| Preface: Introductory.—Cap. I. Babur’s exemplars in the
Arts of peace, p. xxvii.—Cap. II. Problems of the mutilated
Babur-nama, p. xxxi.—Cap. III. The Turki MSS. and
work connecting with them, p. xxxviii.—Cap. IV.
The Leyden and Erskine “Memoirs of Baber”, p. lvii.—Postscript
of Thanks, p. lx. | |
| SECTION I.—FARGHĀNA | |
| 899 AH.—Oct. 12th 1493 to Oct. 2nd 1494 AD.—Bābur’s age at
the date of his accession—Description of Farghāna
(pp. 1 to 12)—Death and biography of ‘Umar Shaikh
(13 to 19 and 24 to 28)—Biography of Yūnas Chaghatāī
(18 to 24)—Bābur’s uncles Aḥmad Mīrān-shāhī and
Maḥmūd Chaghatāī (The Khān) invade Farghāna—Death
and biography of Aḥmad—Misdoings of his successor, his
brother Maḥmūd | [1]-42 |
| 900 AH.—Oct. 2nd 1494 to Sep. 21st 1495 AD.—Invasion of
Farghāna continued—Bābur’s adoption of orthodox
observance—Death and biography of Maḥmūd Mīrān-shāhī—Samarkand
affairs—revolt of Ibrāhīm Sārū defeated—Bābur
visits The Khān in Tāshkīnt—tribute collected from
the Jīgrak tribe—expedition into Aūrātīpā | [43]-56 |
| 901 AH.—Sep. 21st 1495 to Sep. 9th 1496 AD.—Ḥusain Bāī-qarā’s
campaign against Khusrau Shāh—Bābur receives
Aūzbeg sult̤āns—Revolt of the Tarkhāns in Samarkand—Bābur’s
first move for Samarkand | [57]-64 |
| 902 AH.—Sep. 9th 1496 to Aug. 30th 1497 AD.—Bābur’s second
move for Samarkand—Dissensions of Ḥusain Bāī-qarā and
his sons—Dissensions between Khusrau Shāh and Mas‘ūd
Mīrān-shāhī | [65]-71 |
| 903 AH.—Aug. 30th 1497 to Aug. 19th 1498 AD.—Bābur’s
second attempt on Samarkand is successful—Description
of Samarkand (pp. 74 to 86)—his action there—Mughūls
demand and besiege Andijān for Bābur’s half-brother
Jahāngīr—his mother and friends entreat his help—he
leaves Samarkand in his cousin ‘Alī’s hands—has a relapse
of illness on the road and is believed dying—on the news
Andijān is surrendered by a Mughūl to the Mughūl faction—Having
lost Samarkand and Andijān, Bābur is hospitably
entertained by the Khujandīs—he is forced to dismiss
Khalīfa—The Khān (his uncle) moves to help him but is
[Pg viii]persuaded to retire—many followers go to Andijān where
were their families—he is left with 200-300 men—his
mother and grandmother and the families of his men sent
to him in Khujand—he is distressed to tears—The Khān
gives help against Samarkand but his troops turn back on
news of Shaibānī—Bābur returns to Khujand—speaks of
his ambition to rule—goes in person to ask The Khān’s
help to regain Andijān—his force being insufficient, he
goes back to Khujand—Affairs of Khusrau Shāh and the
Tīmūrid Mīrzās—Affairs of Ḥusain Bāī-qarā and his sons—Khusrau
Shāh blinds Bābur’s cousin Mas‘ūd—Bābur
curses the criminal | [72]-96 |
| 904 AH.—Aug. 19th 1498 to Aug. 8th 1499 AD.—Bābur borrows
Pashāghar for the winter and leaves Khujand—rides 70-80
miles with fever—a winter’s tug-of-war with Samarkand—his
force insufficient, he goes back to Khujand—unwilling
to burthen it longer, goes into the summer-pastures of
Aūrātīpā—invited to Marghīnān by his mother’s uncle
‘Alī-dost—a joyful rush over some 145 miles—near
Marghīnān prudent anxieties arise and are stilled—he is
admitted to Marghīnān on terms—is attacked vainly by
the Mughūl faction—accretions to his force—helped by
The Khān—the Mughūls defeated near Akhsī—Andijān
recovered—Mughūls renew revolt—Bābur’s troops beaten
by Mughūls—Taṃbal attempts Andijān | [97]-107 |
| 905 AH.—Aug. 8th 1499 to July 28th 1500 AD.—Bābur’s campaign
against Ahṃad Taṃbal and the Mughūl faction—he
takes Māzū—Khusrau Shāh murders Bāī-sunghar Mīrānshāhī—Biography
of the Mīrzā—Bābur wins his first ranged
battle, from Taṃbal supporting Jahāngīr, at Khūbān—winter-quarters—minor
successes—the winter-camp broken
up by Qaṃbar-i-‘alī’s taking leave—Bābur returns to
Andijān—The Khān persuaded by Taṃbal’s kinsmen in
his service to support Jahāngīr—his troops retire before
Bābur—Bābur and Taṃbal again opposed—Qaṃbar-i-‘alī
again gives trouble—minor action and an accommodation
made without Bābur’s wish—terms of the accommodation—The
self-aggrandizement of ‘Alī-dost Mughūl—Bābur’s first
marriage—a personal episode—Samarkand affairs—‘Alī
quarrels with the Tarkhāns—The Khān sends troops against
Samarkand—Mīrzā Khān invited there by a Tarkhān—‘Alī
defeats The Khān’s Mughūls—Bābur invited to Samarkand—prepares
to start and gives Jahāngīr rendezvous for the
[Pg ix]attempt—Taṃbal’s brother takes Aūsh—Bābur leaves this
lesser matter aside and marches for Samarkand—Qaṃbar-i-‘alī
punishes himself—Shaibānī reported to be moving on
Bukhārā—Samarkand begs wait on Bābur—the end of
‘Alī-dost—Bābur has news of Shaibānī’s approach to
Samarkand and goes to Kesh—hears there that ‘Alī’s
Aūzbeg mother had given Samarkand to Shaibānī on
condition of his marriage with herself | [108]-126 |
| 906 AH.—July 28th 1500 to July 17th 1501 AD.—Shaibānī
murders ‘Alī—a son and two grandsons of Aḥrārī’s
murdered—Bābur leaves Kesh with a number of the
Samarkand begs—is landless and isolated—takes a perilous
mountain journey back into Aūrātīpā—comments on the
