ADDENDA.
1. French barometers are graduated to millimetres. An English inch is equal to 25·39954 millimetres. Hence, 30 inches on the English barometer scales correspond to 762 millimetres on the French barometer scales. Conversions from one scale to another can be effected by the following formulæ:—
| (1) Inches = millimetres divided by | 25·39954 | |
| (2) Millimetres = inches multiplied by | 25·39954 |
Of course, a table of equivalent values should be drawn up and employed, when a large number of observations are to be converted from one scale to the other.
2. In Germany, barometers are sometimes graduated with old French inches and lines,—the vernier generally indicating the tenth of a line.
Old French Lineal Measure.
| English Inches. | |||||
| 1 | douzième, or point | 0·0074 | |||
| 12 | points | = | 1 ligne | = | 0·0888 |
| 12 | lignes | = | 1 pouce | = | 1·065765 |
| 12 | pouces | = | 1 pied | = | 12·7892 |
| 1 | pied | = | 324·7 millimetres. | ||
“The Germans indicate inches by putting two accents after the number; lines, by putting three accents; 27″ 3′″·85, means 27 inches 3 lines 85 hundredths of a line; more frequently, they give the height in lines, and the preceding number becomes 327′″·85.”—Kaemtz.
3. Rule for finding Diameter of Bore of a Barometer Tube.
“If the maker has not taken care to measure the interior diameter directly, it may be deduced from the exterior diameter. The exterior diameter is first measured by calipers, and, by deducting from this diameter 0·1 of an inch for tubes from ·3 to ·5 of an inch in external diameter, we have an approximation to the interior diameter of the tube.”—Kaemtz.
| Sea Scale. | Wind. | Land Scale. | ||||||||||
| 0 | to | 3 | = | Light | = | 0 | to | 1 | ||||
| 3 | " | 5 | = | Moderate | = | 1 | " | 2 | ||||
| 5 | " | 7 | = | Fresh | = | 2 | " | 3 | ||||
| 7 | " | 8 | = | Strong | = | 3 | " | 4 | ||||
| 8 | " | 10 | = | Heavy | = | 4 | " | 5 | ||||
| 10 | " | 12 | = | Violent | = | 5 | " | 6 | ||||
| Pressure in Pounds (Avoirdupois) | (Land Scale). | Velocity in Miles (Hourly). | ||||||||||
| ½ | = | 1 | = | 10 | ||||||||
| 5 | = | 2 | = | 32 | ||||||||
| 10 | = | 3 | = | 45 | ||||||||
| 21 | = | 4 | = | 65 | ||||||||
| 26 | = | 5 | = | 72 | ||||||||
| 32 | = | 6 | = | 80 | ||||||||
5. Letters to Denote the State of the Weather.
| b | denotes | blue sky, whether with clear or hazy atmosphere. |
| c | " | cloudy, that is detached opening clouds. |
| d | " | drizzling rain. |
| f | " | fog. |
| h | " | hail. |
| l | " | lightning. |
| m | " | misty, or hazy so as to interrupt the view. |
| o | " | overcast, gloomy, dull. |
| p | " | passing showers. |
| q | " | squally. |
| r | " | rain. |
| s | " | snow. |
| t | " | thunder. |
| u | " | ugly, threatening appearance of sky. |
| v | " | unusual visibility of distant objects. |
| w | " | wet, that is dew. |
A letter repeated denotes much, as r r, heavy rain; f f, dense fog; and a figure attached denotes duration in hours, as 14 r, 14 hours rain.
By the combination of these letters, all the ordinary phenomena of the weather may be recorded with certainty and brevity.
Examples.—b c, blue sky with less proportion of cloud. 2 r r l l t, heavy rain for two hours, with much lightning, and some thunder.
The above methods of recording the force of wind and state of weather were originally proposed by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort. They are now in general use at sea, and by many observers on land.
