INDEX
Abbott, William, [84].
African Methodist Episcopal Church, [145].
Akron, migrations to, [57], [126].
Alabama:
migrations from, [4], [7], [59], [63-74], [95-96], [107], [109];
causes of migrations, [14-15], [20-21];
Colonization Council, [5];
efforts to check migrations, [72], [76];
effects of migrations, [86].
Albany, migrations to, [56].
Albert Trostel Co., employment of negro labor, [114-115].
Allis Chalmers Co., employment of negro labor, [114].
Altoona, migrations to, [134].
Aluminum Ore Works, employment of negro labor, [100-101].
Amaca, Tom, [37].
American Baptist Home Mission Society, [144].
American Car & Foundry Co., employment of negro labor, [97].
American Cast Iron Pipe Co., employment of negro labor, [93].
American Federation of Labor, [147-148].
See also [Labor Unions].
American International Shipbuilding Co., employment of negro labor, [139].
American Steel & Wire Co., employment of negro labor, [108-109].
Andrews, W.T., [172].
Arkansas:
migrations to, [3], [9], [65-68];
efforts to check migrations, [72].
Armour & Co., employment of negro labor, [100].
Armstrong Association, [137-138].
Atlanta Constitution, [59].
Atlanta Independent, [162].
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Co., [64].
Badham, Henry L., [20].
Bailey, H.C., [128].
Banks, Edward T., [128].
Beloit:
migrations to, [110-111];
wages in, [111].
Beloit News, [159].
Bibliography, [175-183].
Birmingham Voice of the People, [160].
"Bloody Isle," The, [99].
Boll weevil, damage to cotton crops by, [14], [165].
Booker T. Washington Social Settlement, [114].
Bricklayers, wages of, [16], [86].
Brickmasons, wages of, [86].
Brink, Gilbert N., [144].
Brown Farm, [37].
Bryant, Lewis T., [141].
Buffalo, migrations to, [56], [67].
Building trades, negroes employed in, [122].
Bus boys, wages of, [17].
Butler, J.H., [75].
Butchers, wages of, [114].
Cantonments, construction of, in South, [84].
Capital, influence on migration of Northern, [47].
Carpenters:
in Pittsburgh, [122];
Carter, R.A., [146].
Causes of migrations:
Of 1879, [3-6];
failure of crops, [14-15], [165];
demand for labor in North, [14], [17-18], [28-29], [102], [111];
lack of educational facilities, [18-19], [81], [83];
treatment in courts, [19-20], [22], [83-85];
fee system and street tax, [20-21];
traveling accommodations, [21-22];
lynchings and mob violence, [18-19], [22], [79-81], [83], [166-167];
between cities in North, [117];
as expressed through the press, [152-174].
Champion Chemical Co., [128].
Charlotte Star of Zion, [161].
Chart showing extent and trend of migrations, [71].
Chattanooga Times, [169].
Chauffeurs, wages of, [114].
migrations to, [45], [58], [66-67], [69], [102];
increases in negro population, [7], [51];
housing, [102-106];
wages, [17], [102-103], [114];
welfare work, [103].
See also [East Chicago];
Chicago Defender, [29-33].
Chicago Renting Agents Association, [103].
Chicago Women's Club, [103].
Chisholm, J.N., [37].
Christian Index, [163].
Churches:
effects of migrations on, [86], [144];
aid rendered by, [132], [144-147].
Cigar factories, employment of women in, [129].
Cincinnati, migrations to, [57], [125].
Cleveland, migrations to, [57], [126-127].
Cleveland Association of Colored Men, [128].
Cleveland Welfare Federation, [126].
Colonization Council, [4-5].
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, [146].
Colored Protective Association, [137].
Columbia (S.C.) State, [155].
Columbus, migrations to, [7], [57], [126].
Commerce and Labor, Secretary of, [99].
Conferences to check migrations, [79-81], [83];
in Ohio, [128];
in New Jersey, [140];
American Federation of Labor, [147-148];
National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, [143-144], [149].