stinginess shewn to himself by Khusrau Shāh and another—consultation
and resolve to attempt Samarkand—Bābur’s
dream-vision of success—he takes the town by a surprise
attack—compares this capture with Ḥusain Bāī-qarā’s of
Herī—his affairs in good position—birth of his first child—his
summons for help to keep the Aūzbeg down—literary
matters—his force of 240 grows to allow him to face
Shaibānī at Sar-i-pul—the battle and his defeat—Mughūls
help his losses—he is besieged in Samarkand—a long
blockade—great privation—no help from any quarter—Futile
proceedings of Taṃbal and The Khān | [127]-145 |
| 907 AH.—July 17th 1501 to July 7th 1502 AD.—Bābur surrenders
Samarkand—his sister Khān-zāda is married by Shaibānī—incidents
of his escape to Dīzak—his 4 or 5 escapes from
peril to safety and ease—goes to Dikh-kat in Aūrātīpā—incidents
of his stay there—his wanderings bare-head, bare-foot—sends
gifts to Jahāngīr, and to Taṃbal a sword which
later wounds himself—arrival from Samarkand of the
families and a few hungry followers—Shaibānī Khān raids
in The Khān’s country—Bābur rides after him fruitlessly—Death
of Nuyān Kūkūldāsh—Bābur’s grief for his friend—he
retires to the Zar-afshān valley before Shaibānī—reflects
on the futility of his wanderings and goes to The Khān in
Tāshkīnt—Mughūl conspiracy against Taṃbal Mughūl—Bābur
submits verses to The Khān and comments on his
uncle’s scant study of poetic idiom—The Khān rides out
against Taṃbal—his standards acclaimed and his army
numbered—of the Chīngīz-tūrā—quarrel of Chīrās and
Begchīk chiefs for the post of danger—Hunting—Khujand-river reached | [146]-156 |
| 908 AH.—July 7th 1502 to June 26th 1503 AD.—Bābur comments
on The Khān’s unprofitable move—his poverty and
despair in Tāshkīnt—his resolve to go to Khitāī and ruse
for getting away—his thought for his mother—his plan not
accepted by The Khān and Shāh Begīm—The Younger
Khān (Aḥmad) arrives from Kāshghar—is met by Bābur—a
half-night’s family talk—gifts to Bābur—the meeting of
the two Khāns—Aḥmad’s characteristics and his opinion
of various weapons—The Khāns march into Farghāna
against Jahāngīr’s supporter Taṃbal—they number their
force—Bābur detached against Aūsh, takes it and has great
accretions of following—An attempt to take Andijān
frustrated by mistake in a pass-word—Author’s Note on
pass-words—a second attempt foiled by the over-caution
of experienced begs—is surprised in his bivouac by Taṃbal—face
to face with Taṃbal—his new gosha-gīr—his
dwindling company—wounded—left alone, is struck by his
gift-sword—escapes to Aūsh—The Khān moves from
Kāsān against Andijān—his disposition of Bābur’s lands—Qaṃbar-i-‘alī’s
counsel to Bābur rejected—Bābur is treated
by the Younger Khān’s surgeon—tales of Mughūl surgery—Qaṃbar-i-‘alī
flees to Taṃbal in fear through his
unacceptable counsel—Bābur moves for Akhsī—a lost
chance—minor actions—an episode of Pāp—The Khāns
do not take Andijān—Bābur invited into Akhsī—Taṃbal’s
brother Bāyazīd joins him with Nāṣir Mīrān-shāhī—Taṃbal
asks help from Shaibānī—On news of Shaibānī’s consent
the Khāns retire from Andijān—Bābur’s affairs in Akhsī—he
attempts to defend it—incidents of the defence—Bābur
wounded—unequal strength of the opponents—he flees with
20-30 men—incidents of the flight—Bābur left alone—is
overtaken by two foes—his perilous position—a messenger
arrives from Taṃbal’s brother Bāyazīd—Bābur expecting
death, quotes Niz̤āmī—(the narrative breaks off in the
middle of the verse) | [157]-182 |
| Translator’s Note.—908 to 909 AH.—1503 to 1504 AD.—Bābur
will have been rescued—is with The Khāns in
the battle and defeat by Shaibānī at Archīān—takes refuge
in the Asfara hills—there spends a year in misery and
poverty—events in Farghāna and Tāshkīnt—Shaibānī
sends the Mughūl horde back to Kāshghar—his disposition
of the women of The Khān’s family—Bābur plans to go to
Ḥusain Bāī-qarā in Khurāsān—changes his aim for Kābul | [182]-185 |
| [End of Translator’s Note.] | |
| SECTION II.—KĀBUL | |
| 910 AH.—June 14th 1504 to June 4th 1505 AD.—Bābur halts
on an alp of Ḥiṣār—enters his 22nd (lunar) year—delays
his march in hope of adherents—writes a second time of
the stinginess of Khusrau Shāh to himself—recalls Sherīm T̤
T̤aghāī Mughūl’s earlier waverings in support—is joined by
Khusrau Shāh’s brother Bāqī Beg—they start for Kābul—Accretions
of force—their families left in Fort Ajar
(Kāhmard)—Jahāngīr marries a cousin—Bāqī advises his
dismissal to Khurāsān—Bābur is loyal to his half-brother—Jahāngīr
is seduced, later, by disloyal Begchīk chiefs—Ḥusain
Bāī-qarā summons help against Shaibānī—Despair
in Bābur’s party at Ḥusain’s plan of “defence, not attack”—Qaṃbar-i-‘alī
dismissed to please Bāqī—Khusrau makes
abject submission to Bābur—Mīrzā Khān demands vengeance
on him—Khusrau’s submission having been on terms,
he is let go free—Bābur resumes his march—first sees
Canopus—is joined by tribesmen—Khusrau’s brother Walī
flees to the Aūzbegs and is executed—Risks run by the
families now fetched from Kāhmard—Kābul surrendered