6. Table of Expansion by Heat from 32° to 212° F.
| Platinum | 0·0008842 | of the length. | |
| Glass, Flint | 0·0008117 | " | |
| "with Lead | 0·0008622 | " | |
| Brass | 0·0018708 | " | |
| Mercury | 0·0180180 | " | |
| Water | 0·0433200, | from 39° to 212° | |
| Alcohol | 0·1100 | "32° to 174° | |
| Nitric Acid | 0·1100 | ||
| Sulphuric Acid | 0·0600 |
7. Table of Specific Gravity of Bodies at 32° F. except water, which is taken at 39°·4.
| Water | 1·000 | |||
| Alcohol, pure | 0·791 | |||
| "proof | 0·916 | |||
| Mercury | 13·596 | |||
| Glass | 3 | to | 2·7 | |
| Brass | 7·8 | to | 8·54 | |
| Platinum | 21 | to | 22·00 | |
Weight of a cubic foot of water, at the temperature of comparison, 62·425 lbs. avoirdupois.
The pound avoirdupois contains 7,000 grains.
Air is 813·67 times lighter than water.
The linear expansions are the mean values of the results of various experimentalists. The specific gravities are as given in Professor Rankine’s Applied Mechanics.
8. Important Temperatures. Under the circumstances of—
| ° | ||||
| Water | boiling at | 212 | ||
| Mercury | boils at | 660 | ||
| Sulphuric Acid | " | 590 | ||
| Oil of Turpentine | " | 560 | ||
| Nitric Acid | " | 242 | ||
| Alcohol | " | 174 | ||
| A Saturated Solution of Salt | " | 218 | ||
| Vital Heat | 96 | |||
| Olive Oil begins to solidify | 36 | |||
| Fresh Water freezes | 32 | |||
| Sea Water freezes | 28 | |||
| Mercury freezes | -39 | |||
9. TABLE OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS, FORMING EXPONENTS OF THE CLIMATE OF LONDON.
| 1841 to 1861. Months. | Mean Height of Barometer, reduced to 32° F., at the mean sea-level. | Mean Monthly Range of Barometer. | Mean of all the Highest Temp’s. | Mean of all the Lowest Temp’s. | Mean Temp. | Mean Temp. of Dew-point. | Mean Degree of Humidity. | Mean Number of Rainy Days. | Average Rainfall. | Average Amount of Cloud (10= overcast). | Prevalent Winds. | Sun above the Horizon on Middle Day. | Remarks. |
| Inches. | Inches. | ° | ° | ° | ° | Inches. | Hours. | ||||||
| Jan. | 29·932 | 1·44 | 43·2 | 33·7 | 38·3 | 35·4 | 89 | 11 | 1·8 | 7·7 | W. to N. | 8½ | The majority of the nights are frosty. |
| Feb. | 29·962 | 1·22 | 44·7 | 33·2 | 38·4 | 34·4 | 85 | 10 | 1·6 | 7·4 | S. to W. | 10 | 10 frosty nights on the average. |
| Mar. | 29·967 | 1·23 | 50·0 | 35·3 | 41·7 | 36·4 | 82 | 10 | 1·5 | 6·6 | N. to E. | 12 | 12 frosty nights on the average. Strong winds. |
| Apr. | 29·907 | 1·06 | 56·8 | 38·6 | 46·3 | 39·9 | 79 | 11 | 1·8 | 6·1 | N. to E. | 14 | 6 frosty nights on the average. |
| May | 29·931 | 1·02 | 64·4 | 44·2 | 52·8 | 45·5 | 76 | 11 | 2·1 | 6·1 | S. to W. | 15½ | Very rarely frost. |
| June | 29·960 | 0·89 | 71·2 | 50·2 | 59·2 | 50·8 | 74 | 11 | 1·9 | 6·1 | W. to N. | 16½ | Sun attains greatest North Declination, 21st. |
| July | 29·970 | 0·79 | 73·8 | 53·2 | 61·9 | 53·9 | 76 | 11 | 2·7 | 6·9 | W. to N. | 16 | |
| Aug. | 29·954 | 0·97 | 72·8 | 53·4 | 61·3 | 54·1 | 77 | 11 | 2·4 | 6·5 | W. to N. | 14½ | |
| Sept. | 29·997 | 0·95 | 67·4 | 48·9 | 56·9 | 51·1 | 81 | 12 | 2·4 | 5·9 | S. to W. | 12½ | |
| Oct. | 29·860 | 1·33 | 58·3 | 43·7 | 50·2 | 46·0 | 87 | 13 | 2·8 | 6·9 | S. to W. | 10½ | A few frosty nights. Heavy gales. |
| Nov. | 29·929 | 1·53 | 49·3 | 37·7 | 43·4 | 40·1 | 89 | 12 | 2·4 | 7·2 | S.W. | 9 | 11 nights frosty. |
| Dec. | 29·979 | 1·52 | 45·0 | 35·5 | 40·1 | 36·9 | 89 | 12 | 1·9 | 7·4 | W. | 8 | Sun attains greatest South Declination, 21st. |
| Year | 29·946 | 1·16 | 58·0 | 42·3 | 49·2 | 43·7 | 82 | 133 | 25·3 | 6·7 | ... | ... | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
In the above Table, columns 1 to 10 are results obtained at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, by J. Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S. The data contained in columns 2 and 10, are deduced from observations extending over the years 1841 to 1855 inclusive, and are copied from Edward Hughes’ Third Reading Book; the other columns are results of observations made during the twenty years ending 1861. The rest of the information is from Luke Howard’s Climate of London.
