FOOTNOTES:
[1] Haeckel, History of Creation, 1884, vol. i., p. 75.
[2] History of Creation, vol. i., p. 331.
[3] History of Creation, 1884, vol. i., p. 187.
[4] Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 207.
[5] Ibid., p. 208.
[6] The Descent of Man, 1877, pp. 209-211.
[7] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 220.
[8] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 496.
[9] Ibid., p. 367.
[10] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 443.
[11] Ibid., p. 416.
[12] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 212.
[13] Ibid., p. 523.
[14] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 525.
[15] It should be noted, in passing, that, according to this reasoning, the female of the human species would also be likely to exercise her will power in the selection of a mate. Evidences are indeed at hand going to prove that until a comparatively recent time in the history of the human race women controlled the sexual relation. As will be shown in Part II., during the primitive ages of human existence the position of woman was much higher than was that occupied by man. During the earlier ages, and under more natural conditions, women selected their mates, and among the human species, as among the lower orders, it became necessary for the male to please the female if he would win her favours; hence, through Sexual Selection, it is believed, was acquired the greater size of man.
[16] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 211.
[17] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 400.
[18] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 232.
[19] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 222.
[20] Ibid., p. 227.
[21] The Descent of Man, p. 224.
[22] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 617.
[23] Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 24.
[24] The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 20.
[25] The Evolution of Sex, p. 50.
[26] Prof. W. K. Brooks, Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 327.
[27] Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 42.
[28] Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 328.
[29] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 212.
[30] W. K. Brooks, Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 326.
[31] Thomas Meehan, Native Flowers and Ferns, vol. i., p. 47.
[32] Native Flowers and Ferns, vol. i., p. 39.
[33] The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 26.
[34] History of Creation, 1884, vol. i., p. 178.
[35] The Descent of Man, 1887, p. 243.
[36] History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 152.
[37] Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xix., p. 567.
[38] Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xxxi., p. 796.
[39] American Nervousness, p. 207.
[40] Maudsley, Physiology and Pathology of the Mind, p. 360.
[41] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 102.
[42] The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 559.
[43] Maudsley, Physiology and Pathology of the Mind, p. 60.
[44] The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 29.
[45] Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, p. 276.
[46] Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 22.
[47] The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 34.
[48] The Descent of Man, p. 105.
[49] The Descent of Man, p. 130.
[50] The Descent of Man, p. 564.
[51] The Descent of Man, p. 565.
[52] Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, p. 266.
[53] Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 27.
[54] J. G. Wood, Natural History, p. 262.
[55] Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, p. 11.
[56] Brehm, Bird-Life.
[57] Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 27.
[58] Ibid., p. 35.
[59] Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 590.
[60] Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 32.
[61] Anthropology, p. 405.
[62] Life in Abyssinia, vol. ii., p. 152.
[63] Tylor, Anthropology, p. 406.
[64] Quoted by Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 61.
[65] Burckhardt’s Travels in Nubia, p. 146.
[66] Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.
[67] History of Sumatra, p. 230.
[68] Ibid., p. 226.
[69] History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 145.
[70] Epistle of St. Boniface to Ethelbald.
[71] History of Human Marriage, p. 62.
[72] The History of Human Marriage, p. 68.
[73] Anthropology, chap, xvi., p. 405.
[74] The Descent of Man, p. 594.
[75] Ibid., p. 591.
[76] Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.
[77] Quoted by Sir John Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 82.
[78] Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.
[79] The Malay Archipelago.
[80] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 52.
[81] Ancient Society, pp. 62, 63.
[82] Tylor, Anthropology, p. 405.
[83] Ancient Society, p. 76.
[84] Totemism, p. 57.
[85] Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, p. 14.
[86] Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, pp. 26, 27.
[87] Marriage and Kinship, p. 16.
[88] Sociology vol. i., p. 665.
[89] Descent of Man, p. 588.
[90] Sociology, vol. i., p. 665.
[91] Quoted by Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 588.
[92] Ancient Society, p. 71.
[93] Ancient Society, p. 455.
[94] The Malay Archipelago.
[95] McLennan, Studies in Ancient History, p. 103.
[96] C. Staniland Wake, Marriage and Kinship, p. 306.
[97] Studies in Ancient History, p. 103.
[98] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 79.
[99] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 80.
[100] Quoted by Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 96.
[101] Uncivilized Races of the World, vol. i., p. 78.
