INDEX.
The numbers refer to the pages.
- α rays
- discovery of, [141]
- nature of, [141]
- magnetic deviation of, [142] et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, [146]
- velocity of, [148]
- value of e/m for, [148]
- charge carried by, [151] et seq.
- number of α particles expelled from one gram of radium, [155]
- mass and energy of, [156]
- origin of, in atomic disintegration, [157]
- scintillations produced by, [158] et seq.
- absorption of, by matter, [161] et seq.
- increase of absorption with thickness of matter traversed, [163]
- relative absorption of α rays from radio-elements, [164]
- absorption of, by gases, [165] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density, [169]
- relation between ionization and absorption, [170]
- theory of absorption of, [170] et seq.
- range of ionization of, [172] et seq.
- complexity of α rays from radium, [174] et seq.
- effect of thickness of layer of radiating matter on emission of, [195]
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, [196] et seq.
- phosphorescence by α rays, [202] et seq.
- connection of, with radio-active changes, [235], [444] et seq., [455]
- from the emanations, [263]
- emission of energy from radio-elements in form of α rays, [419] et seq.
- connection of heat emission of radium with α rays, [421] et seq.
- number of ions produced by an α particle, [433]
- absence of, in rayless changes, [454]
- emission from active products, [454] et seq.
- loss of weight due to expulsion of, [473]
- α particles consist of helium, [479] et seq.
- magnetic deflection of, from radium C, [543]
- velocity and e/m for, from radium C, [543] et seq.
- diminution of velocity of, in passing through matter, [545]
- diminution in velocity of, in passing through aluminium, [545]
- velocity of, when ionization ceases, [545] et seq.
- connection of phosphorescent, photographic, and ionization effects produced by, [546] et seq.
- energy required to produce an ion by α rays, [551]
- Abraham
- Absorption
- law of, in gases, [64] et seq.
- relative absorption of α, β and γ rays by matter, [111]
- connection between absorption and ionization, [134] et seq., [170] et seq.
- of β rays by solids, [134] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for β rays, [137]
- of β rays in radio-active matter, [140]
- of α rays by solids, [161] et seq.
- of α rays in gases, [167], [170] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for α rays, [169]
- theory of, [170] et seq.
- of γ rays by solids, [179] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for γ rays, [181]
- of rays from the emanations, [263]
- of penetrating rays from the earth, [520], [540]
- Actinium
- methods of separation of, [20] et seq.
- properties of, [21]
- similarity to “emanating substance” of Giesel, [21]
- possible connection with radio-activity of thorium, [28]
- emanation from, [249]
- excited activity produced by, [311]
- effect of magnetic field on excited activity from, [324]
- separation of actinium X, [365]
- decay of actinium X, [365]
- source of actinium emanation, [365]
- analysis of active deposit of, [366]
- radiations from products of, [368]
- penetrating power of β and γ rays from, [368]
- products of, [369]
- table of products of, [448]
- possible origin of, [464]
- Actinium A
- separation and period of, [367] et seq.
- Actinium B
- Actinium X
- Adams
- Age
- Allan, S. J.
- Allan and Rutherford
- Allen, H. S. and Lord Blythswood
- radium emanation in Bath springs, [513]
- Anderson and Hardy
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Armstrong and Lowry
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, [444]
- Arnold
- rays from phosphorescent substances, [4]
- Aschkinass and Caspari
- action of radium rays on microbes, [216]
- Atmosphere
- excited activity from, [501] et seq.
- radio-activity of, due to emanations, [504]
- diffusion of emanations into, from the earth, [507]
- effect of temperature, pressure, &c. on radio-activity of, [517] et seq.
- presence of very penetrating radiation in, [520]
- comparison of radio-activity of, with radio-elements, [521] et seq.
- amount of radium emanation in, [524] et seq.
- ionization of, due to radium emanation, [526]
- Atom
- Atomic weight
- β rays
- discovery of, [113]
- magnetic deflection of, [114]
- complexity of, [116]
- examination by the electrical method, [118]
- effect of, on a fluorescent screen, [119]
- charge carried by the, [120] et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, [124]
- velocity of, and value of e/m for, [126]
- variation of e/m with velocity of, [127] et seq.
- distribution of velocity amongst β particles, [131]
- absorption of, [134] et seq.
- variation of absorption with density, [136] et seq.
- number of β particles stopped by matter, [137] et seq.
- variation of intensity of, with thickness of layer, [140]
- secondary β rays, [189] et seq.
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, [196]
- relative energy emitted in form of α and β rays, [196] et seq.
- phosphorescent action of, [201] et seq.
- physical action produced by, [207] et seq.
- chemical action of, [213]
- physiological action of, [216]
- from Ur X, [347]
- from active deposit of radium, [377] et seq.
- significance of appearance of, only in last radio-active changes, [455]
- change of weight due to expulsion of, [473]
- Barium platinocyanide
- Barkla
- polarization of X rays, [80]
- Barnes and Rutherford
- Bary
- phosphorescence under radium rays, [202]
- Baskerville
- Baskerville and Kunz
- phosphorescence of substances under radium rays, [204]
- Beattie, Smolan and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Becquerel
- rays from calcium sulphide, [4]
- rays from uranium, [5] et seq.
