FOOTNOTES:
[18] Population of Philadelphia in 1770 about 31,000.—Proud's History.
[19] Deborah Pleasants, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Pleasants, was born 25th of Eleventh month, 1763, at Beaver Dam, Goochland County, Va.; married William Stabler in 1789, and settled at Leesburg, Va., but soon after removed to Sandy Spring, Montgomery County, Md. William Stabler died in 1806. Deborah Stabler died Sixth month 26th, 1845.
[20] Elizabeth Brook, daughter of James Brook, Jr., born 1762; married 1790, at age of 28 years, to George Ellicott, of Ellicott's Mills, Howard County, Md. James Brook, father of Elizabeth, was the Friend who had freed the first slave freed in the State of Maryland.
[21] In possession of Lucy Tyson Fitzhugh, Westminster, Md.
[22] Post-offices were often at a great distance from the person addressed, and it was often better to wait for some one traveling that way. Then, too, postage was high.
The "Historical Register" gives the following postage rates, 1810-1814. Every letter consisting of one sheet to go a distance less than 40 miles, 8 cents; 40 to 90 miles, 10 cents; 90 to 150 miles, 12-½ cents; 150 to 300 miles, 17 cents; 300 to 500 miles, 20 cents; over 500 miles, 25 cents. The rate was doubled, trebled and quadrupled as the number of sheets increased.
[23] Her approaching marriage to John Todd.
[24] Samuel Mickle Fox, son of Joseph and Elizabeth Fox, and Sarah Pleasants, born Eleventh month 8d, 1767, daughter of Samuel and Mary Pleasants, were married Eleventh month 27th, 1788.
[25] Joshua Gilpin (born Eleventh month 8th, 1765; died Eighth month 22d, 1841), son of Thomas and Lydia Fisher Gilpin, married Mary Dilworth and had eight children. Marriage entertainments at this time were very expensive, and harassing to the wedded. For two days afterward punch was dealt out in profusion, and, with cakes and other sweetmeats, were set out on the lower floor, and were also sent generally through the neighborhood, even to those with whom the family did not visit. On the second floor the bride received the visitors, and was kissed by all comers, often as many as a hundred a day. The richer families also had as many as one hundred and twenty to dine and stay to supper the day of the marriage. All who signed the marriage certificate also were invited to tea (or supper). At the time of the "passing of meeting" for two days all the male friends of the bride were privileged to call, drink punch, eat cake and kiss the bride! Even the plain Friends submitted to these things.—"Watson's Annals."
[26] Younger sister of Sally Wister.
[27] Owned by Lucy Tyson Fitzhugh.
[28] The Friends' form of marriage required that the parties proposing marriage shall first inform their monthly meeting of their "intentions." This form is now handed in in writing. The meeting then takes the matter into consideration, and if there is no reason to object, the permission is given at the next monthly meeting to "accomplish their marriage." When this permission is obtained, the parties are said to have "passed meeting."
[29] George Fox, son of Joseph Fox, carpenter, and Elizabeth, his wife, and Mary Pemberton, daughter of Charles and Esther Pemberton, were married Eleventh month 25th, 1789.
Joseph Fox was one of the committee of citizens appointed to prepare an answer for Paul Revere to carry back to Boston at the time of the closing of the port, he having been sent with a message to Philadelphia asking the support of her people.
[30] This letter was dated 12 mo. 7, 1789, and is marked "Received Nov 26th 90 & forwarded by Jno Janney."
[31] James Pemberton, born 26th of Sixth month (August), 1723, in Philadelphia, was the son of Israel and Rachel Pemberton. He was one of the "overseers" of the public schools founded by charter in the town and county of Philadelphia. Was one of the managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital and a prominent merchant of the city. He was a member of the Society of Friends. He was married, first, to Hannah, daughter of Mordecai and Hannah Lloyd, in 1751, and had six children. In 1768 he married Sarah, daughter of David and Mary Smith, of Burlington, N. J. Their daughter became the wife of Anthony Morris. In 1775 he married Phebe, widow of Samuel Morton. James Pemberton died Second month 9th, 1809.
John Adams in his diary says: "Israel Pemberton is at the head of Quaker interests in Philadelphia." Israel, the father, and the sons, Israel and James, were all members of the Assembly. James Pemberton, with six others, resigned from the Assembly 1756-7, because of not being able conscientiously to vote for the tax for military purposes for the Indian wars. Sixteen other Friends also withdrew at this time. The Quaker party kept the ascendency until 1776, then fell to pieces and forever disappeared.
John and James Pemberton, Henry Drinker and Samuel Pleasants were among the Friends banished to Virginia in 1777 because of supposed sympathy with the British.
[32] The following anecdote is told of Nicholas Waln. His brother minister, Arthur Howell, always put off his communications until time to break meeting. So one day Nicholas accosted him as follows:—
"Arthur Howell, what's the reason
Thou art always out of season?
When 'tis time to go away
Thou wilt always preach and pray.