[102] Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia, vol. i., p. 174.
[103] Early History of Mankind, p. 296.
[104] Marriage and Kinship, p. 262.
[105] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 82.
[106] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 117.
[107] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 85.
[108] Ibid., p. 64.
[109] W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, p. 73.
[110] Deuteronomy, chap. xx., 13, 14, 15.
[111] Studies in Ancient History, p. 40.
[112] Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 108.
[113] Studies in Ancient History, p. 5.
[114] Marriage and Kinship, p. 207.
[115] Quoted by E. J. Wood, The Wedding Day, etc., p. 60.
[116] Quoted by E. J. Wood, The Wedding Day, etc., p. 60.
[117] History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 146.
[118] Burckhardt, Travels in Nubia, p. 34.
[119] Life in Abyssinia, vol. ii., p. 49.
[120] Anthropology, p. 404.
[121] Lycurgus.
[122] Quoted by Tylor, Early History of Mankind, p. 290.
[123] Travels through Central Africa, vol. i., p. 94.
[124] See McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 189.
[125] Prof. W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 69.
[126] Ortolan, History of Roman Law, p. 80.
[127] Kinship and Marriage, p. 75.
[128] Quoted by C. S. Wake from Morgan’s System, etc., p. 428.
[129] Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 598.
[130] Ibid., p. 598.
[131] Marsden, History of Sumatra, p. 193.
[132] Professor Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 79.
[133] Uncivilized Races, etc., p. 78.
[134] Ibid., p. 79.
[135] Kinship and Marriage, p. 77.
[136] Origin of Civilization, p. 127.
[137] C. Staniland Wake, Marriage and Kinship, p. 199.
[138] Maine, Ancient Law, p. 133.
[139] Ortolan, History of Roman Law, p. 107.
[140] Life in Abyssinia, p. 156.
[141] Kinship and Marriage, p. 105.
[142] Concerning one of the encounters of this warlike people, the following has been recounted by Plutarch (Theseus):
“And it appears to have been no slight or womanish enterprise; for they could not have encamped in the town, or joined battle on the ground about the Pynx and the Museum, or fallen in so intrepid a manner upon the city of Athens, unless they had first reduced the country round about. It is difficult, indeed, to believe (though Hellanicus has related it) that they crossed the Cimmerian Bosphorus upon the ice; but that they encamped almost in the heart of the city is confirmed by the names of places, and by the tombs of those that fell.”
[143] Descent of Man, p. 594.
[144] Origin of Civilization, p. 99.
[145] Origin of Civilization, p. 2.
[146] Origin of Civilization, p. 106.
[147] History of Greece, vol. iii., p. 54.
[148] George Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.
[149] Ibid.
[150] George Rawlinson, book v., essay i.
[151] History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.
[152] Vol. ii., p. 348.
[153] Ancient Society, p. 262.
[154] Ancient Society, p. 262.
[155] The Iliad, book i., Bryant’s translation.
[156] The Iliad, book i., Bryant’s translation.
[157] Book ii.
[158] Book iv.
[159] Ancient Society, p. 247.
[160] George Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.
[161] Thucydides, The History of Peloponnesian War.
[162] Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 250.
[163] Thucydides, book ii., 14.
[164] Theseus.
[165] Book i., 13.
[166] Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.
[167] Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.
[168] Ibid.
[169] Rawlinson, book i., 1.
[170] Herodotus, book i., 173.
[171] Herodotus, book v., 80.
[172] The Supplicants.
[173] The Seven Chiefs against Thebes.
[174] The Iliad, book vi., Bryant’s translation.
[175] The Influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge.
[176] European Morals, vol. ii., p. 295.
[177] History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 83.
[178] The Iliad, book xxiv., Derby’s translation.
[179] The Iliad, book xxii.
[180] Ibid., book vi.
[181] A similar change had taken place in the god-idea. Jove was no longer the “terrible virgin” who “breathes out on crime, misery, and death,” but, on the contrary, had come to represent a male god who had given birth to Minerva.
[182] Müller, History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book i., 9, 13.
[183] Grote, History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 345.
[184] Rawlinson, book v., essay i.
[185] Aristotle, Politics, book iii., Jowett’s translation.
[186] Rawlinson, book v., essay i.
[187] Politics, book ii.
[188] Curtius, History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.
[189] Rawlinson, book v., essay i.
