OUTLINES
OF
CREATION.
BY
ELISHA NOYCE.
AUTHOR OF
"THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION."
ILLUSTRATED WITH
FOUR HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS,
BY
THE BROTHERS DALZIEL.
LONDON:
WARD & LOCK, 158, FLEET STREET.
1858.
(The right of Translation is reserved.)
Dalziel, Brothers, Camden Press, London.
[CONTENTS.]
THE SKY.
- Sky, definition of [1]
- Stars, what they are [1]
- Sun, probable planets of [2]
- Nebulæ [2]
- Solar system [3]
- Planets, list of [3]
- Sun, the source of light [3]
- " size, diameter, &c. [3]
- " spots on [3]
- " compared with size of planets [4]
- Orbits, elliptical [5]
- Ellipse, definition of [5]
- Earth's orbit, form of [6]
- Mercury [6]
- Venus [7]
- Planets, inferior and superior [7]
- " conjunction and opposition of [8]
- The Earth [8]
- " form of, demonstrated [9]
- " diurnal motion of [10]
- " rate of motion of [10]
- Equinoxes and solstices [12]
- The Moon [12]
- " phases of [13]
- Mars [14]
- Jupiter [16]
- " satellites of [18]
- Saturn [18]
- " rings of [19]
- Uranus [21]
- Neptune [22]
- The planetoids [22]
- " supposed origin of [23]
- The stellar system [24]
- Stars, number of [24]
- The Milky Way [24]
- Nebulæ [24]
- Constellations [25]
- Stars, double [26]
- " variable [27]
- Comets [27]
THE AIR.
- Air, how perceived [29]
- " composition of [29]
- " weight of [30]
- Barometer, principle of [30]
- Winds, course of [31]
- Vapour, condensation of [31]
- Snow, hail, and frost [32]
- " red and green [32]
- Air, temperature of [32]
- Dew, cause of [33]
- " artificial formation of [34]
- Clouds and fogs [35]
- Lightning [36]
- " conductors [37]
- Thunder-storms [38]
- Rainbow [39]
- Air, the source of nourishment [40]
- " carbonic acid of [41]
- " the source of coal [41]
THE EARTH.
- Elements, list of [45]
- Earths, list of [46]
- Silica [46]
- Alumina, Lime, Potassa [47]
- Soda [48]
- The Earth, surface of [49]
- Strata [49]
- " diagram of [50]
- " various positions of [51]
- Faults or dykes [52]
- Granite [53]
- Gneiss [54]
- Strata, primary [54]
- Earth, primary period of [55]
- Stalagmites, formation of [58]
- Terebratula [58]
- Secondary system [59]
- Trilobites [59]
- Mountains, formation of [61]
- Earth, section of part of [62]
- Volcanoes, formation of [62]
- Coral polypi [64]
- Encrinites [65]
- Mountain limestone [65]
- Basalt [66]
- Tree-ferns, Pines, &c. [66]
- Air, purification of [67]
- Coal, formation of [67]
- " consumption of [68]
- Coal shales, ferns found in [69]
- Earth's surface, alterations of [69]
- Labyrinthodon [70]
- Red Sandstone, impressions in [70]
- Saliferous system [71]
- Lias and oolite [71]
- Ammonites and pentacrinites [72]
- Cretaceous system (chalk) [72]
- Ichthyosaurus and plesiosaurus [73]
- Coprolites [74]
- Chalk, organic remains in [75]
- " flints of [76]
- Strata, tertiary [78]
- Alluvium and diluvium [78]
- " quadrupeds of [78]
- Dinotherium [79]
- Mammoth, &c. [80]
- Irish elk, paleotherium [81]
- Boulder formation [82]
- Fossil leaves [83]
- Man, as yet unformed [83]
- " his remains only in upper strata [83]
- Sculptures from Nineveh [84]
- Earth's surface, always changing [84]
- " as it is [86]
- Earth, temperature of [86]
- Europe [87]
- Asia and Africa [88]
- America [88]
- Australia [89]
- The Great Desert [89]
- Oceans [90]
THE WATERS.