Nicholas Waln."
[33] From Philadelphia Directory: John Todd, Esq., attorney-at-law, 85 Chestnut St. (1790) John Todd, jun., Esq., attorney-at-law, 51 South Fourth Street.
[34] John Payne Todd, born February 29th, 1792; William Temple Todd, born 1793.
[35] The yellow fever was brought from the West Indies to Philadelphia. The first case appeared in July. By August 22d it had become epidemic. August 24th a general exodus from the city took place. Almost half its inhabitants (17,000) left the city. By November 4th, when the disease abated, it was estimated that 5,000 had died. September 11th, 1793, Mr. Jefferson wrote to Mr. Morris: "An infectious and deadly disease has broken out. The deaths week before last were 40; last week, 50; this week, 200. Hamilton is ill, and the President has left for Mt. Vernon yesterday." Seventeen thousand left the city; 20,000 remained; 5,000 died—yellow fever, 1793.
[36] John Todd, Jr., was the son of John and Mary Todd. His father was from New London, Chester County, Pa., and was a teacher in Philadelphia. The son, "John Todd jun. Esq. Attorney-at-law," was a rising young lawyer, and supposed to be a wealthy one, and a strict Friend. He was greatly beloved by John Payne.
[37] From Records of Wills, Philadelphia.
[38] Living at 96 North Third Street in 1793.
[39] It was through Dolly's influence that Aaron Burr was finally allowed to return to this country from his exile abroad. It was the result of a heartrending letter from his daughter Theodosia, beginning:
"Madam: You may be surprised at receiving a letter from one with whom you have had so little intercourse in the last few years. But your surprise will cease when you recollect that my father, once your friend, is now in exile, and that only the President can restore him to me and his country." ...
[40] George Steptoe Washington was the son of Washington's brother Samuel, after whose death he became the guardian of his two younger boys. His education was finished at the Philadelphia College. He was a member of Washington's staff, was one of the executors of Washington, and inherited one of his swords.
"To each of my nephews, William Augustine Washington, George Lewis, George Steptoe Washington, Bushrod Washington and Samuel Washington, I give one of the swords or conteaux of which I may die possessed; and they are to choose in the order they are named. These swords are accompanied with an injunction not to unsheath them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be for self-defence or in defence of their country, and its rights; and in the latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling with them in their hands to the relinquishment thereof."—From an old print of the Will of George Washington.
George Steptoe Washington chose the sword sent to Washington by Theophilus Alte, of Sollinger, near Düsseldorf. Its history is partly given in the following letter from Washington to John Quincy Adams, then United States Minister to The Hague:
"To John Quincy Adams.
"Phila, 12 September, 1796.
Dear Sir:
"To open a correspondence with you on so trifling a subject as that which gives birth to this letter would hardly be justifiable, were it not for the singularity of the case. This singularity will, I hope, apologize for the act.
Some time ago, perhaps two or three months, I read in some gazette, but was so little impressed with it at the time (conceiving it to be one of those things that get into newspapers, nobody knows how or why), that I cannot now recollect whether this gazette was of American or foreign production, announcing that a celebrated artist had presented, or was about to present to the President of the United States a sword of masterly workmanship, as an evidence of his veneration, etc.
I thought no more of the matter afterwards until a gentleman with whom I have no acquaintance, coming from and going to I know not where at a tavern I never could get information of, came across this sword (for it is presumed to be the same), pawned for $30, which he paid, left it in Alexandria, nine miles from my home in Virginia, with a person who refunded him the money and sent me the sword.
This is all I have been able to learn of this curious affair.
The blade is highly wrought and decorated with many military emblems. It has my name engraved thereon, and the following inscription, translated from the Dutch:
'Condemnor of despotism, Preserver of Liberty, glorious Man, take from my son's hand this Sword, I beg you. A Sollinger." The hilt is either gold or richly plated with that metal, and the whole carries with it the form of a horseman's sword or long sabre.
The matter, as far as it appears at present, is a perfect enigma. How it should have come into this country without a letter, or an accompanying message, how afterwards it should have got into such loose hands and whither the person having it in possession was steering his course remains as yet to be explained. Some of these points, probably, can only be explained by the maker, and the maker is no otherwise to be discovered than by the inscription and name 'A. Sollinger,' who from the impression that dwells in my mind, is of Amsterdam.
If, Sir, with this clew you can develope the history of this sword, the value of it, the character of the maker, & his probable object in sending it, you would oblige me, and by relating these facts to him might obviate doubts which otherwise might be entertained by him of its fate and reception.
"With great esteem and regard, I am, dear Sir, etc."—From Sparks' "History of Washington."
Alte had sent his son with the sword to America in [1795] to present to the President as "the only man whom he knew that had acted in a disinterested manner for the happiness of his country." The son knew little of the language, and from bashfulness or other cause failed to present the sword to Washington. More than a year later a letter came from the father making inquiry about his son.