[190] Müller, History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iii., chap. v.
[191] Lycurgus.
[192] Aristotle’s Politics, book ii.
[193] Plutarch’s Lycurgus.
[194] Book i., essay i.
[195] History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.
[196] Plutarch’s Lycurgus.
[197] Curtius, History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.
[198] Ibid.
[199] Politics, vol. ii., p. 9.
[200] Ibid.
[201] Ibid.
[202] Politics.
[203] Ibid.
[204] Lycurgus.
[205] Lycurgus.
[206] As to the exercises of the virgins, and their appearing naked, C. O. Müller, in his History and Antiquities of the Doric Race observes:
“The female sex underwent in this respect the same education as the male, though (as has been above remarked) only the virgins. They had their own gymnasia, and exercised themselves, either naked or lightly clad, in running, wrestling, or throwing the quoit or spear. It is highly improbable that youths or men were allowed to look on, since in the gymnasia of Lacedæmon no idle bystanders were permitted; every person was obliged either to join the rest, or withdraw.”—Book iv., ch. v.-viii.
[207] Lycurgus.
[208] History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 385.
[209] History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iv., ch. ii., p. 1.
[210] We have the authority of Tacitus respecting the customs, character, and style of dress of the ancient Germans. Among this people, as is well known, the influence of women was in the ascendency over that of men, and the state of public morals was exactly that which might be expected. Respecting the dress of women, this writer says they “do not lengthen their upper garment into sleeves but leave exposed the whole arm, and part of the breast” (Germania, chap. xvii.). It is observed, however, that chastity was the characteristic virtue of this people among both sexes. The marriage bond was strict and severe, and we are informed that among the Saxons the women themselves inflicted the penalty for adultery. From an epistle of St. Boniface, Archbishop of Mentz, to Ethelbald, King of England, we have the following: “In ancient Saxony (now Westphalia), if a virgin pollute her father’s house, or a married woman prove false to her vows, sometimes she is forced to put an end to her own life by the halter, and over the ashes of her burned body her seducer is hanged.”
[211] Plutarch’s Lycurgus.
[212] Plutarch’s Lycurgus.
[213] Plutarch’s Lycurgus.
[214] History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iv., chap. iv.
[215] Book i.
[216] History of Greece, book i., Ward’s translation.
[217] History of Roman Law, p. 79.
[218] Ortolan’s History of Roman Law, p. 42.
[219] Numa and Lycurgus compared.
[220] Quoted by Plutarch.
[221] Numa and Lycurgus compared.
[222] Ibid.
[223] Ibid.
[224] See Hargrave Jennings, Phallicism.
[225] Book i.
[226] Book i.
[227] Plutarch, Solon.
[228] Plutarch, Solon.
[229] Philemon. Quoted by Athenæus, book xiii.
[230] Athenæus, book xiii.,
[231] Demetrius.
[232] Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, vol. i., p. 95. We are informed by Ueberweg that there exists an early monograph on Arete by J. C. Eck (Leipzig, 1776).
[233] Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Hipparchia.
[234] Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Hipparchia, iii.
[235] Mayor, Ancient Philosophy, pp. 181, 182.
[236] Athenæus.
[237] Xenophon, Memorabilia of Socrates.
[238] Plutarch, Pericles.
[239] Athenæus, book xiii.
[240] Plutarch, Pericles.
[241] Plutarch, Pericles.
[242] Ibid.
[243] Plutarch, Pericles.
[244] Xenophon, Banquet.
[245] Ecclesiazusæ.
[246] Athenæus, xiii.
[247] Ibid.
[248] Athenæus, xiii.
[249] Book i.
[250] Athenæus, book xiii.
[251] Ibid., book xiii.
[252] Ibid., book xiii.
[253] Athenæus, book xiii.
[254] Ibid., book xiii.
[255] Ancient Law, p. 149.
[256] Ancient Law, p. 144.
[257] Ancient Law, p. 149.
[258] Ancient Law, p. 150.
[259] European Morals, vol. ii., p. 358.
[260] Buckle’s Essays.
[261] Ancient Law, p. 154.
[262] Roman History. Appian, London, 1913.
[263] The History of Rome. Titus Livius, p. 172.
[264] Robert Mackenzie, The Nineteenth Century, p. 9.
[265] Robert Mackenzie, The Nineteenth Century, p. 77.