- The waters [91]
- Sea-weeds, &c. [92]
- The horizon [93]
- The cliffs [93]
- The waters, their divisions [93]
- The sea, always the same level [94]
- " waters poured into it [94]
- Rain, how produced [95]
- Rivers and streams [96]
- " causes of their overflowing [97]
- Lakes [97]
- Chalk downs, &c., once a sea bottom [98]
- Sea, its encroachments [98]
- " waves of [99]
- " Sargasso [101]
- Gulf stream [101]
- Sand, formation of [102]
- " none in deep seas [102]
- Diatomaceæ [103]
- Foraminiferæ [104]
- Salt, the source of [104]
- Sea-water, composition of [105]
- Tides [105]
- Waters, beneficially arranged [107]
- Steam navigation [108]
- Introduction to organic kingdoms [110]
THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
- Quantity, distribution, &c. [112]
- Forests of Russia and America [113]
- Sargasso sea, sea-weed [114]
- Diatomaceæ [114]
- Fungi, mould, mildew, &c. [116]
- Coral reef, fertilisation of [118]
- Vegetables, composition of [118]
- " feed on the air [119]
- " the food of animals [119]
- " mode of growth [120]
- " action of light and heat on [121]
- Seeds, germination of [122]
- Growth, promoted by rain [123]
- Endosmose, experiment on [123]
- Carbonic acid decomposed by
- plants [124]
- Sap, course of [124]
- Vegetables, position they hold [125]
- " compared with radiata [126]
- " description of parts of [127]
- Leaves, forms of [130]
- Corolla, forms of [132]
- Stamens, arrangement of [133]
- Fruit, forms of [134]
- Inflorescence, forms of [136]
- Vegetable kingdom, divisions of [139]
- Acrogenæ [141]
- Algæ [141]
- Fungi [143]
- Lichens, ferns [144]
- Liverworts [145]
- Mosses, various [146]
- Horsetails [147]
- Endogenæ [147]
- Bamboo, applications of [152]
- Endogenæ, orders of [154]
- Grasses [154]
- Sedges, Arums [155]
- Bull-rush, Colchicum [156]
- Lily, Narcissus [157]
- Crocus, Orchids [158]
- Naiads, Flowering rushes [159]
- Water Plantain [160]
- Exogens [160]
- " wood of [161]
- " age of [162]
- Baobab [163]
- Woods, various kinds of [165]
- Galls, formation of [167]
- Wood, uses of [167]
- Exogens, size of [168]
- Wellingtonia Gigantea [168]
- Banyan [170]
- Exogens, sub-classes of [170]
- Thalamifloræ, orders of [171]
- White Water Lily [171]
- Poppies, Monkshood [172]
- Fumitory, Water-cress [173]
- Helianthemum, Berberry [174]
- Violet, Sun-dew [175]
- Milkwort, Bachelor's Buttons [176]
- Lime Tree, St. John's Wort [177]
- Marsh Mallow, Meadow Geranium [178]
- Flax, Maple Tree [179]
- Rue, Wood Sorrel [180]
- Calycifloræ, orders of [181]
- Spindle Tree, Buckthorn [181]
- Broom, Garden Pea [182]
- Pear Tree, Rose, Strawberry, Loose Strife [183]
- French Willow, Myrtle [184]
- House-leek, Gooseberry [185]
- London Pride, Fennel, Hemlock [186]
- Corollifloræ, orders of [187]
- Melon, Dogwood [187]
- Honeysuckle, Guelder Rose, Cross Wort [188]
- Valerian, Red Valerian, Teasel [189]
- Coltsfoot, Ox-eye Daisy, Harebell [190]
- Grey Heath, Gentian, Buck-bean [191]
- Pimpernel, Primrose, Bindweed [192]
- Borage, Sage [193]
- Tobacco [194]
- Speedwell [195]
- Butterwort, Plantain [196]
- Thrift, Holly [197]
- Monochlamydeæ, orders of [197]
- Ladies' Mantle [197]
- Beetroot, Buckwheat [198]
- Oleaster, Spurge Laurel [199]
- Sweet Chestnut, Box [200]
- Hop, White Willow [201]
- Birch, Alder, Elm [202]
- Larch, Yew, Bay [203]
- Plants, list of poisonous [204]
- Monk's-hood, Wolf's-bane [204]
- Bryony, Green Hellebore, Stinking Hellebore [205]
- Mezerium, Meadow Saffron [206]
- Foxglove, Staves-acre [207]