to Bābur by Muqīm Arghūn—Muqīm’s family protected—Description
of Kābul (pp. 199 to 277)—Muqīm leaves
for Qandahār—Allotment of fiefs—Excess levy in grain—Foray
on the Sult̤ān Mas‘ūdī Hazāra—Bābur’s first move
for Hindūstān—Khaibar traversed—Bīgrām visited—Bāqī
Beg prevents crossing the Sind—and persuades for Kohāt—A
plan for Bangash, Bannū and thence return to Kābul—Yār-i-ḥusain
Daryā-khānī asks for permission to raise a
force for Bābur, east of the Sind—Move to Thāl, Bannū,
and the Dasht—return route varied without consulting
Bābur—Pīr Kānū’s tomb visited—through the Pawat-pass
into Dūkī—horse-food fails—baggage left behind—men
of all conditions walk to Ghaznī—spectacle of the
Āb-istāda—mirage and birds—Jahāngīr is Bābur’s host in
Ghaznī—heavy floods—Kābul reached after a disastrous
expedition of four months—Nāṣir’s misconduct abetted by
two Begchīk chiefs—he and they flee into Badakhshān—Khusrau
Shāh’s schemes fail in Herāt—imbroglio between
him and Nāṣir—Shaibānī attempts Ḥiṣār but abandons the
siege on his brother’s death—Khusrau attempts Ḥiṣār and
is there killed—his followers revolt against Bābur—his
death quenches the fire of sedition | [188]-245 |
| 911 AH.—June 4th 1505 to May 24th 1506 AD.—Death of
Bābur’s mother—Bābur’s illness stops a move for Qandahār—an
earth-quake—campaign against and capture of Qalāt-i-ghilzāī—Bāqī
Beg dismissed towards Hindūstān—murdered
in the Khaibar—Turkmān Hazāra raided—Nijr-aū
tribute collected—Jahāngīr misbehaves and runs
away—Bābur summoned by Ḥusain Bāī-qarā against
Shaibānī—Shaibānī takes Khwārizm and Chīn Ṣūfī is
killed—Death and biography of Ḥusain Bāī-qarā (256 to
292)—his burial and joint-successors | [246]-293 |
| 912 AH.—May 24th 1506 to May 13th 1507 AD.—Bābur, without
news of Ḥusain Bāī-qarā’s death, obeys his summons and
leaves Kābul—Jahāngīr flees from Bābur’s route—Nāṣir
defeats Shaibānī’s men in Badakhshān—Bābur, while in
Kāhmard, hears of Ḥusain’s death—continues his march
with anxious thought for the Tīmūrid dynasty—Jahāngīr
waits on him and accompanies him to Herāt—Co-alition
of Khurāsān Mīrzās against Shaibānī—their meeting with
Bābur—etiquette of Bābur’s reception—an entertainment
to him—of the Chīngīz-tūrā—Bābur claims the ceremonial
observance due to his military achievements—entertainments
and Bābur’s obedience to Muḥammadan Law against
wine—his reflections on the Mīrzās—difficulties of winter-plans
([300], [307])—he sees the sights of Herī—visits the
Begīms—the ceremonies observed—tells of his hitherto
abstention from wine and of his present inclination to drink
it—Qasīm Beg’s interference with those pressing Bābur to
break the Law—Bābur’s poor carving—engages Ma‘ṣūma
in marriage—leaves for Kābul—certain retainers stay
behind—a perilous journey through snow to a wrong pass
out of the Herīrud valley—arrival of the party in Yakaaūlāng—joy
in their safety and comfort—Shibr-tū traversed
into Ghūr-bunḍ—Turkmān Hazāra raided—News reaches
Bābur of conspiracy in Kābul to put Mīrzā Khān in his
place—Bābur concerts plans with the loyal Kābul garrison—moves
on through snow and in terrible cold—attacks and
defeats the rebels—narrowly escaped death—attributes his
safety to prayer—-deals mercifully, from family considerations,
with the rebel chiefs—reflects on their behaviour to
him who has protected them—asserts that his only aim is
to write the truth—letters-of-victory sent out—Muḥ.
Ḥusain Dūghlāt and Mīrzā Khān banished—Spring excursion
to Koh-dāman—Nāṣir, driven from Badakhshān, takes
refuge with Bābur | [294]-322 |
| 913 AH.—May 13th 1507 to May 2nd 1508 AD.—Raid on the
Ghiljī Afghāns—separation of the Fifth (Khams)—wild-ass,
hunting—Shaibānī moves against Khurāsān—Irresolution
of the Tīmūrid Mīrzās—Infatuation of Ẕū’n-nūn Arghūn—Shaibānī
takes Herī—his doings there—Defeat and death
of two Bāī-qarās—The Arghūns in Qandahār make overtures
to Bābur—he starts to join them against Shaibānī—meets
Ma‘ṣūma in Ghaznī on her way to Kābul—spares
Hindūstān traders—meets Jahāngīr’s widow and infant-son
coming from Herāt—The Arghūn chiefs provoke attack on
Qandahār—Bābur’s army—organization and terminology—wins
the battle of Qandahār and enters the fort—its
spoils—Nāṣir put in command—Bābur returns to Kābul
rich in goods and fame—marries Ma‘ṣūma—Shaibānī lays
siege to Qandahār—Alarm in Kābul at his approach—Mīrzā
Khān and Shāh Begīm betake themselves to Badakhshān—Bābur
sets out for Hindūstān leaving ‘Abdu’r-razzāq
in Kābul—Afghān highwaymen—A raid for food—Māhchuchak’s
marriage—Hindūstān plan abandoned—Nūr-gal
and Kūnār visited—News of Shaibānī’s withdrawal from
Qandahār—Bābur returns to Kābul—gives Ghaznī to Nāṣir—assumes
the title of Pādshāh—Birth of Humāyūn, feast
and chronogram | [323]-344 |
| 914 AH.—May 2nd 1508 to April 21st 1509 AD.—Raid on the
Mahmand Afghāns—Seditious offenders reprieved—Khusrau
Shāh’s former retainers march off from Kābul—‘Abdu’r-razzāq
comes from his district to near Kābul—not
known to have joined the rebels—earlier hints to Bābur of