These valuable data indicate the characteristics of the weather in each month in the suburbs of London, and will be found tolerably accurate as indications of weather, and serviceable as standards for comparisons of observed results, at most places in England.
STANDARD WORKS ON METEOROLOGY
SUPPLIED BY NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA.
THE WEATHER BOOK:
A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL METEOROLOGY.
By Vice-Admiral FitzRoy, F.R.S., M.I.F., &c.
Price, £0 15 6
THE LAW OF STORMS,
By H. W. Dove, F.R.S.
Translated by R. H. Scott, M.A.
Price, £0 10 6
L. F. KÆMTZ’S “COMPLETE COURSE OF METEOROLOGY,”
Translated by C. V. Walker, Esq.
Price, £0 12 6
PRACTICAL METEOROLOGY,
By John Drew, Ph.D., F.R.A.S.
Price, £0 5 0
HYGROMETRICAL TABLES,
Adapted to the use of the Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer,
By James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.
Price, £0 2 6
TABLES OF THE CORRECTIONS FOR TEMPERATURES,
To reduce observations to the 32° Fahrenheit, for Barometers with brass scales
extending from the cistern to the top of the mercurial column,
By James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.
Price, £0 1 0
TABLE OF THE DIURNAL RANGE OF THE BAROMETER,
By James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.
Price, £0 0 6
TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF HEIGHTS FROM OBSERVATIONS
ON THE BOILING-POINT OF WATER,
Adapted to the use of Negretti and Zambra’s Boiling-point Apparatus.
Price, £0 1 0
A THERMOMETRICAL TABLE,
ON THE SCALES OF FAHRENHEIT, REAUMUR, AND CENTIGRADE,
By Alfred S. Taylor, Esq., M.D., &c.
Price, in Sheet, with explanatory Pamphlet, £0 1 6
METEOROLOGICAL TABLES,
For the reduction of Barometrical and Hygrometrical Observations, Determination
of Heights by the Barometer and Boiling-point Thermometer, &c.
By G. Harvey Simmonds, M.B.M.S.
Price, £0 2 6
BAROMETER MANUAL,
Compiled by Vice-Admiral FitzRoy, F.R.S.,
For the Board of Trade.
Price, £0 0 6
POCKET METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER AND NOTE-BOOK,
With Diagrams for exhibiting the Fluctuations of Barometer, &c.
Printed on metallic paper. Price, with Pencil, £0 3 0
LONDON:
PRINTED BY STRAHAN AND WILLIAMS,
7 LAWRENCE LAND, CHEAPSIDE, E.C.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA’S
PATENT RECORDING AND DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.[20]
This Thermometer differs from all other Registering or Recording Thermometers in the following important particulars:—
I. The Thermometer contains only Mercury without any admixture of Alcohol or other fluid.
II. It has no indices or springs, and its indications are by the column of Mercury only.
III. It can be carried in any position, and cannot possibly be put out of order except by actual breakage of the instrument.
And lastly, it will indicate and record the exact temperature at any hour of the day or night, or the exact temperature at any depth of the sea, irrespective of either warm or cold currents, or stratum through which the Thermometer may have to pass in its descent or ascent, this last very special quality renders this Thermometer superior for deep-sea temperatures to any others; for those now being used in the “Challenger” sounding expedition are liable to give erroneous indications owing to their indices slipping, and otherwise getting deranged—(This was proved by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra at a Meeting of the British Meteorological Society,) and under certain conditions of temperature it is not possible by the old Thermometers to obtain true temperatures at certain depths which might be required. Annexed is a copy of a report to the Admiralty from Captain G. S. Nares, of H.M.S. “Challenger,” dated Melbourne, March 25th, 1874, which we have taken from Nature, July 30th, 1874, proving the assertion.