Connecticut:
demand for labor, [54];
migrations to, [56], [58], [141-142];
wages, [142].
See also [Hartford].
Connors, William R., [127].
Convict system, [3-4].
Cooks, [122].
Core makers, [129].
Correspondence, influence of, on migrations, [34], [69].
Cotton crop, failures of, [14].
Council of National Defense, [120].
Courts, treatment in:
cause of migrations, [10-20], [22], [83-85];
effects of migrations, [89].
Crawford, Anthony, [47].
Credit system, [92-93].
Crop failures, [14-15].
Cudahy Soap Factory, [109].
Culver, Charles M., [130].
Dallas Express, [162].
Davis, I.D., [81].
Dayton, migrations to, [126].
Discussion, stimulus to migration, [26].
District of Columbia, migrations to, [57].
Diversification of crops, [15].
Delaware, migrations to, [57], [134].
Delinquency problem, study of, in Cleveland, [127].
opportunities in, [28];
wages, [129];
welfare work, [131-132];
housing, [131-132].
See also [Michigan].
Detroit Labor News, [151].
Detroit Employers' Association, [130].
Dock hands, wages of, [114].
in North, [17], [50-51], [122], [129];
in South, [16].
Domination, removal of fear of, [91].
Dressmaking trade, negro labor in, [50].
migrations to, [109-110];
wages, [109-110];
housing, [109-110];
recreation facilities, [110];
prejudice, [110];
returns to former homes from, [110].
See also [Chicago];
migrations to, [57], [99-101];
riot of 1917, [98-101];
wages, [99];
demand for labor, [99];
housing, [100].
See also [St. Louis];
East St. Louis Journal, [101].
Economic policy of South, change in, following migrations, [87-88].
Edge, Governor, of New Jersey, [140].
Educational facilities:
lack of, cause of migration, [18-19], [81], [83];
improvement in, [83], [90-91];
separation in schools, [96].
increase in crime, [141];
views of the press, [152-174].
Effects on the South:
wages, [86-87];
change in economic policies, [88-92];
labor unions, [88], [147-151];
lessening of prejudice, [88-89];
increased educational facilities, [83], [90-91];
land tenure and credit systems, [92-93];
views of the press, [152-174].
Efforts of the North to induce migration:
labor agents, [29], [36-37], [40], [60], [65];
in Pittsburgh, [119-120].
Efforts of the South to check migration:
suppression of labor agents, [38], [72-74], [76-77];
through Tuskegee Institute, [81-82];
through the churches, [83];
change in policies, [84-85];
improved educational facilities, [83], [90-91].
Eiffin, William T., [141].
Ellis, J.B., [81].
Emerson & Birmingham:
employment of negro labor, [106];
housing of its labor, [107].
Epstein, Abraham, [18], [119-120], [122-123].
Erie Railroad, demand of, for labor, [135].
Factories, negro labor employed in, [51].
Fairbanks, Morse & Co., employment of negro labor, [111].
Farm hands, wages of, [86].
Faulks' Manufacturing Co., employment of negro labor, [114-115].
Fee system, [20-21].
Firemen, wages of, [114].
Floods as cause of migration, [14].
Florida:
migrations to, [9];
migrations from, [38], [43-44], [55], [59], [62-63], [69];
causes of migration, [14], [22];
efforts to check migration, [72-73].
Floyd, William, [54].
Foundrymen, wages of:
in Massachusetts, [17];
in Minnesota, [18];
Fraily, E.J., Jr., [54].
Free Sewing Machine Co.:
employment of negro labor, [106];
housing of its labor, [107].
Free transportation, [47-48].
Garment factories, employment of women in, [129].
Gasselli Chemical Co., employment of negro labor, [109-110].
Georgia:
migrations from, [38], [59-62], [69], [109];
causes of migrations, [14], [22], [79-80], [83];
efforts to check migrations, [72-76], [79], [80-81], [86];
activities of labor agents, [60].