this “incredible” rebellion—later warnings of an immediate
rising | [345]-346 |
| Translator’s Note.—914 to 925 AH.—1508 to 1519 AD.—Date
of composition of preceding narrative—Loss of
matter here seems partly or wholly due to Bābur’s death—Sources
helping to fill the Gap—Events of the remainder
of 914 AH.—The mutiny swiftly quelled—Bābur’s five-fold
victory over hostile champions—Sa‘īd Chaghatāī takes
refuge with him in a quiet Kābul—Shaibānī’s murders of
Chaghatāī and Dūghlāt chiefs | [347]-366 |
| 915 AH.—April 21st 1509 to April 11th 1510 AD.—Beginning
of hostilities between Ismā‘īl Ṣafawī and Shaibānī—Ḥaidar
Dūghlāt takes refuge with Bābur. | |
| 916 AH.—April 11th 1510 to March 31st 1511 AD.—Ismā‘īl
defeats the Aūzbegs near Merv—Shaibānī is killed—20,000
[Pg xiv]Mughūls he had migrated to Khurāsān, return to near
Qūndūz—Mīrzā Khān invites Bābur to join him against
the Aūzbegs—Bābur goes to Qūndūz—The 20,000 Mughūls
proffer allegiance to their hereditary Khān Sa‘īd—they
propose to set Bābur aside—Sa‘īd’s worthy rejection of the
proposal—Bābur makes Sa‘īd The Khān of the Mughūls
and sends him and his Mughūls into Farghāna—significance
of Bābur’s words, “I made him Khān”—Bābur’s first attempt
on Ḥiṣār where were Ḥamza and Mahdī Aūzbeg—beginning
of his disastrous intercourse with Ismā‘īl Ṣafawī—Ismā‘īl
sends Khān-zāda Begīm back to him—with thanks for the
courtesy, Bābur asks help against the Aūzbeg—it is promised
under dangerous conditions. | |
| 917 AH.—March 31st 1511 to March 19th 1512 AD.—Bābur’s
second attempt on Ḥiṣār—wins the Battle of Pul-i-sangīn—puts
Ḥamza and Mahdī to death—his Persian reinforcement
and its perilous cost—The Aūzbegs are swept across the
Zar-afshān—The Persians are dismissed from Bukhārā—Bābur
occupies Samarkand after a nine-year’s absence—he
gives Kābul to Nāṣir—his difficult position in relation to
the Shī‘a Ismā‘īl—Ismā‘īl sends Najm S̤ānī to bring him
to order. | |
| 918 AH.—March 19th 1512 to March 9th 1513 AD.—The Aūzbegs
return to the attack—‘Ubaid’s vow—his defeat of Bābur at
Kūl-i-malik—Bābur flees from Samarkand to Ḥiṣār—his
pursuers retire—Najm S̤ānī from Balkh gives him rendezvous
at Tīrmīẕ—the two move for Bukhārā—Najm perpetrates
the massacre of Qarshī—Bābur is helpless to prevent
it—Najm crosses the Zar-afshān to a disadvantageous
position—is defeated and slain—Bābur, his reserve, does
not fight—his abstention made a reproach at the Persian
Court against his son Humāyūn (1544 AD.?)—his arrow-sped
message to the Aūzbeg camp—in Ḥiṣār, he is attacked
suddenly by Mughūls—he escapes to Qūndūz—the retributive
misfortunes of Ḥiṣār—Ḥaidar on Mughūls—Ayūb
Begchīk’s death-bed repentance for his treachery to Bābur—Ḥaidar
returns to his kinsfolk in Kāshghar. | |
| 919 AH.—March 9th 1513 to Feb. 26th 1514 AD.—Bābur may
have spent the year in Khishm—Ismā‘īl takes Balkh from
the Aūzbegs—surmised bearing of the capture on his later
action. | |
| 920 AH.—Feb. 26th 1514 to Feb. 15th 1515 AD.—Ḥaidar’s
account of Bābur’s misery, patience and courtesy this year
[Pg xv]in Qūndūz—Bābur returns to Kābul—his daughter Gulrang
is born in Khwāst—he is welcomed by Nāṣir who
goes back to Ghaznī. | |
| 921 AH.—Feb. 15th 1515 to Feb. 5th 1516 AD.—Death of
Nāṣir—Riot in Ghaznī led by Sherīm T̤aghāī Mughūl—quiet
restored—many rebels flee to Kāshghar—Sherīm
refused harbourage by Sa‘īd Khān and seeks Bābur’s protection—Ḥaidar’s
comment on Bābur’s benevolence. | |
| AH.—Feb. 5th 1516 to Jan. 24th 1517 AD.—A quiet year
in Kābul apparently—Birth of ‘Askarī. | |
| 923 AH.—Jan. 24th 1517 to Jan. 13th 1518 AD.—Bābur visits
Balkh—Khwānd-amīr’s account of the affairs of Muhammad-i-zamān
Mīrza Bāī-qarā—Bābur pursues the Mīrzā—has
him brought to Kābul—gives him his daughter Ma‘ṣūma in
marriage—An expedition to Qandahār returns fruitless, on
account of his illness—Shāh Beg’s views on Bābur’s persistent
attempts on Qandahār—Shāh Beg’s imprisonment
and release by his slave Saṃbal’s means. | |
| 924 AH.—Jan. 13th 1518 to Jan. 3rd 1519 AD.—Shāh Beg’s son
Ḥasan flees to Bābur—stays two years—date of his return
to his father—Bābur begins a campaign in Bajaur against
Ḥaidar-i-‘alī Bajaurī—takes two forts. | |
| [End of Translator’s Note.] | |
| 925 AH.—Jan. 3rd to Dec. 23rd 1519 AD.—Bābur takes the Fort
of Bajaur—massacres its people as false to Islām—Khwāja
Kalān made its Commandant—an excessive impost in
grain—a raid for corn—Māhīm’s adoption of Dil-dār’s
unborn child—Bābur marries Bībī Mubārika—Repopulation
of the Fort of Bajaur—Expedition against Afghān
tribesmen—Destruction of the tomb of a heretic qalandar—Bābur
first crosses the Sind—his long-cherished desire
for Hindūstān—the ford of the Sind—the Koh-i-jūd (Salt-range)—his
regard for Bhīra, Khūsh-āb, Chīn-ab and
Chīnīūt as earlier possessions of the Turk, now therefore
his own—the Kalda-kahār lake and subsequent location on
it of the Bāgh-i-ṣafā—Assurance of safety sent to Bhīra as
a Turk possession—History of Bhīra etc. as Turk possessions—Author’s
Note on Tātār Khān Yūsuf-khail—envoys