- permanence of uranium rays, [6]
- discharging power of uranium rays, [6]
- magnetic deflection of radium rays by photographic method, [114] et seq.
- curvature of radium rays in a magnetic field, [115] et seq.
- complexity of radium rays, [116] et seq.
- electrostatic deflection of β rays of radium, [124] et seq.
- value of e/m for β rays of radium, [126] et seq.
- magnetic deviation of α rays of radium and polonium, [145]
- trajectory of rays of radium in magnetic field, [148]
- scintillations due to cleavage of crystals, [160]
- γ rays from radium, [179]
- secondary rays produced by active substances, [187]
- phosphorescence produced by radium rays, [201]
- conductivity of paraffin under radium radiation, [210]
- effect of temperature on uranium rays, [210]
- chemical action of radium rays, [214]
- removal of activity from uranium by precipitation with barium, [219]
- theory of radio-activity, [438]
- Bemont et M. et Mme Curie
- discovery of radium, [13]
- Berndt
- spectrum of polonium, [23]
- Blanc
- thorium in sediments from hot springs, [514]
- Blythswood, Lord and Allen, H. S.
- radium emanation in Bath springs, [513]
- Bödlander and Runge
- evolution of gases from radium, [215]
- Boltwood
- Boys
- rate of dissipation of charge, [531]
- Bragg and Kleeman
- Bronson
- Brooks, Miss
- Brooks and Rutherford
- Bumstead
- presence of thorium emanation in atmosphere, [512]
- Bumstead and Wheeler
- Burton
- radium emanation in petroleum, [516]
- Burton and McLennan
- Campbell
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [540]
- Canal rays
- Capacity
- Carbonic acid
- radio-activity of natural, [516]
- Caspari and Aschkinass
- action of radium rays on microbes, [216]
- Cathode rays
- Caves
- Changes
- (see [Transformations])
- Charge
- Chemical nature
- Chemical actions of radium rays
- Child
- Clouds
- Collie and Ramsay
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- Collision
- Coloration
- Concentration
- Condensation
- Conductivity
- of gases exposed to radiations, [31] et seq.
- variation of, with pressure, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- comparison of, for gases exposed to α, β, and γ rays, [64]
- comparison of, when exposed to γ rays and to hard X rays, [184]
- of insulators, [209]
- of air in caves and cellars, [507] et seq.
- of air in closed vessels, [531] et seq.
- variation of, in closed vessels with pressure and nature of gas, [534]
- variation of, with temperature for air in closed vessels, [536]
- increase of, with time, in a closed vessel, [537]
- Conservation of radio-activity
- examples of, [469] et seq.
- Cooke, H. L.
- Cooke, W. T. and Ramsay
- radio-activity produced by radiations of radium, [472]
- Corpuscle
- (see [Electron])
- Crookes, Sir W.
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- spectrum of polonium, [23]
- nature of cathode rays, [73]
- nature of α rays, [142]
- scintillations produced by radium, [158]
- spinthariscope, [158]
- number of scintillations independent of pressure and temperature, [159]
- phosphorescence of diamond, [204]
- separation of Ur X, [219]
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Crookes and Dewar
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, [206]
- Crystallization
- effect of, on activity of uranium, [349]
- Curie, Mme
- permanence of uranium rays, [6]
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, [10]
- radio-activity of uranium and thorium minerals, [11]
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, [12]
- coloration of radium crystals, [15]
- spectrum of radium, [16]
- discovery of polonium, [22]
- nature of a rays, [142]
- absorption of α rays from polonium, [163]
- secondary radiation tested by electric method, [188]
- slowly decaying excited activity from radium, [311]
- recovery of activity of radium, [375]
- bismuth made active by solution of barium, [417]
- Curie, P.
- magnetic deviation of radium rays by electric method, [114]
- conductivity of dielectrics under radium rays, [209]
- radio-activity of radium unaffected by temperature, [210]
- decay of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- discovery of excited radio-activity from radium, [295]
- heat emission of radium at low temperature and variation of heat emission with age of radium, [419]
- nature of the emanation, [439]
- Curie, M. et Mme
- Curie, J. et P.
- quartz piezo-électrique, [105] et seq.
- Curie, P. et Danne
- Curie, P. and Debierne
- Curie and Dewar
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Curie, P. and Laborde
- Current
- through gases, [31] et seq.
- variation of, with distance between the plates, [59] et seq.
- variation of, with pressure of gas, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- measurement of, by galvanometer, [84]
- measurement of, by electroscope, [85] et seq.
- measurement of, by electrometer, [90] et seq.
- measurement of, by quartz piezo-électrique, [105]
- Dadourian
- presence of thorium emanation in the earth, [512]
- Danne
- on deposit of radium not containing uranium, [465]
- Danne et Curie
- Danysz
- action of radium rays on skin, [216]
- Darwin, G. H.
- age of sun, [492]
- Debierne
- Debierne and Curie
- Decay
- of activity of Th X, [221]
- of activity of Ur X, [223]
- significance of law of, [229]
- effect of conditions on the rate of, [232]
- of activity of thorium emanation, [241]
- of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- of activity of actinium emanation, [249]
- of excited activity due to thorium for long exposure, [302]
- of excited activity due to thorium for short exposure, [304]
- of excited activity due to radium, [306] et seq.