The above sword was sold by the son of George Steptoe Washington to a Chicago collector for $1,600, and soon after changed hands again for a much higher sum.
The news of George Washington's death was taken to his nephew and executor, George Steptoe Washington, at Harewood by a special messenger, Charles, the servant of Tobias Lear (Washington's private secretary).
George Steptoe inherited Harewood from his older brother. He died in North Carolina, and was buried there. The following letter is from Washington:
"Philadelphia, 5, December, 1790
To George Steptoe Washington.
Dear George:
Agreeably to the promise, which I gave you in Virginia, I have made the necessary inquiries respecting the course of studies and expenses (?) which would enable you and your brother Lawrence to finish your education at the college in this place, provided you are master of those books and studies which you informed me you had passed through.
The enclosed account of studies and expenses, which I wish you to return to me, you will see is made under the hand of the Reverend Dr. Smith, provost of the college, and may therefore be relied on for accuracy. After you and Lawrence have carefully perused and well considered the enclosed statement, I wish you to determine whether you will come or not. If your determination should be in favor of coming on, I must impress this upon you in the strongest manner, namely, that you come with good dispositions and full resolution to pursue your studies closely, to conform to the established rules and customs of the college and to conduct yourselves on all occasions with decency and propriety.
To you, George, I more particularly address myself at this time, as from your advanced age it may be presumed that such advice, as I am about to give will make a deeper impression upon you, than upon your brother, and your conduct may very probably mark the line of his, but at the same time Lawrence must remember that this is equally applicable to him.
Should you enter upon the course of studies here marked out, you must consider it as the finishing of your education, and therefore as the time is limited, that every hour misspent is lost forever, and that future years cannot compensate for lost days at this period of your life. This reflection must show the necessity of an unremitting application to your studies. To point out the importance of circumspection in your conduct, it may be proper to observe, that a good moral character is the first essential in a man, and that the habits contracted at your age are generally indelible, and your conduct here may stamp your character through life. It is therefore highly important that you should endeavor not only to be learned, but virtuous. Much more might be said to show the necessity of application and regularity, but since you must know that without them you can never be qualified to render service to your country, assistance to your friends or enjoy consolation in your retired moments, nothing further need be said to prove their utility.
As to your clothes, it will, I presume, cost much the same here as in 'Alexandria.' I shall always wish to see you clothed decently and becoming your station; but I shall ever discountenance extravagance or foppishness in your dress. At all times and upon all occasions I shall be happy to give you both such marks of my approbation as your progress and good conduct merit.
If you determine to come on, you had better do it immediately, and Major Washington will furnish you with such money as may be necessary for the stage and expenses from Alexandria to this place. But I must repeat what I have before enjoined, that you come with good dispositions and determined resolution to conform to establishments and pursue your studies.
Your aunt joins me in love to your brother, and best wishes to Dr. Craik and family. I am, dear George, your sincere friend and affectionate uncle.
G Washington
[41] In some respects Harewood House is the most notable of the Washington mansions. It is three miles northwest of Charlestown, and was built in 1756-8. Its fame rests on the dual facts that it was built by General Washington himself and that here James and Dolly Madison were married. It was used by Washington as a summer home, and here Lafayette and Louis Philippe visited him. It is now owned by John Augustine Washington. Address Charlestown, Jefferson County, Va.
The home proper consisted of but two large rooms on a floor (three on second floor). It formerly had outside kitchens and guest-rooms. Two fine porches have disappeared. Portraits of Samuel Washington and his first wife are here, and also those of Lucy Payne Washington and her husband, George Steptoe.
[42] Harriet Washington was the sister of George S. Washington.
[43] The mosaics of the necklace represent Temple of Minerva, Tomb of Cæcelia Nutallis, Bridge of Colla, Pontius Luganus, Colosseum of Flavius Vespasianus, Pontius Salasius, Temple of Vesta, Temple of Venus, Tomb of Caius Cœustus, Temple of Jupiter Tonans, and the Temple of Jupiter Stattor.
[44] From the Ferdinand J. Dreer collection at Pennsylvania Historical Society.
[45] Minutes of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting, Northern District.—Adjourned meeting, 13th of 8 mo, 1793.—Friends are appointed to assist women Friends in preparing a testimony against the misconduct of Lucy Washington, late Paine, who has accomplished her marriage by the assistance of a hireling priest contrary to the discipline established amongst us.
27th of 8 mo, 1793.—Testimony against Lucy Washington, late Payne, who had by birth a right of membership among us, having disregarded the wholesome order of our Discipline in the accomplishment of her marriage with a person not in membership with us, before an hireling priest, and without the consent of her Mother, after being precautioned against such outgoing. We therefore testify that the said Lucy Washington is no longer a member of our religious Society. Nevertheless desiring she may be favored with a due sense of her deviation and seek to be rightly restored.
[46] Dorothy Madison was disowned Twelfth month 20th, 1794, by the monthly meeting of Friends of Philadelphia, on account of her marriage.
