CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

OF THE HISTORY AND EVENTS OF JERUSALEM.

B.C.
1913	Melchizedek, king of Salem, receives Abram at the Valley of Shaveh, which is the King's Dale	Gen. xiv. 17, 18.
1872	Sacrifice of Isaac on Mount Moriah	Ib. xxii. 2-14.
1451	Adonizedek king of Jerusalem	Josh. x. 1.
1444	The descendants of Judah dwell among the Jebusites at Jerusalem	Ib. xv. 63.
1425	The descendants of Benjamin dwell among the Jebusites at Jerusalem	Judges i. 21.
—	Jebus, the city of the Jebusites, is Jerusalem	Ib. xix. 10, 11.
1050	David reigns in Jerusalem over all Israel and Judah	2 Sam. v. 5.
1023	Death of Absalom, and his Pillar in the King's Dale	Ib. xviii. 14, 18.
1017	The prophets, Nathan and Gad, at Jerusalem	Ib. xxiv. 11; 1 Kings i. 11.
—	David buys the Threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite, and builds there an Altar to God	2 Sam. xxiv. 24, 25.
—	Solomon proclaimed king at Jerusalem	1 Kings i. 39.
1015	Death of David, after 40 years' reign	Ib. ii. 10, 11.
1014	Solomon begins to build the Temple	Ib. vi. 1.
1007	The Temple finished	Ib. vi. 38.
1004	Dedication of Solomon's Temple	Ib. viii. 63.
992	Solomon forsakes God, and builds a high place to Chemosh, &c.	Ib. xi. 7.
977	Death of Solomon, after 40 years' reign	Ib. xi. 42, 43.
—	Division of the Kingdom. Rehoboam, king of Judah, reigns 17 years	Ib. xii. 17; xiv. 21.
973	Shishak, king of Egypt, besieges and takes Jerusalem	Ib. xiv. 25, 26.
960	Abijam, king of Judah, reigns 3 years	Ib. xv. 1, 2.
958	Asa, king of Judah, reigns 41 years	Ib. xv. 9, 10.
917	Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, reigns 25 years	Ib. xxii. 42.
896	The prophet Elijah taken up to heaven. Elisha the prophet	2 Kings ii. 11, 12.
892	Joram, king of Judah, reigns 8 years	Ib. viii. 16, 17.
887	The Philistines and Arabians pillage Judah	2 Chron. xxi. 16, 17.
885	Ahaziah, king of Judah, reigns 1 year	2 Kings viii. 25, 26.
884	Usurpation of the throne by Athaliah; reigns 6 years	Ib. xi. 1, 3.
878	Jehoash, king of Judah, reigns 40 years	Ib. xii. 1.
856	Repairs of the Temple	Ib. xii. 11-14.
840	Hazael, king of Syria, threatens Jerusalem	Ib. xii. 18.
839	Amaziah, king of Judah, reigns 29 years	Ib. xiv. 1, 2.
838	Jehoash, king of Israel, comes to Jerusalem as a conqueror	Ib. xiv. 17.
811	Azariah, king of Judah, reigns 52 years	Ib. xv. 2.
787	The Prophet Amos	Amos i. 1.
785	The Prophet Hosea	Hosea i. 1.
759	Jotham, king of Judah, reigns 16 years; fortifies Ophel	2 Kings xv. 32; 2 Chr. xxvii. 3.
743	Ahaz, king of Judah, reigns 16 years	Ib. xvi. 2.
—	Isaiah the Prophet. Micah the Prophet, in the days of Jotham	Isai. i. 1; Micah i. 1.
727	Hezekiah, king of Judah, reigns 29 years	2 Kings xviii. 2.
714	Judah invaded by Sennacherib the Assyrian	Ib. xviii. 13.
713	Destruction of Sennacherib's army	2 Kings xix. 35.
698	Manasseh, king of Judah, reigns 55 years; fortifies Ophel	Ib. xxi. 1; 2 Chr. xxxiii. 14.
643	Amon, king of Judah, reigns 2 years	Ib. xxi. 19.
641	Josiah, king of Judah, reigns 31 years	Ib. xxii. 1.
629	The prophet Jeremiah	Jer. i. 2.
—	The prophet Zephaniah	Zephan. i. 1.