- excited activity of slow decay due to radium, [311]
- of excited activity from actinium, [311]
- of radium A, B and C, [377] et seq.
- of radium D, E and F, [397] et seq.
- of heating effect of emanation, [423]
- of excited activity from atmosphere, [502]
- of activity of rain and snow, [506]
- of emanation from the earth, [508]
- differences in, of excited activity from atmosphere, [521] et seq.
- Demarçay
- spectrum of radium, [16]
- Deposit, active
- connection of, with excited activity, [301]
- physical and chemical properties of, [312]
- electrolysis of, [313]
- effect of temperature on, [315]
- effect of pressure on distribution of, [317]
- transmission of, by positive carriers, [318] et seq.
- nomenclature of, [328]
- theory of changes in, [331] et seq.
- theory of activity due to, [337] et seq.
- theory of rayless change in, [341] et seq.
- of thorium, [302] et seq., [351] et seq.
- of actinium, [311] et seq.
- of radium, [376] et seq.
- connection of excited activity with, [306]
- general analysis of, [376] et seq.
- analysis of, of rapid change, [377] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, [377]
- α ray curves of, [378]
- β ray curves of, [379]
- analysis of β ray curves, [381]
- equations of activity curves, [389]
- effect of temperature on, [390]
- volatility of, [391]
- of slow transformation, [311], [397]
- variation of α ray activity of, [398]
- variation of β ray activity of, [399]
- separation of constituents of, [401] et seq.
- successive products in, [402]
- variation of activity of, for long periods, [407]
- presence in old radium, [408]
- effect of, on variation of activity of radium with time, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-tellurium, [411]
- connection with polonium, [411], [412]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- connection of, with radio-active induction, [415] et seq.
- heat emission of, [425] et seq.
- use of, to determine number of β particles from radium, [435]
- use of, as source of α rays, [543]
- Des Coudres
- Dewar
- emission of heat from radium in liquid hydrogen, [420]
- Dewar and Crookes
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, [206]
- Dewar and Curie
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Dielectrics
- condition of, under radium rays, [209]
- Diffusion
- Discharge
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless, [208]
- Disintegration
- Dissipation of charge
- Dolezalek
- electrometer, construction of, [94] et seq.
- Dorn
- Dreyer and Salomonsen
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, [213]
- Dunston
- analysis of thorianite, [486]
- Durack
- ionization by collision of electrons of great velocity, [171]
- Dust
- Earth
- Ebert
- Ebert and Ewers
- emanation from the earth, [508]
- Electrolysis
- Electrometer
- description of, [90] et seq.
- use of, in measurements, [90]
- construction of, [91] et seq.
- Dolezalek, [94]
- adjustment and screening of, [95]
- special key for, [97]
- application of, to measurements of radio-activity, [97] et seq.
- measurement of current by, [100]
- capacity of, [101]
- use with steady deflection, [103]
- use with quartz piezo-électrique, [105]
- Electron
- Electroscope
- Elster and Geitel
- radio-active lead, [27]
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced in air by β rays, [113]
- scintillations produced by active substances, [158]
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- photo-electric action of body, coloured by radium rays, [214]
- radio-active matter in earth, [494]
- discovery of excited activity in atmosphere, [501]
- emanations from the earth, [507]
- radio-activity of air in caves, [507]
- radio-activity of the soil, [515]
- radio-activity of fango, [516]
- variation of radio-activity in atmosphere with meteorological conditions, [517]
- effect of temperature and pressure on atmospheric radio-activity, [518]
- Emanation
- of thorium, discovery and properties of, [238]
- methods of measurement of, [240]
- decay of activity of, [241]
- effect of thickness of layer on amount of, [243]
- increase of, with time to a maximum, [245]
- of radium, [246]
- decay of activity of, [247]
- of actinium, properties of, [249]
- of radium, phosphorescence produced by, [251]
- rate of emission of, [254]
- effect of conditions on rate of emission of, [255]
- regeneration of emanating power, [256]
- continuous rate of production of, [257]
- source of thorium emanation, [261]
- source of radium and actinium emanation, [263]
- radiations from, [263]
- effect of pressure on production of, [265]
- chemical nature of, [267]
- experiments to illustrate gaseous nature of, [268]
- rate of diffusion of radium emanation, [269]
- rate of diffusion of thorium emanation, [275]
- diffusion of, into liquids, [276]
- condensation of, [277]
- temperature of condensation of, [280]
- volume of, from one gram of radium and thorium, [288]
- measurement of volume of, from radium, [289]
- diminution of volume of, [290]
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- connection between emanation and excited activity, [298]
- effect of removal of, on activity of radium, [371] et seq.
- fraction of activity of radium due to, [374]
- effect of rate of escape of, on activity of radium, [374]
- heat emission of, [420], [431]
- variation of heat emission with time, [421] et seq.
- enormous emission of energy from emanation, [431]
- radio-activity of atmosphere due to emanations, [504]
- sucked up from the earth, [507]
- in caves, [507] et seq.
- rate of decay of activity of, from the earth, [508]
- condensation of, from the atmosphere, [510]
- in well water and springs, [510] et seq.
