FOOTNOTES
[1] Dr March states very clearly the difference between a symbol and an emblem. ‘A symbol stands for an abstract idea, an emblem denotes a concrete thing, an attribute appears in apposition with the person it qualifies; for example, in a presentment of the Blessed Virgin, the lily that she holds in her hand or that flowers by her side is her attribute. When the lily appears alone it represents the Queen of Heaven and is her emblem, but if it indicates purity it is a symbol.’
[2] Ghent Cathedral.
[3] The Prado, Madrid.
[4] Antwerp Cathedral.
[5] Author of Liber aggregationis, seu Liber mirabilium de virtutibus herbarum, lapidum et animalium.
[6] Authoress of The Garden of Health.
[7] ‘This is that herb which such physicians as are licensed to blaspheme by authority without danger of having their tongues burned through with a hot iron called an herb of the Trinity; it is also called, by those who are more moderate, three faces in a hood ... and in Sussex we call them pancies.’ Culpeper’s Herbal.
[8] C. Marriott.
[9] Corsini Gallery, Florence.
[10] Naples Museum.
[11] Stroganoff Collection, Rome.
[12] Accademia, Florence.
[13] Ex Convent of S. Apollonia, Florence.
[14] Bargello, Florence.
[15] Adoration, Pitti Palace, private apartments.
[16] Cathedral, Perugia.
[17] J. K. Huysmans, La Cathédrale.
[18] Attributed to Giotto. Collection of A. E. Street, Esq.
[19] Isaiah XXXV. 1.
[20] Wolfenbüttel Copy, Bibliothèque Nationale.
[21] Marienpfarrkirchen, Danzig.
[22] Town Museum, Leyden.
[23] ‘The Smaller Passion,’ British Museum.
[24] J. K. Huysmans, La Cathédrale.
[25] Complete Book of Heraldry, 1780. vol. i.
[26] ‘The effigies of the Kings of Navarre, successors to Garcias, are still to be seen with this order about their necks in the Church of St Mary at Nagera, St Saviour’s de Layra and St Mary la Reale of Pompelona, as also in the church at Ronceneux, and at St John’s de la Pigna.’ (Edmondson.)
[27] Now in Seville Cathedral.
[28] Solomon’s Song v. 9.
[29] ‘Ut ipsa corporis species simulacrum fuerit mentis.’
De Verginit, lib. ii. chap. 2.
[30] S. Maria Trastevere, Rome.
[31] National Gallery, London.
[32] Lower Church, Assisi.
[33] Uffizi, Florence.
[34] Or San Michele, Florence.
[35] Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
[36] Berlin.
[37] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[38] Royal Museum, Antwerp.
[39] Coll. Radziwill, Berlin.
[40] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[41] Prado, Madrid.
[42] Uffizi, Florence.
[43] ‘Coronation of the Virgin,’ shrine of Saint Ursula, Bruges.
[44] ‘Christ surrounded by Angels,’ Royal Museum, Antwerp.
[45] ‘Madonna with the Child,’ Marienpfarrkirche, Danzig.
[46] Purga, xxix. 81.
[47] See [Chapter XIV.], ‘The Lily of the Annunciation.’
[48] Accademia, Florence.
[49] The Brera, Milan.
[50] The Rudolphinum, Prague.
[51] Chaucer, The Knight’s Tale.
[52] Schifanoja Palace, Ferrara.
[53] Botticelli, Uffizi.
[54] Walter Pater, ‘Sandro Botticelli.’
[55] Legenda Aurea.
[56] William Dunbar.
[57] The Book of Spiritual Grace.
[58] Orvieto Cathedral.
[59] Accademia, Florence.
[60] The Portincula or Porzuincola (the little portion) built by Saint Benedict and rebuilt by Saint Francis was the first church of the Franciscan order. It is now enclosed by the Church of S. Maria degli Angeli, and, close by, the rose-bushes of the legend, still thornless, are shown.
[61] Prado, Madrid.
[62] Cadiz.
[63] Wilton House.