Georgia Enquirer Sun, [154].
Glass works, employment of negro labor in, [100].
Goldsmiths Detinning Co., employment of negro labor, [109].
Gompers, Samuel, [151].
See also [American Federation of Labor].
Great Lakes Naval Training Station, [108].
Great Northern Drive, The, [30], [33].
Grimke, Archibald H., [150].
Harrisburg, migrations to, [57], [134].
Harris, George W., [150].
migrations to, [56], [58], [141-142];
wages, [142];
housing, [142].
Hartford Baptist Association, [141].
Hartford Civic Club, Housing Committee of, [142].
Haynes, George E., [129].
Hobson & Walkers Brick Yard, employment of negro labor, [109].
Hoffman Manufacturing Co., employment of negro labor, [114-115].
Home Missions Council of Churches of Christ in America, [132], [145].
in St. Louis, [97-98];
in East St. Louis, [100];
in Chicago, [102-106];
in Rockford, [106-107];
in Waukegan, [108];
in East Chicago, [109-110];
in Beloit, [111];
in Milwaukee, [117-118];
in Pittsburgh, [120-122];
in Cleveland, [126-127];
in Detroit, [131-132];
in Pennsylvania, [135];
in Philadelphia, [137-139];
in New Jersey, [139-140];
in Hartford, [141-142].
Howe, Frederick C., [53].
migrations to, [7], [58], [68], [108-109];
housing, [108];
wages, [108];
prejudice, [109];
migrations from, [112].
See also [Chicago];
Illinois Central Railroad, importation of negro labor, [102].
Immigration Bureau of Social Uplift Work for Negroes, [143].
Indiana, migrations to, [5], [57], [68].
discussion, [26];
public speaking, [27-28];
attitude of North, [27];
reports of opportunities in North, [28-29], [34];
rumors, [28-29], [40], [78-79];
activities of Chicago Defender, [29-33];
activities of labor agents, [29], [36-37];
correspondence, [34], [40], [69];
circulation of literature and poems, [35], [37].
Inland Steel Foundry, employment of negro labor, [109].
Interdenominational Ministerial Union, [137].
International Lead Refining Co., employment of negro labor, [109].
Intersectional migration:
number born in specified divisions and living in or out of these divisions, [10];
number living in specified divisions, [10];
migration north to south, south to north and east to west, [11];
net migration eastward and westward and northward and southward, [12].
Interstate Mill, employment of negro labor, [109].
Intoxicants, use of, among negroes in Pittsburgh, [124].
Invasion, rumors of, [28].
Iowa, migrations from, to Wisconsin, [112].
Iron and steel industries, employment of negro labor in, [113].
Janitors:
in Milwaukee, [114];
in Pittsburgh, [122].
Jersey City, migrations to, [57].
Johnson, Charles S., [23], [128].
Jones, Thomas Jesse, [18], [150].
Joyce, labor agent, [72].
Kansas, migrations to, [3-6], [58].
Kentucky:
migrations to, [68];
migrations from, [95].
Krolick Co., employment of women by, [131].
Labor:—
Labor agents:
activities of, [29], [36-37], [40], [60], [65];
from St. Louis, [96];
from East St. Louis, [99];
from Milwaukee, [112];
from Pittsburgh, [120];
from Pennsylvania, [135];
efforts of the South to suppress, [38], [72-74], [76-77];
inquiry of Council of National Defense, [129].
prejudice of, [49];
change in policy, [88], [147-151].
Suitability of negro labor, [115-116], [123], [130-131];
demand in North for, [14];
competition in North, [50-52];
comparison of negro with foreign labor, [125];
wages—see [Wages].
Labor, Department of, [53], [78].
Lancaster, B.S., [150].
Lancaster, migrations to, [134].
Land tenure system, improvement in, [92-93].
Legal aid to negroes in North, [127].
Legislation:
to check migration, [72-73], [76];
to aid migrants in North, [141].
Lindeman-Hoverson Co., A.J., employment of negro labor, [113-115].