- from “fango,” [516]
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, in atmosphere, [517] et seq.
- from metals, [538]
- Emanating power
- Emanium or “emanating substance” of Giesel (see [Actinium])
- Energy
- of α particle, [156]
- of β particle, [196]
- comparison of, for α and β particles, [196]
- emitted from radium in form of heat, [419] et seq.
- emission of, from the emanation, [431]
- emission of, from radio-active products of radium, [433]
- total emission of, from 1 gram of radio-elements, [474] et seq.
- latent store of, in matter, [475]
- Eve
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays, [64]
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays and γ rays, [183], [184]
- secondary rays produced by β and γ rays, [189] et seq.
- magnetic deflection of secondary rays from γ rays, [193]
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, [467]
- amount of radium emanation in the atmosphere, [524] et seq.
- ionization due to emanation in atmosphere, [526] et seq.
- Evolution of matter
- evidence of, [497]
- Ewers and Ebert
- emanation from the earth, [508]
- Excited radio-activity
- discovery and properties of, [295] et seq.
- concentration of, on negative electrode, [297]
- connection of, with the emanations, [298]
- removal of, by acids, [300]
- decay of, due to thorium, [302]
- decay of, for short exposure to thorium, [304]
- effect of dust on distribution of, [305]
- decay curves for different times of exposure, [306] et seq.
- decay of, from radium, [306]
- decay curves of, measured by α rays, [308]
- decay curves of, measured by β rays, [309]
- decay curves of, from actinium, [311]
- of radium, of very slow decay, [311]
- effect of solution on, [312]
- electrolysis of active solutions, [313]
- effect of temperature on, [315]
- variation with electric field, of amount of, [316]
- effect of pressure on distribution of, [317]
- transmission of, [318]
- from actinium and emanium, [323]
- heat emission due to, [425] et seq.
- from the atmosphere, [501] et seq.
- decay of, [502]
- due to emanation in atmosphere, [504]
- distribution of, on surface of the earth, [504]
- concentration of, on prominences of the earth, [504]
- of rain and snow, [506]
- produced by emanation from tap water, [510]
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, [517] et seq.
- amount of, at Niagara Falls, [520]
- rate of decay of, dependent on conditions, [522] et seq.
- Exner and Haschek
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Eye
- action of radium rays on, [217]
- Fehrle
- distribution of excited activity on a plate in electric field, [318]
- Fluorescence
- Fog
- large amount of excited activity during, [518]
- Forch
- loss of weight of radium, [474]
- γ rays
- relative conductivity of gas exposed to γ and hard X rays, [64], [184]
- discovery of, [179]
- absorption of, by matter, [179] et seq.
- connection between absorption of, and density, [182]
- discussion of nature of rays, [182] et seq.
- secondary rays produced by γ rays, [189]
- measurement of radio-activity by means of, [442], [467]
- conservation of radio-activity measured by, [471]
- Gases
- Gates, Miss F.
- Geitel
- Geitel and Elster
- radio-active lead, [27]
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced by radium rays, [113]
- scintillations produced by active substances, [158]
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- photo-electric action of bodies coloured by radium rays, [214]
- radio-active matter in earth, [494]
- discovery of radio-active matter in atmosphere, [501]
- emanations from the earth, [507]
- radio-activity of air in caves, [507]
- radio-activity of the soil, [515]
- radio-activity of fango, [516]
- variation of radio-activity of air with meteorological conditions, [517]
- effect of temperature and pressure on radio-activity in atmosphere, [518]
- Giesel
- coloration of bunsen flame by radium, [15]
- separation of radium by crystallization of bromide, [15]
- emanating substance, [21]
- radio-active lead, [27]
- magnetic deviation of β rays, [113]
- decrease with time of luminosity of radio-active screen, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium due to didymium, [206], [207]
- coloration of bodies by radium rays, [213]
- evolution of gases from radium, [215]
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- emanation from the emanating substance, [250]
- luminosity produced by radium emanation, [251]
- decay of excited activity of emanium, [312]
- activity of radium dependent on age, [371]
- bismuth made active by radio-active solution, [417]
- temperature of radium bromide above air, [420]
- Gimingham and Rossignol
- decay of thorium emanation, [242]
- Glass
- Glew
- simple form of spinthariscope, and scintillations, [159]
- Globulin
- action of radium rays on, [214]
- Godlewski
- Goldstein
- Gonder, Hofmann, and Wölfl
- Grier and Rutherford
- Hardy
- coagulation of globulin by radium rays, [214]
- Hardy and Miss Willcock
- coloration of iodoform solutions by radium rays, [214]
- Hardy and Anderson
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Harms
- number of ions per c.c. in closed vessel, [534]
- Hartmann
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium, [206]
- Haschek and Exner
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Heat
- rate of emission of, from radium, [419] et seq.
- emission of, from radium at low temperatures, [420]
- connection of heat emission with the radio-activity, [421] et seq.
- source of heat energy, [421] et seq.
- rate of emission of, after removal of the emanation, [422] et seq.
- rate of emission of, by emanation, [423], [431]
- variation with time of heat emission of radium, and of its emanation, [423]
- heating effect of the emanation, [423], [431]
- heating effect of active deposit, [425]
- proportion of heating effect due to radio-active products, [433]
- origin of, in radium, [442] et seq.