sent to Balūchīs in Bhīra—heavy floods in camp—Offenders
against Bhīra people punished—Agreed tribute collected—Envoy
sent to ask from Ibrāhīm Lūdī the lands once
dependent on the Turk—Daulat Khān arrests and keeps
[Pg xvi]the envoy who goes back later to Bābur re infectâ—news
of Hind-āl’s birth and cause of his name—description of
a drinking-party—Tātār Khān Kakar compels Minūchihr
Khān Turk, going to wait on Bābur, to become his son-in-law—Account
of the Kakars—excursions and drinking-parties—Bhīra
appointments—action taken against Hātī
Khān Kakar—Description and capture of Parhāla—Bābur
sees the saṃbal plant—a tiger killed—Gūr-khattrī visited—Loss
of a clever hawk—Khaibar traversed—mid-day
halt in the Bāgh-i-wafā—Qarā-tū garden visited—News of
Shāh Beg’s capture of Kāhān—Bābur’s boys carried out in
haste to meet him—wine-parties—Death and biography
of Dost Beg—Arrival of Sult̤ānīm Bāī-qarā and ceremonies
observed on meeting her—A long-imprisoned traitor
released—Excursion to Koh-dāman—Hindū Beg abandons
Bhīra—Bābur has (intermittent) fever—Visitors from
Khwāst—Yūsuf-zāī chiefs wait on Bābur—Khalīfa’s son
sends a wedding-gift—Bābur’s amusement when illness
keeps him from an entertainment—treatment of his illness—A
Thursday reading of theology (see Add. Note p. 401)—Swimming—Envoy
from Mīrzā Khān—Tribesmen allowed
to leave Kābul for wider grazing-grounds—Bābur sends his
first Dīwān to Pūlād Aūzbeg in Samarkand—Arrivals
and departures—Punitive expedition against the ‘Abdu’r-rahman
Afghāns—punishment threatened and inflicted (p. 405) on
defaulters in help to an out-matched man—Description of
the Rustam-maidān—return to Kābul—Excursion to Koh-dāman—snake
incident—Tramontane begs warned for
service—fish-drugging—Bābur’s non-pressure to drink, on
an abstainer—wine-party—misadventure on a raft—toothpicks
gathered—A new retainer—Bābur shaves his head—Hind-āl’s
guardian appointed—Aūzbeg raiders defeated in
Badakhshān—Various arrivals—Yūsuf-zāī campaign—Bābur
dislocates his wrist—Varia—Dilah-zāk chiefs wait
on him—Plan to store corn in Hash-nagar—Incidents of
the road—Khaibar traversed—Bārā urged on Bābur as a
place for corn—Kābul river forded at Bārā—little corn found
and the Hash-nagar plan foiled—Plan to store Pashāwar
Fort—return to ‘Alī-masjid—News of an invasion of
Badakhshān hurries Bābur back through the Khaibar—The
Khiẓr-khail Afghāns punished—Bābur first writes since
dislocating his wrist—The beauty and fruits of the Bāgh-i-wafā—incidents
of the return march to Kābul—Excursion
to the Koh-dāman—beauty of its harvest crops and autumnal
[Pg xvii]trees—a line offensive to Khalīfa (see Add. Note p. 416)—Humāyūn
makes a good shot—Beauty of the harvest near
Istālīf and in the Bāgh-i-pādshāhī—Return to Kābul—Bābur
receives a white falcon in gift—pays a visit of
consolation to an ashamed drinker—Arrivals various—he
finishes copying ‘Alī-sher’s four Dīwāns—An order to
exclude from future parties those who become drunk—Bābur
starts for Lāmghān | [367]-419 |
| 926 AH.—Dec. 23rd 1519 to Dec. 12th 1520 AD.—Excursion to
Koh-dāman and Kohistān—incidents of the road—Bābur
shoots with an easy bow, for the first time after the dislocation
of his wrist—Nijr-aū tribute fixed—Excursions in
Lāmghān—Kāfir head-men bring goat-skins of wine—Halt
in the Bāgh-i-wafā—its oranges, beauty and charm—Bābur
records his wish and intention to return to obedience
in his 40th year and his consequent excess in wine as the
end approached—composes an air—visits Nūr-valley—relieves
Kwāja Kalān in Bajaur—teaches a talisman to stop
rain—his opinion of the ill-taste and disgusting intoxication
of beer—his reason for summoning Khwāja Kalān, and
trenchant words to Shāh Ḥasan relieving him—an old
beggar loaded with gifts—the raft strikes a rock—Description
of the Kīndīr spring—Fish taken from fish-ponds—Hunting—Accident
to a tooth—Fishing with a net—A
murderer made over to the avengers of blood—A Qoran
chapter read and start made for Kābul—(here the diary
breaks off) | [420]-425 |
| Translator’s Note.—926 to 932 AH.—1520 to 1525 AD.—Bābur’s
activities in the Gap—missing matter less
interesting than that lost in the previous one—its distinctive
mark is biographical—Dramatis personæ—Sources of
information | [426]-444 |
| 926 AH.—Dec. 23rd 1519 to Dec. 12th 1520 AD.—Bābur’s five
expeditions into Hindūstān—this year’s cut short by menace
from Qandahār—Shāh Beg’s position—particulars of his
menace not ascertained—Description of Qandahār-fort—Bābur’s
various sieges—this year’s raised because of pestilence
within the walls—Shāh Beg pushes out into Sind. | |
| 927 AH.—Dec. 12th 1520 to Dec. 1st 1521 AD.—Two accounts
of this year’s siege of Qandahār—(i) that of the Ḥabību’s-siyar—(ii)
that of the Tārīkh-i-sind—concerning the dates
involved—Mīrzā Khān’s death. | |
| 928 AH.—Dec. 1st 1521 to Nov. 20th 1522 AD.—Bābur and
Māhīm visit Humāyūn in Badakhshān—Expedition to
Qandahār—of the duel between Bābur and Shāh Beg—the
Chihil-zīna monument of victory—Death of Shāh Beg
and its date—Bābur’s literary work down to this year. | |