[64] Museo Provincial, Seville.
[65] Florence. To be placed in the Riccardi Palace.
[66] Palazzo Pitti.
[67] Robert de la Condamine, The Upper Garden.
[68] In the Bibliothèque de l’Arsénal, Paris.
[69] British Museum.
[70] Dante.
[71] In France at the same period it was very usual to place a ‘fleur-de-lys’ in the Madonna’s hand. For instance, the beautiful statuette in silver gilt of the early fourteenth century, now in the Louvre, carries a ‘fleur-de-lys’ of crystal in the right hand.
[72] The Prado, Madrid.
[73] Private apartments, Pitti Palace, Florence.
[74] Uffizi, Florence.
[75] An exception is the Assumption by Fungai in the Belle Arti of Siena, where white roses and red carnations fill the tomb. The prejudice appears to have been against the red rose.
[76] Kunst Museum, Bern.
[77] ‘The Key’ of Saint Melitus.
[78] ‘Hortulus,’ Walafrid Strabo.
[79] ‘Spiritual Grace,’ Saint Mectilda.
[80] The Wisdom of Solomon ii. 8.
[81] Passio S.S. Jacobi, Mariani et aliorum martyrum in Numidia.
[82] Sensations d’Italie.
[83] S. Maria Novella, Florence.
[84] The Brera, Milan.
[85] Legenda Aurea.
[86] Prado, Madrid.
[87] Ghent Cathedral.
[88] Paradiso, xxx. 114.
[89] Ibid. 121.
[90] 2 Esdras ii. 18–19.
[91] Written by the monk Dionysius of Mount Athos in the twelfth century. Translated by M. Didron.
[92] Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Cathedral.
[93] Florence.
[94] Ruskin, Modern Painters.
[95] Town Museum, Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
[96] The Song of Solomon ii. 2.
[97] Museum, Verona.
[98] Rat. Off., iii. 18.
[99] Trésor of Aix la Chapelle.
[100] Arthur Martin, Mélanges d’Archéologie.
[101] Opera del Duomo.
[102] Isaiah xi. 1–2.
[103] Christian Iconography, Didron.
[104] Ghent Cathedral.
[105] Uffizi Gallery.
[106] Christian Iconography, Didron.
[107] Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[108] Uffizi Gallery.
[109] St Petersburg.
[110] Tiefenbronn Church.
[111] Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne.
[112] Sophocles, Œdipus Coloneus.
[113] Smith’s Classical Dictionary.
[114] De Baptismo, c. viii.
[115] See [title-page].
[116] Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterana.
[117] Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
[118] Taddeo di Bartolo, Sano di Pietro, Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Belle Arti, Siena.
[119] No. 160, Belle Arti, Siena.
[120] Stefano di Giovanni, Belle Arti, Siena.
[121] Trésor of Aix la Chapelle.
[122] Trésor of the King of Bavaria.
[123] Milton.
[124] ‘The Nativity,’ National Gallery.
[125] ‘The Nativity,’ Belle Arti, Siena.
[126] Collection L. Mond, London.
[127] Durandus, Rat. Off., vi. 47–9.
[128] Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 14.
[129] Lives of the Painters.
[130] Corsini Gallery, Florence.
[131] Monza.
[132] Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
[133] Uffizi, Florence.
[134] Munich.
[135] Private apartments, Pitti Palace.
[136] Nierenberg.
[137] Mantegna, Belle Arti, Verona.
[138] Botticelli, Poldi Pezzoli Collection, Milan.
[139] Botticelli, Borghese Gallery, Rome.
[140] Museo Provincial, Seville.
[141] Collection of the Duchess of Fife.
[142] Royal Gallery, Augsburg.
[143] Sassoferrato, Church of S. Sabina, Rome.
[144] Accademia, Florence.
[145] Uffizi, Florence.
[146] Der Goldene Schmiede.
[147] Munich.
[148] 1 Maccabees xiii. 51.
[149] Revelation vii.
[150] 2 Esdras ii. 45.