- total heat emission during life of radio-elements, [474] et seq.
- heating of earth by radio-active matter, [493]
- Heaviside
- Helium
- Helmholtz and Richarz
- action of ions on steam jet, [47]
- Hemptinne
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless discharge, [208]
- Henning
- Henning and Kohlrausch
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, [208]
- Hertz
- electric deviation of cathode rays, [73]
- Heydweiler
- loss of weight of radium, [474]
- Himstedt
- Himstedt and Meyer
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Himstedt and Nagel
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Hofmann, Gonder, and Wölfl
- Hofmann and Strauss
- radio-active lead, [27]
- Hofmann and Zerban
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, [29]
- Huggins, Sir W. and Lady
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, [205]
- Hydrogen
- production of, by radium rays, [215]
- Induced radio-activity (see [Excited radio-activity])
- Induction
- Insulators
- conduction of, under radium rays, [209]
- Iodoform
- coloration produced in, by radium rays, [214]
- Ionization
- theory of, to explain conductivity of gases, [31] et seq.
- by collision, [39], [57]
- variation of, with pressure of gas, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- comparison of, produced by rays, [111], [194]
- production of, in insulators, [209]
- total, produced by 1 gram of radium, [433] et seq.
- natural ionization of gases, [531] et seq.
- connection of, with phosphorescent and photographic actions, [549]
- Ions
- in explanation of conductivity of gases, [31] et seq.
- production of, by collision, [39], [57]
- rate of recombination of, [40] et seq.
- mobility of, [42] et seq.
- difference between mobility of positive and negative, [43] et seq.
- condensation of water around, [46] et seq.
- difference between positive and negative, [49]
- charge carried by, [50]
- diffusion of, [51] et seq.
- charge on an ion same as on hydrogen atom, [54]
- number of, produced per c.c., [54]
- size and nature of, [55] et seq.
- definition of, [56] et seq.
- velocity acquired by, between collisions, [58]
- energy required to produce, [58], [551]
- comparative number of, produced in gases, [65]
- disturbance of potential gradient by movement of, [65]
- production of, in insulators, [209]
- number of, produced by α particle, [433]
- number produced per c.c. in closed vessels, [533] et seq.
- Joly
- Kaufmann
- Kelvin
- Kelvin, Smolan and Beattie
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Kleeman and Bragg
- Kohlrausch
- conductivity of water altered by radium rays, [208]
- Kohlrausch and Henning
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, [208]
- Kunz
- phosphorescence of willemite and kunzite, [203]
- Kunz and Baskerville
- phosphorescence of substance under radium rays, [204]
- Kunzite
- phosphorescence of, under radium rays, [203]
- Laborde and Curie
- Langevin
- Larmor
- Lead, radio-active
- Le Bon
- Lenard
- Lerch, von
- Lockyer
- inorganic evolution, [499]
- Lodge, Sir Oliver
- Lorentz
- structure of atoms, [157]
- Lowry and Armstrong
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, [444]
- Luminosity
- Mache
- radium emanation in hot springs, [513]
- Mache and von Schweidler
- velocity of ions in air, [528]
- Makower
- Marckwald
- Mass
- Materials
- Matteucci
- rate of dissipation of charge in closed vessels, [531]
- McClelland
- McClung
- McClung and Rutherford
- McLennan
- McLennan and Burton
- Metabolon
- Meteorological conditions
- effect of, on radio-activity of atmosphere, [517]
- Methods of measurement
- Meyer and Himstedt
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Meyer and Schweidler
- Minerals, radio-active
- Mobility
- of ions, [43] et seq.
- Moisture
- Molecule
- number of, in 1 c.c. of hydrogen, [54]
- Molecular weight
- Nagel and Himstedt
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Niewenglowski
- rays from sulphide of calcium, [4]
- Nomenclature
- of successive products, [328] et seq.
- Number
- Occlusion
- Owens
- Oxygen
- Ozone
- production of, by radium rays, [213]
- Paraffin
- Paschen
- Patterson
- Peck and Willows
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- Pegram
- Penetrating power
- Penetrating radiation
- from the earth and atmosphere, [520]
- Perrin
- Phosphorescence
- production of, by radium, [19]
- production of, by radium and polonium rays, [201] et seq.
- comparison of, produced by α and β rays, [202]
- of zinc sulphide, [202]
- of barium platinocyanide, [203]
- of willemite and kunzite, [203]
- produced by radium emanation in substances, [203], [252]
- diminution of, with time, [205]
- of radium compounds, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of “emanium,” [206]
- production of by heat (thermo-luminescence), [207]
- use of, to illustrate condensation of emanations, [279]
- connection of with ionization, [547] et seq.