624	The Book of the Law found	2 Kings xxii. 8.
610-9	Josiah killed by Pharaoh-nechoh, king of Egypt	Ib. xxiii. 29.
—	Jehoahaz, king of Judah, reigns 3 months	Ib. xxiii. 31.
—	Jehoiachim (Eliakim), king of Judah, reigns 11 years	Ib. xxiii. 34, 36.
606-5	Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, subdues Judea. Epoch generally used to indicate the commencement of the Seventy years' Captivity in Babylon	Ib. xxiv. 1.
599-8	Jehoiachin, king of Judah, reigns 3 months. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar.	Ib. xxiv. 12.
—	Zedekiah, king of Judah under the Chaldeans, reigns 11 years	Ib. xxiv. 18.
595	The Vision of the Prophet Ezekiel, in the thirtieth year after the reformation of Josiah, by the river Chebar, in Babylon	Ezekiel i. 1.
589	The city of Jerusalem besieged by Nebuchadnezzar	2 Kings xxv. 1, 2.
588	Jeremiah in prison	Jer. xxxvii. 15.
587	Destruction of Jerusalem; Zedekiah taken prisoner; the people carried captive to Babylon	2 Kings xxv. 6, 9-11.
536	Return of the Jews to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel in the 1st year of the reign of Cyrus	Ezra i. 1; ii. 2.
521	The building of the Temple interrupted by order of Smerdis, called by Ezra, Artaxerxes	Ib. iii. 8; iv. 1, 21, 24.
520	Recommencement of the building of the Temple in the 2nd year of Darius, king of Persia	Ib. iv. 24; vi. 7-14.
517	Completion and Dedication of the Temple	Ib. vi. 15, 16.
457	Ezra goes to Judea with many of the Jews, by order of Artaxerxes	Ib. vii. 1-8.
444	Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, rebuilds the walls, and governs the city until 432	Nehem. i. 1; ii. 1; iii.
332	The great high-priest Jaddua receives Alexander the Great at Jerusalem.
—	Palestine under Greek and Roman Dominion.
323	Ptolemy, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, surprises and takes Jerusalem.
320	Many Jews in captivity at Alexandria.
314	Antiochus the Great subdues Palestine.
301	Ptolemy Epiphanes recovers Palestine.
292	Death of Simon the Just.
170	Antiochus Epiphanes lays waste the city of Jerusalem, pillages the Temple, and builds a fortress to command it.
167	Mattathias begins the war of Jewish Independence.
165	Judas Maccabeus delivers his Country, purifies and restores the Temple at Jerusalem.
164	Antiochus Eupator besieges the Temple at Jerusalem.
160	Jonathan succeeds his brother, Judas Maccabeus.
144	Jonathan undertakes to fortify Jerusalem.
143	Simon Maccabeus, general of the Jews, delivers his Nation from Macedonian servitude; takesthe fortress commanding the Temple, which he razes to the ground, and destroys the hill upon which it was built.
135	Simon Maccabeus treacherously killed.
129	Antiochus Soter besieges Hyrcanus in Jerusalem. Hyrcanus causes the Sepulchre of David to beopened, and takes from it three thousand talents.
107	Aristobulus, the eldest son of Hyrcanus, prince of the Jews, causeshimself to be crowned king. Death of his brother Antigonus in the subterranean passages of Strato's Tower at Jerusalem.
79	Death of Alexander Janneus.
65	Aretas, king of Arabia, besieges Aristobulus in Jerusalem.
64-63	Pompey besieges the Temple of Jerusalem.
63	After a siege of three months Pompey carries the Temple by assault.
54	Crassus pillages the Temple of Jerusalem.
47	Cæsar permits Hyrcanus to rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem.
44	Herod besieges Jerusalem.
43	Cassius in Judea.
40	Jerusalem taken by the Parthians; Phazaelus killed.
—	Herod besieges Jerusalem; is proclaimed king at Rome.
38	Herod, assisted by Sosius, takes Jerusalem by storm.
17	Herod rebuilds the Temple and the fortress of Baris, which he callsAntonia. In the upper town he builds the Cæsarean and Agrippan palaces, and excavates a subterranean passage from the TowerAntonia to the Eastern gate of the Temple.
12	Herod causes the Sepulchre of David to be opened.
7	Herod causes his sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, to be condemned ina large assembly at Berytus.