[151] Chaucer, The Second Nonnes Tale.
[152] A. Venturi, Storia dell’ Arte Italiana.
[153] Ibid.
[154] Rat. Off.
[155] S. Cecilia, Uffizi.
[156] Accademia, Venice.
[157] Dante.
[158] Rubens, Uffizi.
[159] Piero della Francesca, Uffizi.
[160] At Heidelberg.
[161] SS. Annunziata.
[162] Belle Arti, Siena.
[163] Lord Lindsay.
[164] Opera del Duomo, Siena.
[165] Sterzing, Rathaus.
[166] Opera del Duomo, Siena.
[167] Uffizi, Florence.
[168] W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
[169] Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
[170] Rome.
[171] Ibid.
[172] Recherches sur l’origine du Blazon et en particulier la Fleur-de-Lis.
[173] Ragalium Franciæ, Libro duo, 1545.
[174] In possession of Sir J. Tobin.
[175] S. Chiara, Naples.
[176] Westminster Abbey.
[177] Psalterium cum Figuris, Bib. National.
[178] Roman des Trois Pélerinages, Bib. S. Geneviève.
[179] St Martin in Vignes, Troyes.
[180] Germanisches Museum, Nuremburg.
[181] Scenes from the Passion, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[182] Edmund G. Gardner, Florence.
[183] Louvre.
[184] Uffizi, Florence.
[185] First part of King Henry VI, Act I. sc. ii.
[186] Trial of Jeanne d’Arc, 1431.
[187] Florence.
[188] Rome.
[189] At Gaeta.
[190] British Museum.
[191] South Kensington Museum.
[192] Imperial Gallery, St Petersburg.
[193] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[194] Collection Mérode, Brussels.
[195] Spanish Handbook, first edition.
[196] Lower Church, Assisi.
[197] Uffizi, Florence.
[198] Pantheon, Rome.
[199] Uffizi, Florence.
[200] Belle Arti, Siena.
[201] SS. Annunziata, Arezzo.
[202] Museo di S. Marco, Florence.
[203] Uffizi, Florence.
[204] Vatican, Rome.
[205] Cathedral, S. Giminiano.
[206] National Gallery.
[207] Spedale degli Innocenti, Florence.
[208] Lives of the Painters, Titian.
[209] Diptych of Jeanne de Bourbon, Musée Condé, Chantilly.
[210] Collection of Prince U. Radziwill, Berlin.
[211] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[212] British Museum.
[213] British Museum.
[214] W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
[215] Dies in lætitiæ, Neale’s translation.
[216] The large transparent vase which stands beside the Madonna with the Child, by Jean Perréal, in the Louvre, contains iris, the white lily, lily of the valley and columbine.
[217] Duccio di Buoninsegna, National Gallery.
[218] Giovanni di Paolo, Vatican.
[219] Andrea Vanni, Collection Saracini, Siena.
[220] Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Belle Arti, Siena.
[221] Uffizi, Florence.
[222] Sacchetti.
[223] Museum of Padua.
[224] Vatican.
[225] Belle Arti, Siena.
[226] The Cathedral, Arezzo.
[227] Sermon on Ezekiel.
[228] Sermon on Amos and Zachariah.
[229] Tate Gallery.
[230] In the collection of Miss Hertz, Rome.
[231] Pinakothek, Munich.
[232] Milton.
[233] Botticini, Accademia; School of Botticelli, Accademia.
[234] Carotto, S. Eufemia, Verona.
[235] Alte Pinakothek.
[236] Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Accademia, Florence.
[237] Luca Signorelli.
[238] Rathaus, Sterzing.
[239] Uffizi.
[240] Uffizi.
[241] Frankfort-on-Maine.
[242] S. Spirito, Florence.
[243] Yrjö Hirn, The Sacred Shrine.
[244] Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne.
[245] Uffizi.
[246] Goldene Schmiede.
[247] Huysman, La Cathédrale.
[248] Collection of Lady Jekyll.
[249] Tate Gallery, London.