| 929 AH.—Nov. 20th 1522 to Nov. 10th 1523 AD.—Hindūstān
affairs—Daulat Khān Lūdī, Ibrāhīm Lūdī and Bābur—Dilawār
(son of Daulat Khān) goes to Kābul and asks
help against Ibrāhīm—Bābur prays for a sign of victory—prepares
for the expedition—‘Ālam Khān Lūdī (apparently
in this year) goes to Kābul and asks Bābur’s help against
his nephew Ibrāhīm—Birth of Gul-badan. | |
| 930 AH.—Nov. 10th 1523 to Oct. 27th 1524 AD.—Bābur’s fourth
expedition into Hindūstān—differs from earlier ones by its
concert with malcontents in the country—Bābur defeats
Bihār Khān Lūdī near Lāhor—Lāhor occupied—Dībalpūr
stormed, plundered and its people massacred—Bābur moves
onward from Sihrind but returns on news of Daulat Khān’s
doings—there may have been also news of Aūzbeg threat
to Balkh—The Panj-āb garrison—Death of Ismā‘īl Ṣafawī
and of Shāh Beg—Bābur turns for Kābul—plants bananas
in the Bāgh-i-wafā. | |
| 931 AH.—Oct. 29th 1524 to Oct. 18th 1525 AD.—Daulat Khān’s
large resources—he defeats ‘Ālam Khān at Dībalpūr—‘Ālam
Khān flees to Kābul and again asks help—Bābur’s
conditions of reinforcement—‘Ālam Khān’s subsequent
proceedings detailed s.a. 932 AH.—Bābur promises to follow
him speedily—is summoned to Balkh by its Aūzbeg menace—his
arrival raises the siege—he returns to Kābul in time
for his start to Hindūstān in 932 | [426]-444 |
| [End of Translator’s Note.] | |
| SECTION III—HINDŪSTĀN | |
| 932 AH.—Oct. 18th 1525 to Oct. 8th 1526 AD.—Bābur starts on
his fifth expedition into Hindūstān—is attacked by illness
at Gandamak—Humāyūn is late in coming in from Badakh-shān—Verse-making
on the Kābul-river—Bābur makes a
satirical verse such as he had forsworn when writing the
Mubīn—attributes a relapse of illness to his breach of vow—renews
his oath—Fine spectacle of the lighted camp at
Alī-masjid—Hunting near Bīgrām—Preparations for ferrying
the Sind—Order to make a list of all with the army,
[Pg xix]and to count them up—continuation of illness—Orders sent
to the Lāhor begs to delay engagement till Bābur arrived—The
Sind ferried (for the first time) and the army tale
declared as 12,000 good and bad—The eastward march—unexpected
ice—Rendezvous made with the Lāhor begs—Jat
and Gūjūr thieves—a courier sent again to the begs—News
that ‘Ālam Khān had let Ibrāhīm Lūdī defeat him
near Dihlī—particulars of the engagement—he takes refuge
with Bābur—The Lāhor begs announce their arrival close
at hand—Ibrāhīm’s troops retire before Bābur’s march—Daulat
Khān Lūdī surrenders Milwat (Malot)—waits on
Bābur and is reproached—Ghāzī Khān’s abandonment of
his family censured—Jaswān-valley—Ghāzī Khān pursued—Bābur
advances against Ibrāhīm Lūdī—his estimate of
his adversary’s strength—‘Ālam Khān’s return destitute to
Bābur—Bābur’s march leads towards Pānīpat—Humāyūn’s
first affair succeeds—reiterated news of Ibrāhīm’s approach—Bābur’s
success in a minor encounter—he arrays and
counts his effective force—finds it under the estimate—orders
that every man in the army shall collect carts
towards Rūmī defence—700 carts brought in—account of
the defences of the camp close to the village of Pānīpat—Bābur
on the futility of fear; his excuses for the fearful in
his army—his estimate of Ibrāhīm’s army and of its higher
possible numbers—Author’s Note on the Aūzbeg chiefs in
Ḥiṣār (918 AH.1512 AD.)—Preliminary encounters—Battle
and victory of Pānīpat—Ibrāhīm’s body found—Dihlī and
Āgra occupied by Bābur—he makes the circuit of a
Farghāna-born ruler in Dihlī—visits other tombs and sees
sights—halts opposite Tūghlūqābād—the khut̤ba read for
him in Dihlī—he goes to Āgra—Author’s Note on rulers in
Gūālīār—The (Koh-i-nūr) diamond given by the Gūālīār
family to Humāyūn—Bābur’s dealings with Ibrāhīm’s
mother and her entourage—Description of Hindūstān
(pp. 478 to 521)—Revenues of Hind (p. 521)—Āgra treasure
distributed—local disaffection to Bābur—discontent in his
army at remaining in Hindūstān—he sets the position forth
to his Council—Khwāja Kalān decides to leave—his and
Bābur’s verses on his desertion—Bābur’s force grows locally—action
begun against rebels to Ibrāhīm in the East—Gifts
made to officers, and postings various—Bīban Jalwānī
revolts and is beaten—The Mīr of Bīāna warned—Mention
of Rānā Sangā’s failure in his promise to act with Bābur—Sangā’s
present action—Decision in Council to leave Sangā
[Pg xx]aside and to march to the East—Humāyūn leads out the
army—Bābur makes garden, well and mosque near Āgra—Progress
of Humāyūn’s campaign—News of the Aūzbegs
in Balkh and Khurāsān—Affairs of Gujrāt | [445]-535 |
| 933 AH.—Oct. 8th 1526 to Sep. 27th 1527 AD.—Birth announced
of Bābur’s son Fārūq—incomplete success in casting a large
mortar—Varia—Humāyūn summoned from the East to act
against Sangā—Plundering expedition towards Bīāna—Tahangar,
Gūālīār and Dūlpūr obtained—Ḥamīd Khān
Sārang-khānī defeated—Arrival of a Persian embassy—Ibrāhīm’s
mother tries to poison Bābur—Copy of Bābur’s
letter detailing the affair—his dealings with the
poisoner and her agents—Humāyūn’s return to Āgra—Khw.