- Nightshade [208]
- Hemlock, Thorn Apple [209]
- Poppies, Henbane [210]
- Caper, Wild Lettuce [211]
- Fungi, poisonous [212]
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
- Animalculæ in water [215]
- Man, created, not developed [217]
- Animals, chief division of [217]
- Animals, invertebrate [217]
- Infusoria [218]
- Protozoa [218]
- Infusoria, higher kinds of [220]
- Entozoa (intestinal worms) [221]
- Zoophytes (Sertularia, &c.) [221]
- Sponge [222]
- Gorgonia [222]
- Actinia [223]
- Corals (Tubipora musica, &c.) [224]
- Flustra (Sea mats) [225]
- Echinodermata (Star-fishes, &c.) [225]
- Sea urchins, &c. [226]
- Articulata [227]
- Annellata (Worms, &c.) [227]
- Cirripeda (Sea acorns) [228]
- Crustacea [229]
- Insects [231]
- " metamorphoses of [231]
- " parts of [232]
- " depredations by [234]
- " orders of [236]
- Beetles [236]
- Grasshoppers, Locusts, &c. [237]
- Dragon-flies, May-flies, &c. [238]
- Bees, Wasps, &c. [240]
- Ants, habitations of [240]
- White Ants [245]
- Stylops [247]
- Butterflies, Moths, &c. [248]
- Silkworm [249]
- Bugs, Aphides, &c. [250]
- House-fly, Gnat, &c. [250]
- Flea, Chigoe [251]
- Spiders and Scorpions [252]
- Mollusca [252]
- Nautilus, mussel, &c. [255]
- Tunicated molluscs [255]
- Lingula, Terebratula, &c. [256]
- Oyster, cockle, scallop, &c. [256]
- Clio borealis [257]
- Snail, slug, whelk, &c. [257]
- Cuttle-fish, nautilus, &c. [258]
- Vertebrata [259]
- Fishes, description of [259]
- Fishes, divisions of [260]
- Perch, Mackerel, Gurnard, &c. [261]
- Salmon, Pilchard, Pike, &c. [262]
- Turbot, Plaice, Soles, &c. [265]
- Eels [266]
- Pipe-fish, Sea Horse [267]
- Sea Porcupine, Sun-fish [268]
- Sturgeons, Sharks [269]
- Lamprey [270]
- Reptiles [271]
- Frogs and Toads [271]
- Snakes [272]
- Lizards, Crocodiles, &c. [274]
- Turtles and Tortoises [276]
- Birds [279]
- " divisions of [280]
- Eagles, Falcons, &c. [281]
- King-fisher, Woodpecker, &c. [281]
- Poultry, Pheasants, &c. [282]
- Herons, Cranes, &c. [284]
- Swans, Geese, &c. [285]
- Mammalia, orders of [286]
- Kangaroo, Opossum, &c. [287]
- Duck-bill [288]
- Rat, Beaver, Hare, &c. [289]
- Anteaters [291]
- Ox, Deer, &c. [292]
- Horse, Elephant, Hog, &c. [294]
- Whale, Narwal, &c. [296]
- Lion, Tiger, &c. [297]
- Dogs, Wolves and Jackalls [302]
- Bears [302]
- Seals and Walrus [303]
- Mole, Hedgehog, &c. [303]
- Bats [304]
- Monkeys [305]
- Man [307]
- Man the only possessor of reason [308]
- Skeleton, diagram of [309]
- " parts of [310]
- Bones, description of [311]
- Muscles [312]
- " voluntary and involuntary [313]
- Ligaments and cartilages [313]
- Form, affected by age and sex [314]
- " in infancy [315]
- " in middle age [315]
- " in old age [316]
- " affected by sex [316]
- Senses, special [317]
- Sight [317]
- Eye, structure of [319]
- Eyes, compound [320]
- Hearing, smell, taste [321]
- Touch [322]
- Digestion [322]
- Respiration [325]
- Circulation of Blood [326]
- Man, his superior faculties [327]
- " varieties of [328]
- European race [328]
- Basks [329]
- Skiptar, Kelts (or Celts), Greeks and Latins, Sarmatians, Germans [330]
- Abyssinians [331]
- Mongolians [332]
- Hottentots [333]
- Malays [334]
- Papuans, Negrillo [335]
- Indians, or Telingans, Ethiopians [336]
- Australians, Negro [337]
- Races, numerical table of [338]
[INTRODUCTION.]