5	Sabinus at Jerusalem seizes the treasures left by Herod.
4	Birth of Jesus Christ. The Vulgar Era commences four years later.
4	Death of Herod, who is interred at Herodium, and succeeded by Archelaus.

A.D.
26	Death of Augustus, succeeded by Tiberius.
—	Pilate supplies Jerusalem with water by means of Aqueducts.
28	Jesus Christ keeps the second Passover at Jerusalem.
31	Death of Jesus Christ.
37	Birth of Flavius Josephus at Jerusalem.
38	Agrippa named king of the Jews by Caius Caligula.
42	Claudius confirms Agrippa's title as king.
44	King Agrippa begins to fortify Jerusalem, but is forbidden to continue the work by the emperor Claudius.
—	Izates, king of Adiabene, and queen Helena, his mother, embrace Judaism.
46	Death of Herod, king of Chalcis. The emperor Claudius gives his dominions to Agrippa, son of king Agrippa the Great.
47	The insolence of a Roman soldier causes the death of twenty thousand Jews at Jerusalem.
52	Death of the emperor Claudius. Nero succeeds him.
60	King Agrippa builds an apartment whence he can see all that goes on in the precincts of the Temple.
62	Ananias, the high-priest, puts S. James to death.
65	Albinus and Gessius Florus persecute the Jews.
66	Cestius Gallus enters Jerusalem, and would have taken the Temple, had he not imprudently raised the siege.
—	Cestius defeated at Gibeon by the Jews.
—	The Christian Jews, guided by their bishop, Simon, retire beyond the Jordan, to the town of Pella. (See Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. III. 5.)
—	The Jews prepare for war with the Romans. The emperor Nero confers the command of his Syrian armies upon Vespasian, to make war upon the Jews.
67	Vespasian and Titus proceed to Ptolemais with an army of sixty thousand men.
—	Flavius Josephus made prisoner by Vespasian.
68	Vespasian begins to blockade Jerusalem.
—	Flavius Josephus set at liberty by Vespasian, who is now become emperor.
69	Vespasian despatches Titus to Judea, to take Jerusalem.
70	Titus arrives at Jerusalem, in which place Simon had ten thousand men, besides five thousand Idumeans. John had eight thousand four hundred men. Total twenty-three thousand four hundred.
—	Titus takes the city of Jerusalem, and reduces it to ruins.
—	Titus returns to view Jerusalem.
136-8	Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and calls it Ælia Capitolina.
306	Constantine proclaimed emperor.
326	The emperor Constantine and his mother Helena build many churches in Palestine.
335	The Church of the Holy Sepulchre completed.
363	Under the reign of Julian the Apostate the Jews attempt to rebuild the Temple.
396	Palestine a province of the Eastern Empire.
420	Patriarchate of Tiberius came to an end under Theodosius II.
436	Under the reign of Marcian, the general Council of Chalcedon raises the Church of Jerusalem to the Patriarchal dignity.
527-565	Justinian, emperor of the East, builds churches in Palestine.
614	Chosroes II. enters Palestine and destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem.
629	The emperor Heraclius carries back to Jerusalem the wood of the Cross restored by Chosroes.
—	The Greek monk, Modestus, afterwards Patriarch, determines to rebuild the Church of the Sepulchre.
636	Omar becomes master of Jerusalem under a capitulation arranged with Sophronius the patriarch.
637	Omar orders the construction of a Mosque upon the site of the Jewish Temple, and converts the basilica of S. Mary of Justinian into the Mosque el-Aksa.
687-690	The Caliph Abd-el-Melik Ibn-Merwan erects the Mosque of Omar.
748	and subsequently. The Christians inhabit a separate quarter of Jerusalem, and pay tribute.
786-809	Haroun-er-Raschid presents the keys of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, king of the French.
842	Under the Caliphate of Al-Motassim, Tamim, surnamed Abu-Harb, marches to Jerusalem and threatens to burn the churches, but retires after receiving a sum of money.
878	Syria and Palestine conquered by Ahmed-ben-Touloun.
929-950	Interruption of the pilgrimages to Mecca, owing to the invasion of the Carmathians; the Mosque of Omar at Jerusalem replaces the Caaba.