Literature, circulation of, influence on migration, [35].
Louisiana:
migrations from, [4], [59], [68];
causes of migrations, [14];
Colonization Council, [5];
efforts to check migrations, [78].
Lumber stackers, wages of, [103].
Lynchings:
cause of migrations, [18-19], [22], [79-81], [83], [166-167];
checking of, [94];
Anthony Crawford, [47];
in Tennessee, [22].
Machinists:
in Detroit, [129];
in Massachusetts, [17].
Macon Telegraph, [156]
Marks Manufacturing Co., wages paid by, [103].
Massachusetts:
migrations to, [56];
wages in, [17].
Massacres, cause of migration of 1879, [4].
Maxwell, William H., [140].
Mechanics, negro labor in, [51].
Memphis Commercial Appeal, [154].
migrations to, [58], [68], [129-133];
migrations from, [112].
See also [Detroit].
Middletown, migrations to, [126].
Migrations:
to Kansas, 1879, [3-6];
to Arkansas and Texas, 1888 and 1889, [3];
of May 15, 1917, [30-33];
of August 15, 1917, [33];
chart showing extent and trend of, [71];
efforts to check—see [Efforts];
effects of—see [Effects].
migrations to, [111-118];
efforts to secure negro labor, [111-112], [114];
recreation facilities, [112], [117-118];
wages, [113-115];
prejudice, [116];
housing, [117-118];
migrations from, [117].
Milwaukee Coke & Gas Co., employment of negro labor, [113-115].
Ministers, aid of, sought to check migrations, [83].
Minnesota:
migrations from, to Wisconsin, [112];
wages in, [18].
Mississippi:
migrations from, [4], [45], [59], [64-68], [95-96], [99], [109], [111];
Colonization Council, [5];
causes of migrations, [14-15], [20], [24-25];
efforts to check migrations, [72], [76-78], [82-83];
effects of migrations, [87], [89-90].
Missouri, migrations to, [57].
See also [St. Louis];
Missouri Malleable Iron Works, employment of negro labor, [100].
Mob violence, [79-80], [83], [167].
See also [Riots.]
Molders:
in Chicago, [17];
in Detroit, [129].
Moldsetters, in Pittsburgh, [122].
Montgomery Advertiser, [150], [165], [169-170].
Moore, Fred R., [150].
Morris & Co., employment of negro labor, [100].
Moton, Robert R., [150-151].
Motormen in Detroit, [28].
Muckers, wages of, [114].
Nagel, Charles, [99].
Nashville Banner, [153].
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, [98], [128], [137], [151].
National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes:
aid to migrations, [54], [56];
welfare work, [93], [143-144], [149];
conferences, [143-144], [149];
in St. Louis, [98];
in Pittsburgh, [121];
in Detroit, [131-132];
in Philadelphia, [137].
National Malleable Iron Works, employment of negro labor, [113-115].
National organizations, remedies for relief by, [143-151].
Nebraska, migrations to, [58].
Nelson & Co., employment of negro labor, [100].
New Orleans Times Picayune, [152].
Newark. See [New Jersey].
migrations to, [39], [56-57], [139];
migrations to Newark, [56-58];
return of migrants to South from, [139];
housing, [139-140];
wages, [140];
legislation, [141];
effects of migrations, [141];
welfare work, [139-141].
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., [93].
New York, migrations to, [39], [56], [58], [67-68].
New York New Republic, [157].
New York Age, [43].
New York Globe, [159].
Norfolk Journal and Guide, [160].
North:
attitude toward migrants, [27], [136], [152-174];
aids to migrants, [143-151].
North Carolina, migrations from, [4-5], [39].
Northwest, migrations to, [69].
Northwestern Railroad, need of, for labor, [108].
Oates, W.H., [21].
Ohio:
migrations to, [7], [57], [125-129];
housing, [126-127];
welfare work, [126-128];
conferences to aid migrants, [128].