“In the report to the Admiralty of Capt. G. S. Nares, of H.M.S. Challenger dated Melbourne, March 25, 1874, Capt. Nares, speaking of the temperature of the ocean, especially near the pack edge of the ice, says:—‘At a short distance from the pack, the surface water rose to 32°, but at a depth of 40 fathoms we always found the temperature to be 29°; this continued to 300 fathoms, the depth in which most of the icebergs float, after which there is a stratum of slightly warmer water of 33° or 34°. As the thermometers had to pass through these two belts of water before reaching the bottom, the indices registered those temperatures, and it was impossible to obtain the exact temperature of the bottom whilst near the ice, but the observations made in lower latitudes show that it is about 31°. More exact results could not have been obtained even had Mr. Siemens’s apparatus been on board.’ It seems to us that the difficulty mentioned is one which would certainly have been surmounted by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra’s new Recording Thermometers, a description of which appeared in Nature, vol. ix. p. 387; this being exactly one of the cases to which this instrument is peculiarly adapted. We believe the inventors and makers have greatly improved their Thermometer since our description appeared, and no doubt means will be taken by the Admiralty to transmit one to the Challenger.”
Fig. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DEEP-SEA RECORDING THERMOMETER.
In the first place, it must be observed that the bulb of the Thermometer is protected so as to resist the pressure of the ocean, which varies according to depth that of three thousand fathoms being something like three tons pressure on the square inch. The manner of protecting the bulb was invented by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra in 1857, and has been latterly copied by other persons and brought out as a new invention. The manner of protecting the bulb has been described by the late Admiral R. FitzRoy, in the first number of Meteorological Papers, page 55, published July 5th, 1857, as follows:
“Referring to the erroneous readings of all thermometers, consequent on their delicate bulbs being compressed by the great pressure of the ocean, he says:—‘With a view to obviate this failing, Messrs. Negretti and Zambra undertook to make a case for the weak bulbs, which should transmit temperature, but resist pressure. Accordingly a tube of thick glass is sealed outside the delicate bulb, between which and the casing is a space all round, which is nearly filled with mercury. The small space not so filled is a vacuum, into which the mercury can be expanded, or forced by heat or mechanical compression, without doing injury to or even compressing the inner or much more delicate bulb.’”
The construction of this instrument for deep-sea temperatures is as follows:—
Fig. 2.
In shape it is like a syphon with parallel legs, all in one piece and having a continuous communication, as in the annexed figure. The scale of the Thermometer is pivoted on a centre and being attached in a perpendicular position to a simple apparatus (which will be presently described), is lowered to any depth that may be desired. In its descent the Thermometer acts as an ordinary instrument, the mercury rising or falling according to the temperature of the stratum through which it passes; but so soon as the descent ceases, and a reverse motion is given to the line, so as to pull the Thermometer towards the surface, the instrument turns once on its centre, first bulb uppermost, and afterwards bulb downwards. This causes the mercury, which was in the left-hand column, first to pass into the dilated syphon bend at the top, and thence into the right-hand tube, where it remains, indicating on a graduated scale the exact temperature at the time it was turned over. The woodcut, Fig. 1, shows the position of the mercury after the instrument has been thus turned on its centre. A is the bulb; B the outer coating or protecting cylinder; C is the space of rarefied air, which is reduced if the outer casing be compressed; D is a small glass plug on the principle of Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Maximum Thermometer, which cuts off, in the moment of turning, the mercury in the tube from that of the bulb, thereby ensuring that none but the mercury in the tube can be transferred into the indicating column; E is an enlargement made in the bend so as to enable the mercury to pass quickly from one tube to another in revolving; and F is the indicating tube or Thermometer proper. In its action, as soon as the Thermometer is put in motion, and immediately the tube has acquired a slightly oblique position, the mercury breaks off at the point D, runs into the curved and enlarged portion E, and eventually falls into the tube F when this tube resumes its original perpendicular position.
Fig. 3.