- Phosphorus
- Photo-electric action
- produced by radium rays in certain substances, [214]
- Photographic
- Physical action of radium rays
- Physiological action of radium rays
- Piezo-électrique of quartz
- description of, [105]
- Pitchblendes
- Polarization of uranium rays
- absence of, [7]
- Polonium
- methods of separation of, [22]
- rays from, [23]
- decay of activity of, [23]
- discussion of nature of, [24]
- similarity to radio-tellurium, [26]
- magnetic deviation of α rays from, [146], [150]
- slow moving electrons, [153]
- increase of absorption with thickness of matter traversed, [163]
- connection of, with radium F, [411]
- Potential
- Precht and Runge
- Pressure
- Products, radio-active
- Quartz piezo-électrique
- use of, in measurement of current, [105]
- Quinine sulphate
- Radiations
- emitted by uranium, [8]
- emitted by thorium, [10]
- emitted by radium, [18]
- emitted by actinium, [21]
- emitted by polonium, [23]
- method of measurement of, [82] et seq.
- methods of comparison of, [108]
- three kinds of, [109]
- analogy to rays from a Crookes tube, [110]
- relative ionizing and penetrating power of, [111]
- difficulties of comparative measurement of, [112]
- β rays, [113]
- α rays, [141]
- γ rays, [179]
- secondary rays, [187]
- comparison of ionization of α and β rays, [194]
- phosphorescent effect of, [201] et seq.
- physical actions of, [207] et seq.
- chemical actions of, [213] et seq.
- physiological actions of, [216]
- from the emanation, [263]
- from Ur X, [347]
- connection of, with heat emission, [421] et seq.
- from different active products, [455]
- conservation of energy of each specific type of, [469] et seq.
- Radio-lead
- Radio-tellurium
- Radium
- discovery of, [13]
- separation of, [13]
- spectrum of, [16]
- atomic weight of, [17]
- radiations from, [18]
- compounds of, [19]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [113]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [179]
- secondary rays from, [187]
- production of phosphorescence by, [201] et seq.
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of, [206]
- physical actions of, [207] et seq.
- chemical actions of, [213] et seq.
- physiological actions of, [216]
- emanation from, [246]
- properties of emanation from, [247] et seq.
- chemical nature of emanation from, [267]
- diffusion of emanation from, [269]
- condensation of emanation from, [277]
- amount of emanation from, [288]
- volume of emanation from, [289]
- spectrum of emanation from, [292]
- excited radio-activity from, [295] et seq.
- decay of excited activity from, [306] et seq.
- difference in properties of radium and the emanation, [327]
- nomenclature of products, [328]
- theory of successive changes in, [330]
- alteration of activity of, by removal of emanation, [371] et seq.
- recovery of activity of, after removal of emanation, [372]
- effect of escape of emanation on recovery of activity of, [374]
- non-separable activity of, [375]
- period and properties of radium A, B and C, [376] et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of rapid changes of radium, [377]
- analysis of β ray curves, [381] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, [386] et seq.
- equations of activity curves, [389]
- effect of temperature on active deposit of, [390]
- relative activity due to products of, [395]
- active deposit of slow transformation, [397]
- physical and chemical properties of radium D, E and F, [398] et seq.
- effect of temperature on active deposit of slow change, [401]
- separation of radium F by bismuth, [402]
- products of, [402] et seq.
- rate of transformation of radium D, [404] et seq.
- variation of the activity of the active deposit over long periods of time, [407]
- amounts of radium D, E and F in old radium, [408]
- variation of activity of, with time, [409]
- products of in pitchblende, [410]
- origin of radio-tellurium, [411]
- origin of polonium, [411], [412]
- origin of radio-lead, [413]
- temporary activity of inactive matter separated from pitchblende, [415] et seq.
- heat emission of, [419] et seq.
- heat emission of emanation from, [420], [431]
- heating effects due to products of, [433]
- theories of radio-activity of, [437] et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity of, [441] et seq.
- energy of radiations, not derived from external source, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- list of active products of, [448]
- amount of products of, [452]
- rate of change of, [457]
- life of radium, [457]
- origin of, [459] et seq.
- production of, by uranium, [459] et seq.
- amount of in 1 gram of uranium, [461]
- amount of, in minerals, [461]
- radio-activity of, independent of concentration, [466] et seq.
- disappearance of, [467]
- life of, independent of concentration, [468]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469] et seq.
- loss of weight of, [473]
- experiments to determine loss of weight of, [474]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [474] et seq.
- production of helium from, [476]
- helium, disintegration product of, [479] et seq.
- amount of helium from, [480]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- amount of, to account for heat of sun, [491]
- possible connection of with heat of sun, [491]
- possible connection of with heat of earth, [493]
- probable amount of, in earth, [495]
- amount of, in atmosphere, [495], [524]
- presence of, in atmosphere, [521] et seq.
- Radium A
- Radium B
- Radium C
- radiations from, [381]
- analysis of β ray curves of, [381] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves of, [386] et seq.
- effect of temperature on, [390]
- activity supplied by, [394] et seq.
- heating effect of, [425]
- use of, as a source of β rays, [435]
- explosive nature of change in, [456]
- magnetic deflection of rays from, [543]
- velocity and value of e/m for rays from, [544]
- Radium D
- origin of name of, [376]
- connection of, with active deposit, [403]
- period of transformation of, [406]
- effect of, on variation of activity, [407]
- presence in old radium, [408]
- effect of, on activity of old radium, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- amount of, in 1 ton of uranium, [454]
- Radium E
- Radium F
- variation of activity due to, [398]
- effect of temperature on, [401]
- separation of, on bismuth plate, [402]
- connection with active deposit, [403]
- variation of activity of, over long periods of time, [407]
- presence in old radium, [409]
- effect of, on activity of old radium, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-tellurium, [411]
- connection with polonium, [411], [412]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- Rain
- Ramsay, Sir W.