[250] Lower Church, Assisi.
[251] Accademia, Florence.
[252] Uffizi, Florence.
[253] Goldene Schmiede.
[254] Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
[255] Uffizi, Florence.
[256] Spiritual Grace.
[257] Pinacoteca, Arezzo.
[258] Lives of the Painters, Signorelli.
[259] Cathedral, Perugia.
[260] Accademia, Florence.
[261] Collection Pierpont Morgan, America.
[262] Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[263] Cologne.
[264] Cologne.
[265] W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
[266] Oratory of S. Bernardino, Siena.
[267] Vatican.
[268] National Gallery (now attributed to Botticini).
[269] Vatican.
[270] Vatican.
[271] Cathedral, Bagno di Romagna.
[272] Accademia, Florence.
[273] Robert Browning.
[274] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[275] Uffizi, Florence.
[276] Now in the Pinacoteca, Lucca.
[277] Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 17, 18, 20.
[278] Cant. Cantic. iv. 13.
[279] In Collection of the Duke of Devonshire.
[280] Cremona.
[281] Museum, Verona.
[282] A Sienese painter of the Franciscan Legend.
[283] Upper Church, Assisi.
[284] Capella dell’ Arena, Padua.
[285] Capella Baroncelli, Santa Croce, Florence.
[286] S. Girolamo Spello.
[287] Cathedral, Como.
[288] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[289] Rijks Museum, Amsterdam.
[290] Archæologia, vol. 45.
[291] Villa Masèr, near Treviso.
[292] S. Domenico, Siena.
[293] The name Catharine, it will be remembered, is from the Greek Katharos, which has the same signification as the lily, i.e., purity.
[294] Luini, S. Maurizio, Milan.
[295] S. Francesco, Assisi.
[296] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[297] National Gallery, London.
[298] Seville Cathedral.
[299] Rome.
[300] Ghent Cathedral.
[301] Collection Gardener, Boston.
[302] Berlin.
[303] Paradise Lost.
[304] Vatican.
[305] Brera, Milan.
[306] Uffizi.
[307] Museum, Brussels.
[308] Belle Arti, Siena.
[309] Belle Arti, Siena.
[310] Ibid.
[311] Uffizi.
[312] Goldene Schmiede.
[313] Uffizi.
[314] Lives of the Painters.
[315] Joos van Cleeve, Royal Gallery, Brussels; Wolf Trant, National Museum, Munich.
[316] Florence.
[317] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[318] Museum, Rouen.
[319] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[320] Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[321] The ‘Chigi’ Madonna, Collection Gardener, Boston.
[322] W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
[323] Museum. Colmar.
[324] German Museum, Nüremburg.
[325] Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe.
[326] Royal Gallery, Dresden.
[327] National Gallery.
[328] Museum, Berlin.
[329] Vatican Gallery.
[330] Capitoline Museum, Rome.
[331] National Gallery.
[332] “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth” (Matt. xii. 40).
[333] Vatican Museum.
[334] Uffizi, Florence.
[335] Uffizi.
[336] Accademia, Florence.
[337] Pitti.
[338] Florence.
[339] German Museum, Nüremburg.
[340] Vatican Gallery.
[341] Ibid.
[342] Dr Anselm Salzer, O.S.B. Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
[343] Mrs Henry Jenner, Christian Symbolism.
[344] Vatican.
[345] Belle Arti, Siena.
[346] Town Museum, Solothurn.
[347] Belle Arti, Siena.
[348] Accademia, Venice.
[349] Brera, Milan.
[350] National Gallery, London.
[351] Sermon on the Assumption of the Virgin.
[352] Isaiah iv. 2.
[353] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[354] Town Museum, Bruges.
[355] Dom di Bartolo d’Asciano.
[356] II. Esdras II., 19.
[357] II. Esdras II., 18.
[358] Rat. Off. of Altars.
[359] Ad. Nat., 2, 3.
[360] Spiritual Grace.
[361] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[362] José Antolines, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[363] Murillo, Prado, Madrid.