The contrivance for turning the Thermometer over may be described as a frame with a vertical propeller; to this frame the instrument is pivoted. On its descent through the water the propeller is lifted out of gear and revolves freely on its axis; but so soon as the instrument is pulled towards the surface the propeller falls into gear and revolves in the contrary direction, turning the Thermometer over once, and then becoming locked and immovable.
Directions for adjusting the Thermometer previous to its being lowered in the Sea.
I. The mercury must all be in the left-hand column.
II. The short peg at the back of the thermometer must be in front of the stop plate S +; in order to effect this, pull the knob which stops the Thermometer, and slightly turn the propeller, to make the Thermometer advance sufficiently to escape the stop plate.
Negretti & Zambra’s Patent Atmospheric Recording Thermometer, Fig. 3, differs from the Deep-sea Thermometer by its not having the double or protected bulb, it not being required for resisting pressures. In this case the instrument is turned over by a simple clock movement, which can be set to any hour it may be desirable; the Thermometer is fixed on the clock, and when the hand arrives at the hour determined upon, and to which the clock is set as in setting an alarum clock, a spring is released and the Thermometer turns over as before described.
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have arranged a Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer upon the same plan.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA’S
PRICE LIST
OF
STANDARD METEOROLOGICAL
AND OTHER
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS.
The marginal figures in this List and the numbers of the wood engravings refer to paragraphs in “Negretti & Zambra’s Treatise on Meteorological Instruments.”
| £ | s. | d. | ||||||
| 4 | Standard Barometers, Fortin’s arrangement, as Fig. 3 with mahogany board | 8 | 8 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto with Millemetre and English scales | 9 | 9 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto with tube, 0·45 internal diameter and millimetre scale | 10 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Observatory Standard Barometers, extra large tubes and cisterns | £25 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto arranged for observations being taken by the Cathetometer | 18 | 18 | 0 | |||||
| Cathetometer, for use with above | 21 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| 9 | Self Compensating Standard Barometer, Fig. 6 | 20 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 10 | Standard Barometer, with electrical adjustment | 15 | 15 | 0 | ||||
| 11 | Pediment Barometers, Fig 7 | £1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Ditto ditto Fig. 8 | £3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto Fig. 9 | £4 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto Fig. 10 | 8 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto ditto handsome carved mountings, in mahogany, oak, or walnut wood £8 8 0 | £10 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 0 | ||
| 14 | FitzRoy’s Storm or Sea Coast Fishery Barometer, Fig. 12 | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto with two verniers | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto mounted in ornamental carved frames, oak, walnut, or mahogany | £6 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | ||
| 19 | Marine Barometers, ordinary forms, Figs. 13 and 14 £2 2s. | £2 | 10s. | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto Best mounted | £5 | 5s. | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||
| 20 | The Board of Trade or Kew Marine Barometer, Fig. 15, £4 4s. | £5 | 5s. | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||
| 22 | Negretti and Zambra’s FitzRoy Marine or Gun Barometer, Fig. 16, with N. and Z.’s Patent Porcelain Scales, as used in Her Majesty’s Navy | 5 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| Extra Tube for ditto | 1 | 15 | 0 | |||||
| 25 | Negretti and Zambra’s Farmer’s Barometer or Domestic Weather Glass, Fig. 17 | 2 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| 28 | Negretti and Zambra’s Miner’s Barometers £1 1s. | £2 | 2s. | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
| 31 | Dial or Wheel Barometers, Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21 £3 3s. | £4 | 4s. | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto in carved ornamental mountings £5 10s. £6 6s. | £8 | 8s. | 10 | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ditto ditto rosewood, inlaid with pearl or metal. Made to order, Figs. 22 and 23. Price varying with size, &c. | ||||||||
| 37 | Gay Lussac’s Syphon Tube Mountain Barometer | £6 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | |
| 32 | Standard Syphon Barometer, Gay Lussac’s arrangement, Fig. 24 | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| 38 | Negretti and Zambra’s Standard Mountain Barometer, with Fortin’s cistern, with tripod stand and travelling case, Fig. 30 | 10 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| 34 | Barograph, or Self-registering Barometer, with syphon mercurial tube. Negretti and Zambra’s improved arrangement, Fig. 26 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Negretti and Zambra’s Self-recording Aneroid Barometer, with Clock | 22 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| 48. ANEROID BAROMETERS. | ||||||||
| Aneroid Barometers, with card dials 4½ inches diameter, best quality. | 2 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto with silvered metal dial | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto with ditto and thermometer | 3 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto ditto with corrected scale, as supplied by Negretti and Zambra to the Royal Navy | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| Aneroid Barometers, with elegantly-chased dials | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto with raised ring on dial | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto ditto with thermometer | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||||
| Aneroid Barometer, for altitude measurements with revolving ring, carrying index, range of scale 20,000 feet 4½ inches diameter, with magnifier | 8 | 8 | 0 | |||||
| POCKET ANEROID BAROMETERS. Fig. 34. | ||||||||
| 49 | Pocket Aneroid Barometer, 2¾ inches diameter, with silvered metal scale | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto for measuring altitudes to 10,000 feet compensated for temperature, in leather case | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto ditto to 20,000 feet, with magnifier | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||||
| 50 | WATCH-SIZE ANEROID BAROMETERS in gilt metal cases (see figure 35.) | |||||||
| Watch-Size Aneroid Barometer, weather range | £3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Ditto ditto of best construction, extra thin, for meteorological observations or altitude measurements to 10,000 feet | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto ditto to 20,000 feet, compensated for temperature | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||||
| Either of the above Watch-size Barometers may be had in Stout Silver Cases at a cost of £2 2s. extra | ||||||||
| Watch-size Aneroid Barometers in Solid Gold, highly-finished cases. £15 15s. to £21. | ||||||||
| Table Stands for Aneroid Barometers of Carved Oak or other woods, 10s. 6d., 25s., 35s., to £5 5s. | ||||||||
| Ships’ Aneroid Barometers, in suitable mountings £2 10s. £3 3s. £5 5s. £6 6s. | ||||||||
| 47 | Sympiesometer, for Ship use | £3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 0 | |
| Ditto ditto Pocket form, Fig. 32 | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||||
| The Sympiesometer is now rarely used, the Aneroid Barometer being found equally sensitive and less liable to derangement. | ||||||||
| 56 | Independent Standard Thermometers, Fig. 36 | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| 57 | Standard Thermometers, for Boiling Point Apparatus | 1 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| Chemists’ or Brewers’ Standard Reference Thermometers | £1 | 1s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 47 | Chemical Thermometers, divided on the stem. Fig. 48. | 10s. | 6d. | 0 | 15 | 0 | ||
| Chemical Thermometers, Boxwood Scale 7s. 6d. | 10s. | 6d. | 0 | 12 | 6 | |||
| 64 | Thermometers on Boxwood Scales, Fig. 37. 1s. 1s. 6d. 2s. 6d. | 3s. | 6d. | 0 | 4 | 6 | ||
| Ditto ditto larger sizes | 7s. | 6d. | 0 | 12 | 6 | |||
| Ditto ditto Engraved glass scales, Fig. 39 15s. £1 1s. | £1 | 5s. | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||
| POCKET THERMOMETERS, IN VARIOUS MOUNTINGS. | ||||||||
| Fig. 38 10s. 6d. Fig. 40 10s. 6d. 15s. Fig. 41 5s. 6d. 8s. 6d. 12s. 6d. | ||||||||
| 63 | Thermometers of extreme Sensitiveness, 15s. | £1 | 10s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Drawing Room or Mantel Thermometers, various mountings, Figs. 42 and 43. 12s. 6d. 15s. £1 1s. £1 10s. | £2 | 2s. | 2 | 10 | 0 | |||
| Bracket Window Thermometers, Fig. 46 12s. 6d. 15s. | £1 | 1s. | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||
| Bath Thermometers, Figs. 44 | 7s. | 6d. | 0 | 15 | 0 | |||
| 66 | Sugar Boiling Thermometers £1 12s. | £2 | 2s. | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
| 67 | Earth Thermometers, Fig. 51 | £1 | 10s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Hot Bed Ditto 12s. 6d. | £1 | 5s. | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||
| 68 | Marine Thermometer, Fig. 52 7s. 6d. | 8s. | 6d. | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||
| 65 | Super Heated or Steam Pressure Thermometers, Fig. 74, Figs. 49 and 50 £1 5s. £1 10s. | £2 | 2s. | 2 | 10 | 0 | ||
| SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOR HEAT. | ||||||||
| 72 | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Standard Maximum Self-Registering Thermometer,[21] Fig. 54 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| 72 | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Maximum Thermometer, on boxwood scale | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||||
| Ditto, ditto, on Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Solid Porcelain or Metal Scales on oak mounting | 0 | 12 | 6 | |||||
| 70 | Rutherford’s Maximum Thermometer, on boxwood or metal scale, with steel index 5s. 6d. | 7s. | 6d. | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||
| 71 | Phillip’s Maximum Thermometer, on boxwood or metal scale, with air index 7s. 6d. | 10 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 6 | ||
| SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOR COLD. | ||||||||
| 73 | Negretti and Zambra’s Standard Minimum Self-Registering Thermometer, Fig. 55 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| 73 | Rutherford’s Minimum Thermometer, on boxwood or metal scale 3s. 6d. 5s. 6d. | 7s. | 6d. | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||
| 73 | Rutherford’s Minimum Thermometer, on Negretti and Zambra’s Patent solid porcelain scale | 10s. | 6d. | 0 | 12 | 6 | ||
| Ditto, on Negretti and Zambra’s porcelain or metal scales and oak mounting | 0 | 12 | 6 | |||||
| 74 | Negretti and Zambra’s Horticultural Self-Registering Thermometer. The scale is made of stout zinc, enclosing the tube; the figures and divisions are boldly marked for quickly and easily reading the indications, Fig. 56 | 0 | 3 | 6 | ||||
| 83 | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Solar Radiation Thermometer, Fig. 63 | 1 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| 84 | Ditto, ditto, ditto, in vacuo, Fig. 64 | 1 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto, ditto, ditto, improved form, with test gauge | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||||
| 85 | Negretti and Zambra’s Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer | 1 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Brass Stands for above, Fig. 65 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| 76 and 77 | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometers | £2 | 10s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 81 | Maxima and Minima Thermometers, on Sixe’s arrangement, Fig. 62, various forms of mounting 12s. 6d. 14s. 21s. | 30s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| Pocket Maxima and Minima Thermometers, Negretti and Zambra’s Patent, in convenient cases | £2 | 2s. | 2 | 10 | 0 | |||
| 89 | Deep Sea Registering Thermometer, with Negretti and Zambra’s improved protected bulb, in copper cylinder, Fig. 69. | 2 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| 89[21] | Negretti and Zambra’s Improved Deep Sea Thermometer, with vulcanite mountings, in copper cylinder, with door, small size | 2 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| 90 | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Recording Deep Sea Thermometer | 10 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| 91 | Ditto, ditto, ditto Recording Thermometer | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| 92 | Ditto, ditto, ditto Hygrometer | 6 | 6 | 0 | ||||
| 93 | Improved Boiling Point Mountain Thermometer, or Hypsometric Apparatus, with Tables, Figs. 72 and 73, in leather case with strap | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Extra Thermometer for Ditto | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| 106 | Negretti and Zambra’s Standard Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer, Fig. 79 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometers, various mountings 30s. 25s. 21s. | 14s. | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||||
| Pocket Hygrometers, in box | £2 | 2s. | 2 | 10 | 0 | |||
| 103 | Daniell’s Hygrometer, Fig. 77 | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| 104 | Regnault’s Hygrometer, Fig. 78 | £3 | 10s. | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Aspirator for Ditto | £1 | 15s. | 2 | 15 | 0 | |||
| 110 | Howard’s Rain Gauge, has a 5-inch copper Funnel, with turned brass rim fitted to a stout stone-ware or glass bottle, with a graduated glass measure, divided to 100ths of an inch | 0 | 10 | 6 | ||||
| Symons’ Portable Rain Gauge, (5-inch) with graduated glass measure, japanned tin | 0 | 10 | 6 | |||||
| Ditto ditto in stout copper | 0 | 15 | 0 | |||||
| 111 | Glaisher’s Rain Gauge, the receiving surface is 8-inches diameter, of stout japanned metal, with graduated glass measure, Fig. 84 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto, of stout copper | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Receiving Pots for ditto, extra 2s. and 3s. 6d. | ||||||||