Ohio Federation for Uplift of the Colored People, [128].
Ohio State Council of National Defense, [128].
Ohio State and City Labor Bureau, [128].
Ohio Charter Commission, [128].
Oklahoma, migrations to, [9].
Omaha, migrations to, [58].
Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, [158].
Packing houses, negroes employed in:
East St. Louis, [100];
Milwaukee, [114].
Painters:
in Pittsburgh, [122];
wages of, [86].
Parker, Judge T.A., [81].
Parks, Rev., [79].
Pattern Makers, wages of, [17].
Pass Riders, [77].
migrations to, [9], [38-39], [55], [57], [67], [134-139];
labor agents from, [135];
returns to former homes from, [135].
See also [Philadelphia];
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., demand of, for labor, [69], [135].
Persuasion, use of, to check migrations, [79].
Pfister-Vogel Co., employment of negro labor, [114-115], [117].
migrations to, [57-58], [135];
prejudice, [135];
attitude of negroes in, toward migrants, [136];
wages, [136];
riots, [136];
housing, [137-139];
social work, [137-139].
See also [Pennsylvania].
Philadelphia Academy of Medicine, [137].
Philadelphia Christian Recorder, [164].
migrations to, [58], [67], [119-125];
efforts to secure negro labor, [119-120];
housing, [120-122];
social conditions in, [121], [124-125];
prejudice, [123];
comparison of negro labor with foreign labor, [125].
See also [Pennsylvania].
Pittsburgh Associated Charities, [121].
Pittsburgh Dispatch, [160].
Pittsburgh, University of, [121].
Plankington Packing Co., employment of negro labor, [113-115].
Plantation government, [84].
Poems, circulation of, influence on migration, [37].
Political prosecution in South, [4].
Porters:
in Chicago, [17];
in Milwaukee, [114];
in Pittsburgh, [122];
Pottsville, migrations to, [134].
Poughkeepsie, migrations to, [56].
Prejudice:
Rockford, [107-108];
Waukegan, [109];
East Chicago, [110];
Beloit, [111];
Milwaukee, [116];
Pittsburgh, [123];
Philadelphia, [135];
cause of migration, [3], [22], [24-25];
of labor unions, [49-51];
decrease in, [91].
Press, causes and effects of migrations, as expressed through the, [152-174].
Prisoners, care of discharged, [127].
Professional men, migration of, [45].
Public opinion regarding migrations, [152-174].
Public speaking, stimulation of migration by, [27-28].
Puddlers, employment of, in Pittsburgh, [122].
Railroads:
efforts of, to secure negro labor, [38], [120];
wages, [103];
in Pittsburgh, [122].
Raleigh Independent, [161].
Realty Housing and Investment Co., [127].
Reeves, Alexander, [72].
Remedies:
in Georgia, [80];
increased educational facilities, [83], [90];
through W.P. Thirkfield, [83];
through Tuskegee Institute, [81];
conferences, [143-144];
through churches, [144-147];
through labor unions, [147-151].
Rents:
in Chicago, [105];
in Cleveland, [126];
in New Jersey, [139];
in Hartford, [142].
See also [Housing.]
Republic Rolling Mill, employment of negro labor, [109].
Returns to South:
from East Chicago, [110];
from Pennsylvania, [135];
from New Jersey, [139].
Riley, George S., [73].
in East St. Louis, [98-100];
in Philadelphia, [136].
See also [Mob violence].
Robinson, Joe, [72].
Robinson, William, [107].
Rockford:
migrations to, [106-108];
housing, [106-107];
wages, [106-107];
prejudice, [107-108].
Rockford Malleable Iron Company:
employment of negro labor, [106-107];
housing of its labor, [106-107];
wages paid by, [107].
Rumors, influence on migrations of, [28-29], [40], [78-79].
migrations to, [57], [66-67], [95-101];
separation, [95];
efforts to secure migrants, [96];
wages, [96-97];
housing, [97-98].
See also [East St. Louis];
Sanitary conditions:
in St. Louis, [98].