- amount of helium in thorianite, [486]
- Ramsay and Collie
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- Ramsay and Cooke
- radio-activity produced by radiation from radium, [472]
- Ramsay and Soddy
- Ramsay and Travers
- amount of helium in fergusonite, [486]
- Rayless changes
- Re, F.
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Recombination
- Recovery
- Reflection
- Refraction
- no evidence of, for uranium rays, [7]
- Regeneration
- of emanating power, [256]
- Richarz and von Helmholtz
- action of ions on steam jet, [47]
- Richarz and Schenck
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Rossignol and Gimingham
- decay of thorium emanation, [242]
- Runge
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Runge and Bödlander
- evolution of gas from radium, [215]
- Runge and Precht
- Russel
- photographic action of substances, [83]
- Saake
- amount of emanation in air at high altitudes, [519]
- Salomonsen and Dreyer
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, [213]
- Saturation current
- Schenck
- radium emanation in springs, [513]
- Schenck and Richarz
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Schmidt
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, [10]
- Schmidt and Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Schuster
- Schweidler and Mache
- velocity of ions in air, [528]
- Schweidler and Meyer
- Scintillations
- Searle
- Secondary rays
- Seitz
- absorption of electrons by matter, [137] et seq.
- Selenium
- action of radium rays on, [208]
- Simon
- Simpson
- amount of excited activity in north of Norway, [519]
- Slater, Miss
- effect of temperature on active deposit of thorium, [354]
- Smolan, Beattie and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Snow
- Soddy
- Soddy and Ramsay
- Soddy and Rutherford
- separation of Th X, [220]
- decay of activity of Th X, [221]
- recovery of activity of thorium freed from Th X, [221]
- decay of activity of Ur X, [223]
- recovery of activity of uranium freed from Ur X, [223]
- explanation of decay and recovery curves, [224]
- rate of production of Th X, [227]
- theory of decay of activity, [229]
- influence of conditions on rate of decay and recovery of activity, [233]
- disintegration hypothesis, [234]
- decay of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- measurements of emanating power, [254]
- effect of temperature, moisture, and solution, on emanating power, [255]
- regeneration of emanating power, [256]
- constant rate of production of emanation of radium and thorium, [257]
- source of thorium emanation, [261]
- radiations from the emanation, [264]
- chemical nature of emanation, [267]
- condensation of emanations of radium and thorium, [277]
- temperature of condensation of emanation, [278]
- effect of successive precipitations on activity of thorium, [358]
- recovery of activity of radium, [372]
- theory of radio-activity, [439]
- theory of radio-active change, [445]
- conservation of radio-activity, [469]
- Soil
- Solution
- Source
- Spark
- action of radium rays on, [208]
- Spectrum
- Spinthariscope
- description of, [158]
- Springs
- emanation from water of, [513]
- Stark
- energy to produce an ion, [58]
- Stoney, Johnstone
- use of term electron, [76]
- Strauss and Hofmann
- radio-active lead, [27]
- Strutt
- conductivity of gases for radiation, [63], [64]
- conductivity of gases produced by γ rays, [64], [183]
- negative charge carried by β rays, [122] et seq.
- absorption of β rays proportional to density, [136]
- nature of α rays, [142]
- attempt to measure charge of α rays, [153]
- constant ratio of uranium to radium in minerals, [462]
- connection of thorium with helium, [483]
- absorption of radium rays from sun by atmosphere, [492]
- presence of radium in Bath waters, [513]
- radio-activity of ordinary matter, [536]
- Sun
- Temperature
- effect of, on intensity of radiations from uranium and radium, [210]
- effect of, on luminosity, [210]
- rate of decay of radium emanation unaffected by, [249]
- of condensation of emanations, [283]
- rate of decay of thorium emanation unaffected by, [287]
- effect of, on excited activity, [315]
- effect of, on active deposit of thorium, [354]
- effect of, on active deposit of actinium, [368]
- effect of, on active deposit of rapid change of radium, [390]
- effect of, on active deposit of slow change, [401]
- of radium above surrounding space, [419]
- effect of, on amount of excited activity in atmosphere, [518]
- effect of, on natural ionization of air, [536]
- Theories
- Thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Thomson, J. J.
- relation between current and voltage for ionized gases, [34]
- difference between ions as condensation nuclei, [49]
- charge on ion, [50]
- magnetic field produced by an ion in motion, [69]
- apparent mass of electron, [71]
- action of magnetic field on moving ion, [72]
- determination of e/m for cathode stream, [73]
- origin of X rays, [80]
- slow velocity electrons from radio-tellurium, [153]
- charge carried by α rays, [154]
- theory of radio-activity, [440]
- cause of heat emission from radium, [442]
- structure of atom, [487]
- possible causes of disintegration of radium, [487]
- nature of electrons, [496]
- emanation from tap-water and deep wells, [510]
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [539]
- Thomson, J. J. and Rutherford
- ionization theory of gases, [31] et seq.