| 113 | Rain Gauge, having a receiving surface of 12 inches diameter, and graduated glass gauge tube, divided to hundredths of an inch, in japanned metal, with brass tap | 2 | 10 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto, Fig. 85, in copper | 3 | 10 | 0 | |||||
| Ditto ditto, with sliding rod instead of graduated tube, japanned tin | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||||
| Rain Gauges, of any form or area made to order, with suitable measuring glasses. | ||||||||
| 123 | Lind’s Anemometer, Fig. 86 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| 125 | Robinson’s Anemometer, Fig. 87 | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto, Improved arrangement | £4 | 10s. | 5 | 15 | 0 | |||
| Ditto ditto, with clutch movement, Fig. 88 | 6 | 15 | 0 | |||||
| Negretti and Zambra’s Improved Air Meter, of extreme sensitiveness, very portable | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||||
| Large Air Meters made to order. | ||||||||
| 127 | Osler’s Self-Registering Anemometer and Rain Gauge, Fig. 89 | £84 to | 150 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 128 | Berkley’s Anemometers fitted up to order, to suit the Observatory. | |||||||
| 131 | Gold Leaf Electrometer, Fig. 90 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| 133 | Peltier’s Electrometer | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| 134 | Bohnenberger’s Electroscope, Fig. 91 | 8 | 8 | 0 | ||||
| 135 | Thompson’s Electrometer, to order | |||||||
| Lightning Conductors fitted up to order. | ||||||||
| 142 | Ozone Cage, Fig. 92 | 0 | 18 | 0 | ||||
| Ditto ditto, copper | 1 | 5 | 0 | |||||
| 146 | Leslie’s Differential Thermometer, Fig. 93 | £1 | 10s. | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 148 | Thermometer Stand (Glaisher’s) | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| 149 | Thermometer Screen for Sea use | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| 150 | Anemoscope, or Portable Vane, Fig. 94 | 2 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| 151 | Evaporating Dish, Fig. 95 | 1 | 2 | 6 | ||||
| 157 | Sea Water Hydrometers, Board of Trade Marine, Figs. 96 and 97 | 0 | 5 | 6 | ||||
| 158 | Newman’s Self-Registering Tide Gauge, Fig. 158, fitted to the Building to order | From | 50 | 0 | 0 | |||
Further Information as to Price, &c., will be found in
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA’S
ENCYCLOPÆDIC CATALOGUE
OF
MATHEMATICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC,
AND
STANDARD
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS,
Containing very numerous Comparative Tables of Reference,
and Illustrated by upwards of
ELEVEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
Royal 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Lettered—Price 5s. 6d.
Footnotes:
[1] Second Number of “Meteorological Papers,” issued by the Board of Trade.
[2] With reference to these barometers, we have received the subjoined testimonial, with permission to use it as we please.
“Meteorologic Office, 12th June, 1863.
“Messrs. Negretti & Zambra,
“The barometers which you have lately supplied to Her Majesty’s ships through this Office are much approved, being good for general service, afloat or on land.
“(Signed) R. FITZROY.”
[3] Vide C. Daubeny, F.R.S., “On Climate.”
[4] Vide Report of the British Association, 1862.
[5] See [page 42] for the Tables.
[6] The quotations in this section are from Tyndall’s Heat considered as a Mode of Motion.
[7] Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S., On Climate.
[8] Leslie On the Relations of Air, Heat, and Moisture.
[9] Tyndall’s Heat considered as a Mode of Motion.
[10] Vide Horological Journal, Vol. V.
[11] Hygrometrical Tables, by J. Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.
[12] Vide Report of the British Association, 1862. It may be added, for the information of those who are about to commence observing, that Mr. Symons, of Camden Road Villas, London, is desirous of securing returns of rain-fall from as many stations as possible, in order to render more complete his annual reports to the British Association.
[13] Luke Howard’s Climate of London.
[14] Vide Third Number of Meteorological Papers, issued by the Board of Trade.
[15] Elements of Physics, by C. F. Peschel.
[16] This description is modified from that in Report of the Jurors for Class XIII. International Exhibition, 1862.
[17] All the Year Round, No. 224.
[18] All the Year Round, No. 224.
[19] Vide Jurors’ Reports.
[20] See also [page 90] of this Treatise.
[21] These Instruments are the only Maximum Thermometers that can be recommended, as unless they be broken, they cannot be put out of adjustment. Fully described under the head of Standard Maximum Thermometers in our large Catalogue, and [page 72] of our Treatise on Meteorological Instruments.
Transcriber’s Note: In an effort to make the wide table on page 149 easier to read, the months were abbreviated by the transcriber. In addition, “Temperature” was changed to “Temp.” and “Temperatures” to “Temp’s.”