Scarborough, W.S., [128].
Schwartz, John E., [37].
Scott, Emmett J., [150].
Scroggs, William Oscar, [9].
Segregation, [95-96].
Servants. See [Domestic service].
Shillady, J.R., [150-151].
Shoemakers, wages of, [114].
Singleton, "Pap" (Benjamin), [5-6].
Skilled workers, [122], [129].
Smith, Bridges, [59].
Social conditions:
in Pittsburgh, [121];
in Cleveland, [127].
See also [Welfare work].
Social Service Commission of the Churches of Christ, [121].
Solvay Steel Castings Co., employment of negro labor, [114].
South Carolina:
migrations from, [46-47];
race conference, [172].
Southwestern Christian Advocate, [144].
Springfield, migrations to, [126].
Springfield Union, [158].
Stanton, V.L., [81].
Steel industry:
demand for labor, [38], [119];
negroes employed in Pittsburgh, [122].
Steel molders, wages of, [114].
Stimulation of migrations. See [Influences].
Street construction workers, wages of, [114].
Street tax in South, cause of migration, [20].
Superstitions of migrants, [40], [45-46].
Swift and Company, employment of negro labor, [100].
Tannery laborers, wages of, [114].
Teachers, wages of, [18].
Tennessee:
migrations from, [4-5], [95-96], [99];
migrations to, [68];
lynchings, [22].
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., [93].
Texas:
migrations to, [3];
migrations from, [4];
Colonization Council, [5].
Theater ushers, women employed as, [129].
Thirkfield, Bishop W.P., [83].
Tifton Gazette, [79].
Tobacco fields, wages of labor employed in, [17].
Trakem Pump Co., employment of negro labor, [106].
Tunnell Construction Co., employment of negro labor, [114-115].
Tuskegee Institute:
efforts to check migrations, [81];
conference of, [82].
Transfer yards, negro labor employed in, [100].
Transportation, influence on migration of fears of, [28-29].
Transportation paid by Northern employers, [135].
Traveling accommodations, influence on migrations, [21-22];
effects of migrations, [91].
Trenton, migrations to, [57].
Truckers, employment of negro laborers as, [129].
"Underground Railroad," [68].
Union Central Relief Association, [64].
United States Production Co., [109].
Unskilled labor, [122], [129].
Vicksburg Herald, [153].
Virginia, migrations from, [39.]
South:
cause of migrations, [14-18], [29], [34], [83], [171];
comments of press, [84];
effects of migrations, [81], [83], [85-87], [91].
North:
In Pittsburgh, [18], [123-124];
in Massachusetts, [17];
in Minnesota, [18];
in Chicago, [17], [102-103], [109-110], [114];
in Rockford, [106-107];
in Waukegan, [108];
in Beloit, [111];
in Milwaukee, [113-115];
in Detroit, [129-130];
in Philadelphia, [136];
in New Jersey, [140];
in Hartford, [142].
Walker, A.P., [37].
Walla Walla Bulletin, [160].
Warehousemen, wages of, [17].
Waukegan, migrations to, [108-109].
Waukegan industries, employment of negro labor, [108-109].
Wehr Steel and Machine Shops, employment of negro labor, [113].
National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, [93], [143-144], [149];
in Chicago, [103];
in Ohio, [126-128];
in Detroit, [131];
in New Jersey, [139-141];
in Philadelphia, [137-139];
in Hartford, [141-142].
Wilberforce University, [128].
Wilder Tannery Co., employment of negro labor, [108].
Wills, J. Walter, [128].
Wilmington, migrations to, [134].
Wilson Packing Co., wages paid by, [103].
Winston, Francis D., [153].
Wisconsin:
migrations to, [110-111];
wages, [111].
See also [Milwaukee.]
Women's Health League, [88].
Woods, J.S., [114].
Wright, R.R., [171].
Yard workers, wages of, [17].
York, migrations to, [134].
Young Negroes' Progressive Association, [132].