Dost-i-khawānd’s arrival from Kābul—Reiterated
news of the approach of Rānā Sangā—Bābur sends an
advance force to Bīāna—Ḥasan Khān Miwātī—Tramontane
matters disloyal to Bābur—Trial-test of the large mortar
(p. 536)—Bābur leaves Āgra to oppose Sangā—adverse
encounter with Sangā by Bīāna garrison—Alarming reports
of Rājpūt prowess—Spadesmen sent ahead to dig wells in
Madhākūr pargana—Bābur halts there—arrays and moves
to Sīkrī—various joinings and scoutings—discomfiture of
a party reconnoitring from Sīkrī—the reinforcement also
overcome—The enemy retires at sight of a larger troop
from Bābur—defence of the Sīkrī camp Rūmī fashion, with
ditch besides—Continued praise of Rājpūt prowess—Further
defence of the camp made to hearten Bābur’s men—20-25
days spent in the above preparations—arrival of 500 men
from Kābul—also of Muḥ. Sharīf an astrologer who augurs
ill for Bābur’s success—Archers collected and Mīwāt over-run—Bābur
reflects that he had always wished to cease
from the sin of wine—verses about his then position—resolves
to renounce wine—details of the destruction of
wine and precious vessels, and of the building of a commemorative
well and alms-house—his oath to remit a tax
if victorious is recalled to him—he remits the tamghā—Shaikh
Zain writes the farmān announcing the two acts—Copy
of the farmān—Great fear in Bābur’s army—he
adjures the Ghāzī spirit in his men who vow to stand fast—his
perilous position—he moves forward in considerable
array—his camp is laid out and protected by ditch and
carts—An omen is taken and gives hope—Khalīfa advising,
the camp is moved—While tents were being set up, the
[Pg xxi]enemy appears—The battle and victory of Kānwa—described
in a copy of the Letter-of-victory—Bābur inserts this because
of its full particulars (pp. 559 to 574)—assumes the title of
Ghāzī—Chronograms of the victory and also of that in
Dībalpūr (930 AH.)—pursuit of the fugitive foe—escape of
Sangā—the falsely-auguring astrologer banished with a gift—a
small revolt crushed—a pillar of heads set up—Bābur
visits Bīāna—Little water and much heat set aside plan to
invade Sangā’s territory—Bābur visits Mīwāt—give some
historical account of it—Commanders rewarded—Alwār
visited—Humāyūn and others allowed to leave Hindūstān—Despatch
of the Letter-of-victory—Various excursions—Humāyūn
bidden farewell—Chandwār and Rāprī recovered—Apportionment
of fiefs—Bīban flees before Bābur’s men—Dispersion
of troops for the Rains—Misconduct of Humāyūn
and Bābur’s grief—Embassy to ‘Irāq—Tardī Beg khāksār
allowed to return to the darwesh-life—Bābur’s lines to
departing friends—The Ramẓān-feast—Playing-cards—Bābur
ill (seemingly with fever)—visits Dūlpūr and orders
a house excavated—visits Bārī and sees the ebony-tree—has
doubt of Bāyazīd Farmūlī’s loyalty—his remedial and
metrical exercises—his Treatise on Prosody composed—a
relapse of illness—starts on an excursion to Kūl and
Saṃbal | [536]-586 |
| 934 AH.—Sep. 27th 1527 to Sep. 15th 1528 AD.—Bābur visits
Kūl and Saṃbal and returns to Āgra—has fever and ague
intermittently for 20-25 days—goes out to welcome kinswomen—a
large mortar bursts with fatal result—he visits
Sīkrī—starts for Holy War against Chandīrī—sends troops
against Bāyazīd Farmūlī—incidents of the march to
Chandīrī—account of Kachwa—account of Chandīrī—its
siege—Meantime bad news arrives from the East—Bābur
keeping this quiet, accomplishes the work in hand—Chandīrī
taken—change of plans enforced by defeat in the East—return
northwards—Further losses in the East—Rebels take
post to dispute Bābur’s passage of the Ganges—he orders
a pontoon-bridge—his artillery is used with effect, the bridge
finished and crossed and the Afghāns worsted—Tukhta-būghā
Chaghatāī arrives from Kāshgar—Bābur visits
Lakhnau—suffers from ear-ache—reinforces Chīn-tīmūr
against the rebels—Chīn-tīmūr gets the better of Bāyazīd
Farmūlī—Bābur settles the affairs of Aūd (Oude) and plans
to hunt near | [587]-602 |
| Translator’s Note. (part of 934 AH.)—On the cir.
half-year’s missing matter—known events of the Gap:—Continued
campaign against Bīban and Bāyazīd—Bābur at
Jūnpūr, Chausa and Baksara—swims the Ganges—bestows
Sarūn on a Farmūlī—orders a Chār-bāgh made—is ill for
40 days—is inferred to have visited Dūlpūr, recalled ‘Askarī
from Multān, sent Khw. Dost-i-khāwand to Kābul on family
affairs which were causing him much concern—Remarks on
the Gap and, incidentally, on the Rāmpūr Dīwān and verses
in it suiting Bābur’s illnesses of 934 AH. | |
| [End of Translator’s Note.] | |
| 935 AH.Sep. 15th 1528 to Sep. 5th 1529 AD.—‘Askarī reaches
Āgra from Multān—Khwānd-amīr and others arrive from
Khurāsān—Bābur prepares to visit Gūālīār—bids farewell
to kinswomen who are returning to Kābul—marches out—is
given an unsavoury medicament—inspects construction-work
in Dūlpūr—reaches Gūālīār—Description of Gūālīār
(p. 607 to p. 614)—returns to Dūlpūr—suffers from ear-ache—inspects
work in Sīkrī and reaches Āgra—visit and
welcomes to kinswomen—sends an envoy to take charge of
Rantanbhūr—makes a levy on stipendiaries—sends letters
to kinsfolk in Khurāsān—News arrives of Kāmrān and
Dost-i-khāwand in Kābul—of T̤ahmāsp Safawī’s defeat at
Jām of ‘Ubaidu’l-lāh Aūzbeg—of the birth of a son to
Humāyūn, and of a marriage by Kāmrān—he rewards an
artificer—is strongly attacked by fever—for his healing
translates Aḥrārī’s Wālidiyyah-risāla—account of the task—Troops
warned for service—A long-detained messenger
returns from Humāyūn—Accredited messengers-of-good-tidings
bring the news of Humāyūn’s son’s birth—an instance
of rapid travel—Further particulars of the Battle of Jām—Letters
written and summarized—Copy of one to
Humāyūn inserted here—Plans for an eastern campaign
under ‘Askarī—royal insignia given to him—Orders
for the measurement, stations and up-keep of the Āgra-Kābul
road—the Mubīn quoted—A feast described—‘Askarī
bids his Father farewell—Bābur visits Dūlpūr and inspects
his constructions—Persian account of the Battle of Jām—Bābur
decides contingently to go to the East—Balūchī