The object of this work is to bring before the reader a simple and intelligible description of the whole Creation, without attempting to enter into minute particulars on any of the subjects more than is sufficient to present them in a form clear enough to be both comprehended, and recollected; thus aiming at the production of a taste for such knowledge, and a desire to enter more minutely into any or all of the subjects this work embraces, which desire can easily be gratified by a study of some of the many excellent works devoted exclusively to the individual parts, which in this work are treated of collectively. The want of a general knowledge of those works of the Great Creator which are constantly spread out before us, in these days of easy acquirement, amounts almost to a sin, for it is by the study of Nature in all her varied forms and associations, that we learn to "look from Nature up to Nature's God;" for who can look upon the works of God without a feeling of awe and admiration? who can look upwards at "the spacious firmament on high," without a sense of his own insignificance? who can gaze around upon the beauty and variety the earth displays, without a strong desire to know more of such a Great Creator's works?—and he who knows the most, be sure it is he who will worship Him with the truest and most heartfelt gratitude and admiration. The works of God (next to the Divine revelation of His will) are the highest studies to which Man can apply his intellect; it has required the greatest study of the greatest minds to find out and record but a few facts to add to the general store, and surely no one should consider his time misspent who can read over such records, and trace their truth by comparison with Nature, the more especially as it is by these means a love of inquiry is engendered, and that ultimately he may be enabled by diligent perusal of the great Book of Nature, to add his quota to the store of knowledge already formed and recorded.
It is true that infidels have often brought forward some branch of Science in confutation of Scripture, but it is also a fact that in nearly every such case, the very arguments that have been used by these men, have at last become the strongest arguments on the other side. Geology was at first adduced as a proof that the world had existed from all eternity, instead of having been created by an Omnipotent God, and the question had often been asked, "Can you produce one proof of the creation of anything?" Now this was a difficult question to answer, until Geology made manifest the fact that Man was created, by producing a clear and unimpeachable proof that up to a certain time, he did not exist on the earth, and that at a period of time, a little later, he did exist; the space between these epochs is not known, but it has nothing to do with the argument, for within that period (whatever it may have been) Man was created, and created as perfect in his physical organisation as he is at present—no long series of developments from the higher animals by fortuitous circumstances, as some pretend—no gradual addition of parts to suit the physical changes of the earth's surface. There is undoubted proof from the oldest records, in the form of Sculptures, that Man's appearance has always been the same, and the records of the Bible (the antiquity of which, at all events, cannot be disputed) show that the constitution of his mind was at that time just as it is now—every passion, every desire the same—the only advance he has made, is in the knowledge of God's works; the application of that knowledge to his own benefit, and the glorification of his Maker.