- Thorium
- discovery of radio-activity of, [10]
- emanation from, [11]
- preparation of non-radio-active thorium, [29]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [114]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [180]
- separation of Th X from, [220]
- recovery of activity of, [221]
- disintegration of, [234]
- emanation from, [238]
- properties of emanation from, [239]
- diffusion of emanation from, [275]
- condensation of emanation from, [277]
- excited radio-activity from, [295] et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of, [351] et seq.
- rayless change in, [352]
- explanation of initial portion of decay curve, [358]
- explanation of initial portion of recovery curve, [358]
- effect of successive precipitations on, [358]
- recovery curve after large number of precipitations, [359]
- products of, [363]
- non-separable activity of, [363]
- radiations from active products of, [363]
- division of activity amongst active products of, [363]
- rate of emission of energy by, [432]
- theories of radio-activity of, [438]
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, [441] et seq.
- source of energy of radiations, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- table of radio-active products of, [448]
- rate of change of, [458]
- life of, [458]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [475]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- Thorium A
- Thorium B
- Thorium X
- methods of separation of, [220]
- law of decay of activity of, [221]
- law of recovery of activity of, [221]
- theory to explain production of, [224]
- material nature of, [226]
- continuous production of, [227]
- explanation of decay of activity of, [229]
- effect of conditions on the rate of change of, [233]
- disintegration hypothesis to explain production of, [234]
- minute amount of, produced, [237]
- effect of successive separations of, on activity of thorium, [358] et seq.
- analysis of decay and recovery curves of, [358]
- radiations from, [363]
- Tommasina
- scintillations produced by electrification, [160]
- Townsend
- Transformations, successive
- theory of, [325] et seq.
- nomenclature of, [328]
- activity due to, [337]
- detection of a rayless change in, [341]
- in uranium, [346] et seq.
- in thorium, [351] et seq.
- in actinium, [364] et seq.
- in radium, [371] et seq.
- list of, [448]
- origin of radium in, [459]
- helium, a result of, [476] et seq.
- possible cause of, [486] et seq.
- application of, to evolution of matter, [497] et seq.
- Transmission
- Travers and Ramsay
- amount of helium in fergusonite, [486]
- Troost
- rays from hexagonal blende, [4]
- Uranium
- discovery of radio-activity of, [5]
- persistence of radiations of, [6]
- discharging power of rays, [7]
- absence of reflection, refraction and polarization, [7]
- examination of uranium minerals, [11] et seq.
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, [12]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [114]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [180]
- separation of Ur X from, [219]
- recovery of activity of, [219]
- changes in, [346] et seq.
- non-separable activity of, [347]
- radiations from Ur X, [347] et seq.
- method of measurement of activity of Ur X, [347]
- emission of energy by, [418]
- theories of radio-activity of, [437] et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, [441] et seq.
- source of energy of radiation, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- table of active products, [448]
- rate of change of, [458]
- life of, [458]
- radium probable product of, [459] et seq.
- amount of radium in, [460] et seq.
- amount of, in radio-active minerals, [461]
- growth of radium in, [463]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [475]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- Uranium X
- separation of, by Crookes, [219]
- separation of, by Becquerel, [219]
- decay of activity of, [223]
- recovery of activity of, [223]
- theory to explain production of, [224] et seq.
- material nature of, [226]
- explanation of decay of activity of, [229]
- changes in, [346] et seq.
- radiations from, [347] et seq.
- method of measurement of radiations from, [347]
- effect of crystallization on activity of, [349]
- diffusion of, [350]
- Velocity
- Villard
- Vincenti and Levi Da Zara
- radium emanation in spring waters, [516]
- Voller
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, [467]
- Volume
- Walker, G. W.
- theory of electrometer, [90]
- Walkhoff
- action of radium rays on skin, [216]
- Wallstabe
- diffusion of radium emanation into liquids, [276]
- Water
- Water-falls
- Watts, Marshall
- atomic weight of radium, [18]
- Weichert
- velocity of cathode rays, [76]
- Weight
- Wheeler and Bumstead
- Whetham
- Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Wiedemann and Schmidt
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Wien
- Willcock, Miss and Hardy
- coloration of iodoform solution by radium rays, [214]
- Willemite
- Willows and Peck
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- Wilson, C. T. R.
- ions as nuclei of condensation, [47] et seq.
- difference between positive and negative ions as condensation nuclei, [49]
- equality of charges carried by positive and negative ions, [50]
- construction of electroscope, [86], [88]
- natural ionization of air in vessels, [501]
- radio-activity of rain and snow, [505], [506]
- loss of charge in closed vessels, [531] et seq., [534]
- presence of ions in dust-free air shown by condensation, [533]
- number of ions produced per c.c., [533]
- effect of pressure and nature of gas on ionization in sealed vessels, [534]
- Wilson, H. A.
- charge on ion, [51]
- Wilson, W. E.
- radium in sun, [491]
- Wölfl, Hofmann and Gonder
- Wood, A.
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [540]
- Zara, Levi Da and Vincenti
- radium emanation in spring waters, [516]
- Zeeman
- action of magnetic field on light, [77]
- Zeleny
- Zerban and Hofmann
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, [29]
- Zinc Sulphide
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.