incursions—News reaches Dūlpūr of the loss of Bihār (town)
and decides Bābur to go East—News of Humāyūn’s action
in Badakhshān—Bābur starts from Āgra—honoured arrivals
[Pg xxiii]in the assembly-camp—incidents of the march—congratulations
and gifts sent to Kāmrān, Humāyūn and others—also
specimens of the Bāburī-script, and copies of the translation
of the Wālidiyyah-risāla and the Hindūstān Poems—commends
his building-work to his workmen—makes a new
ruler for the better copying of the Wālidiyyah-risāla translation—letters
written—Copy of one to Khwāja Kalān
inserted here—Complaints from Kītīn-qarā Aūzbeg of
Bābur’s begs on the Balkh frontier—Bābur shaves his head—Māhīm
using his style, orders her own escort from Kābul
to Āgra—Bābur watches wrestling—leaves the Jumna,
disembarks his guns, and goes across country to Dugdugī
on the Ganges—travels by litter—‘Askarī and other Commanders
meet him—News of Bīban, Bāyazīd and other
Afghāns—Letters despatched to meet Māhīm on her road—Bābur
sends a copy of his writings to Samarkand—watches
wrestling—hears news of the Afghāns—(here a
surmised survival of record displaced from 934 AH.)—fall
of a river-bank under his horse—swims the Ganges—crosses
the Jumna at Allahābād (Piag) and re-embarks his guns—wrestling
watched—the evil Tons—he is attacked by boils—a
Rūmī remedy applied—a futile attempt to hunt—he
sends money-drafts to the travellers from Kābul—visits
places on the Ganges he had seen last year—receives various
letters below Ghāzīpūr—has news that the Ladies are
actually on their way from Kābul—last year’s eclipse
recalled—Hindu dread of the Karmā-nāśā river—wrestling
watched—Rūmī remedy for boils used again with much
discomfort—fall of last year’s landing-steps at Baksara—wrestling—Negociations
with an envoy of Naṣrat Shāh of
Bengal—Examination into Muḥammad-i-zāman’s objections
to a Bihār appointment—despatch of troops to Bihār (town)—Muḥammad-i-zamān
submits requests which are granted—a
small success against Afghāns—Royal insignia given to
Muḥammad-i-zamān, with leave to start for Bihār—Bābur’s
boats—News of the Bengal army—Muḥammad-i-zāman
recalled because fighting was probable—Dūdū Bībī and her
son Jalāl escape from Bengal to come to Bābur—Further
discussions with the Bengal envoy—Favourable news from
Bihār—Bābur in Arrah—Position of the Bengal army near
the confluence of Gang and Sārū (Ganges and Gogrā)—Bābur
making further effort for peace, sends an envoy to
Naṣrat Shāh—gives Naṣrat’s envoy leave to go conveying
an ultimatum—Arrival of a servant from Māhīm west of
the Bāgh-i-ṣafā—Bābur visits lotus-beds near Arrah—also
[Pg xxiv]Munīr and the Son—Distance measured by counting a
horse’s paces—care for tired horses—Bābur angered by
Junaid Barlās’ belated arrival—Consultation and plans
made for the coming battle—the Ganges crossed (by the
Burh-ganga channel) and move made to near the confluence—Bābur
watches ‘Alī-qulī’s stone-discharge—his boat
entered by night—Battle and victory of the Gogrā—Bābur
praises and thanks his Chaghatāī cousins for their great
services—crosses into the Nirhun pargana—his favours to
a Farmūlī—News of Bīban and Bāyazīd—and of the strange
deaths in Saṃbal—Chīn-tīmūr sends news from the west of
inconveniences caused by the Ladies’ delay to leave Kābul—and
of success against the Balūchī—he is ordered to
Āgra—Settlement made with the Nuḥānī Afghāns—Peace
made with Naṣrat Shāh—Submissions and various guerdon—Bīban
and Bāyazīd pursued—Bābur’s papers damaged in
a storm—News of the rebel pair as taking Luknūr(?)—Disposition
of Bābur’s boats—move along the Sārū—(a
surmised survival of the record of 934 AH.)—Account of
the capture of Luknūr(?)—Dispositions against the rebel
pair—fish caught by help of a lamp—incidents of the march
to Adampūr on the Jumna—Bīban and Bāyazīd flee to
Mahūba—Eastern Campaign wound up—Bābur’s rapid ride
to Āgra (p. 686)—visits kinswomen—is pleased with Indian-grown
fruits—Māhīm arrives—her gifts and Humāyūn’s set
before Bābur—porters sent off for Kābul to fetch fruits—Account
of the deaths in Saṃbal brought in—sedition in
Lāhor—wrestling watched—sedition of Raḥīm-dād in
Gūālīār—Mahdī Khwāja comes to Āgra | [605]-689 |
| 936 AH.—Sep. 5th 1529 to Aug. 25th 1530 AD.—Shaikh Ghaus
comes from Gūālīār to intercede for Raḥīm-dād—Gūālīār
taken over | 690 |
| Translator’s Note.—936 and 937 AH.—1529 and
1530 AD.—Sources from which to fill the Gap down to
Bābur’s death (December 26th 1530)—Humāyūn’s proceedings
in Badakhshān—Ḥaidar Dūghlāt’s narrative of
them—Humāyūn deserts his post, goes to Kābul, and,
arranging with Kāmrān, sends Hind-āl to Badakhshān—goes
on to Āgra and there arrives unexpected by his
Father—as he is unwilling to return, Sulaimān Mīrān-shāhī
is appointed under Bābur’s suzerainty—Sa‘īd Khān
is warned to leave Sulaimān in possession—Bābur moves
westward to support him and visits Lāhor—waited on in
[Pg xxv]Sihrind by the Rāja of Kahlūr—received in Lāhor by
Kāmrān and there visited from Kābul by Hind-āl—leaves
Lāhor (March 4th 1530 AD.)—from Sihrind sends
a punitive force against Mundāhir Rājpūts—hunts near
Dihlī—appears to have started off an expedition to
Kashmīr—family matters fill the rest of the year—Humāyūn
falls ill in Saṃbal and is brought to Āgra—his
disease not yielding to treatment, Bābur resolves to
practise the rite of intercession and self-surrender to save
his life—is urged rather to devote the great diamond
(Koh-i-nūr) to pious uses—refuses the substitution of the
jewel for his own life—performs the rite—Humāyūn recovers—Bābur
falls ill and is bedridden till death—his faith in
the rite unquestionable, belief in its efficacy general in the
East—Plan to set Bābur’s sons aside from the succession—The
T̤abaqāt-i-akbarī story discussed (p. 702 to 708)—suggested
basis of the story (p. 705)—Bābur’s death
(Jūmāda I. 5th 937 AH.—Dec. 26th 1530 AD.) and burial
first, near Āgra, later near Kābul—Shāh-jahān’s epitaph
inscribed on a tablet near the grave—Bābur’s wives and
children—Mr. Erskine’s estimate of his character 691-716. | |
| [End of Translator’s Note.] | |