COAL GAS.

SECTION OF RETORT.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 1.

FIG. 3.

Gas, for lighting, is made from coal, by subjecting it to heat in iron tubes and collecting and purifying the gas which is produced; the following is a summary of the process:—The vessels in which the coal is put are called “retorts,” they are six or seven feet long, one-and-a-half broad, and one high, generally fitted up six to a furnace, in such a way that the flame may entirely surround them (see [fig. 1]); from each retort an iron tube passes, and these all dip into a large horizontal tube, reaching nearly to its bottom ([fig. 2]), this is the receiver for all the gas from the retorts; it is connected with a pit for tar and ammonical liquor, which copiously condenses from the hot newly-formed gas. The object of causing the tubes to dip nearly to the bottom of the receiver is, that the fluid in it may close the end of each tube, and so prevent the gas returning when any of the retorts are opened for a fresh supply of coal; from the receiver, the gas passes by tubes bent up and down inside of a great cistern of water ([fig. 3]) kept cold by a constant change of its contents; this is the condenser, it causes the separation of all the tar and ammonia that remain; but the gas is still contaminated with sulphur, and this is got rid of by causing it to pass into a broad iron cylinder perforated with holes and dipping into a reservoir of lime and water mixed together and stirred about with a machine contrived for the purpose; the gas enters this lime mixture in hundreds of bubbles through the holes, and the sulphur the gas contains is attracted by the lime with which it unites. The gas now rises to the top of this reservoir, which is, of course, air tight, and from thence passes for use to the gasometer; this is the store-house where the gas is kept to supply the service pipes b, c, under the streets.

FIG. 4.

FIG. 5.

The gasometer is made of plates of iron rivetted together. The lower part of this cylinder (see [figs. 4] and [5]) is received into a circular deep channel cut in the ground (b b, [fig. 5]) and filled with water, so that the gasometer d, which is suspended and balanced by means of the chains and weights e e, may be raised or depressed at pleasure. When the gasometer is quite down, the inside of its top, a, rests on the ground; when the gas enters, it raises it up till the lower edge is but a few inches below the water, and is prevented from rising higher by frames which support it; when some of the weights, d d, are removed, the huge cylinder, a, slowly sinks down and forces the gas through the tubes, c c, to be burnt by thousands of consumers. About four cubic feet of gas is produced from every pound of coal used; the gas is lighter than air in the proportion of 650 to 1000, and it is owing to this lightness that balloons ascend when filled with it, not from any peculiar power it has of ascending, but because the air, being heavier, presses downwards and forces it up. When gas is mixed with air it becomes very explosive, and when any escape is suspected in a room, the windows of the room should be opened at the top, and the door also opened, before any light is introduced; a few minutes will then suffice to ensure safety.

One ton of good coal produces—

1	Chaldron of Coke,	weighing	1494	lbs.
12	Gallons of Tar	”	135	”
12	Gallons Ammoniacal liquor		100	”
9500	Cubic feet of Gas,	weighing	291	”
	Loss (chiefly water)	”	220	”
			2240	lbs.
A cubic foot of gas weighs 514 and a-half grains.