936	Abubeker-Mohammed, surnamed Ikshide, makes himself master of Palestine.
945	The eunuch Cafour master of Palestine until his death in 968.
972	Palestine in the power of Moezz-Ledin-Allah, caliph of the dynasty of the Fatimites.
996	The caliph Al-Hakem-Biamr-Allah ascends the throne of Egypt.
1010	Hakem-Biamr-Allah destroys the Church of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem.
1046	The Church of the Sepulchre rebuilt under caliph Al-Mostanser-Billah. The emperor Constantine Monomachus gives large sums towards the work.
1071	Atsiz takes Jerusalem from caliph Al-Mostanser-Billah, and pillages many of the churches.
1095	Al-Mastaali-Billah, caliph of Egypt, sends an army to Palestine under the command of Al-Afdhal-ibn-Bedr; Jerusalem capitulates after 40 days' siege.
—	At the general Council of Clermont Peter the Hermit appears by the side of Pope Urban II., and the Crusade is determined.
1099	The Crusaders, commanded by Godfrey of Bouillon, take Jerusalem, Friday, July 15th.
1100	Death of Godfrey of Bouillon in the month of July.
1118	Death of Baldwin I.
1131	Death of Baldwin II.
—	Under the reign of Baldwin II. the military and religious orders of S. John, or Hospitalers and Knights of the Temple, are approved by the Pope.
1142	Fulk, count of Anjou, dies at Ptolemais.
1146	The second Crusade decided upon in the Assembly of Vezelay, March 31st. Undertaken by Louis VII., king of France, and Conrad, emperor of Germany, under the pontificate of Eugenius III.
1162	Baldwin III. dies at Beyrout.
1173	Death of Amaury. This king witnessed the birth and development of the power of Saladin.
1185	Death of Baldwin IV.
1186	Death of Baldwin V.
1187	Saladin destroys the army of Guy of Lusignan, July 4.
—	The Christians of Jerusalem capitulate to Saladin, October 2nd.
1189	Third Crusade under the pontificate of Clement III., Philip Augustus, king of France, Richard Cœur de Lion, king of England, Frederic Barbarossa, emperor of Germany.
1190	Death of Frederic Barbarossa on the Cydnus.
1191	Siege and capture of S. Jean d'Acre by Richard Cœur de Lion and Philip Augustus.
1193	Death of Saladin at Damascus, the night of March 3rd.
1203	Fourth Crusade under the pontificate of Innocent III.
1205	Amaury II. dies in the Spring.
1212	Crusade of the fifty thousand children.
1217	Fifth Crusade under the pontificate of Honorius III.
1219	Francis of Assisi in Palestine.
1229	Sixth Crusade under the pontificate of Gregory IX. The sultan, Malek-Kamel, cedes Jerusalem to Frederic without combat.
1239	The Christians reconstruct the ramparts of Jerusalem, with Thibaut, count of Champagne, and king of Navarre; but the prince of Kerek enters the city and destroys the new fortifications and the Tower of David.
1240	Richard of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., king of England, arrives in Palestine with an army of English Crusaders.
1244	The Tartars under Gengis Khan take and destroy Jerusalem.
—	Palestine remains in possession of the Egyptians.
1248	Louis IX. undertakes a Crusade under the pontificate of Innocent IV.
1254	Louis IX. abandons Palestine upon the news of queen Blanche's death.
1270	Louis IX. undertakes a fresh Crusade.
—	Louis IX. dies at Tunis, August 25th.
1271	Prince Edward, son of Henry III. of England, in the East. He is wounded with a dagger by an emissary of the Old Man of the Mountain, but is saved by the princess Eleanor, his wife.
1291	The Crusaders lose S. Jean d'Acre, their last possession in Palestine.
1313	Robert of Anjou, king of Naples, causes the disciples of S. Francis of Assisi to be admitted into Jerusalem.
1491	The Franciscans of Mount Sion dispersed in the reign of sultan Malec-dhaher-djahmak.
1517-18	Selim I., sultan of Constantinople, conquers Syria and Palestine.
1534	Sultan Solyman, son of Selim I., builds the wall of the city, together with many edifices and fountains.
1799	Napoleon Bonaparte in Palestine.
1832	Conquest of Syria and Palestine by Ibrahim Pasha.
1841	Syria and Palestine restored to the Sultan.
1859	Surraya Pasha, governor of Palestine, subdues the chiefs of the country, and restores tranquillity.
1860	Massacre of the Christians in the Lebanon and at Damascus. Palestine remains tranquil under the good government of Surraya Pasha.