batteries; a bloody conflict; the enemy compelled to return to the fort with a loss of 600 men [445]
• Incessant rains prevent General Drummond repairing his batteries; he raises the siege and tries in vain to
  bring General Brown to a general engagement, but he evades it and evacuates Fort Erie [446]
• Thus terminates the last American invasion of Canada, without acquiring possession of an inch of
  Canadian territory [446]
• Summary review of Canadian loyalty, and the causes, characteristics, and the results of the war, in an
  address delivered at Queenston Heights, near Brock's Monument, by the author, at the anniversary of
  the Battle of Lundy's Lane, July, 1875 [447]

[CHAPTER LIX.]

• Miscellaneous Documents and Papers extracted from United Empire Loyalist
  Manuscripts in the Dominion Library at Ottawa 461-464
• Character of the Canadian Militia [461]
• American invasions of Canada and their military forces [462]
• Notice of Colonel John Clarke and his manuscript contributions [462]
• The treatment of Canadians by the American invaders [463]
• The Royal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada and its doings in raising and distributing upwards of £20,000
  to relieve Canadian sufferers by the war [466]

[CHAPTER LX.]

• State of Canada after the Close of the War; Conclusion [469]

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