Japanese Year Periods

It should be borne in mind that the Japanese year periods do not regularly correspond with the reigns of the Emperors, because “a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event.” But hereafter the era will correspond with the reign of an Emperor. The names of some of these eras are quite famous, like the Elizabethan or the Victorian Era in English history. As the first era was a time of great reforms, it is known as the Taikwa Reformation; the Engi Era, in the tenth century, is celebrated for important legislation; the Genroku Era, in the seventeenth century, was “a period of great activity in various arts”; and the Tempō Era, of recent days, was “the last brilliant period of feudalism before its fall.” This name was also given to the large 8 rin piece coined in that era. The Wadō Era, in the fourteenth century, was so named on account of the discovery of copper; and the second era, Hakuchi, commemorates a “white pheasant,” presented to the Emperor.

LIST OF JAPANESE YEAR PERIODS.[210]

Name.Japanese
Era.[211]
Christian
Era.
Taikwa1305 645
Hakuchi1310 650
(Blank)1315-1331655-671
Sujaku1332 672
Hakuhō1332 672
Shuchō1346 686
(Blank)1347-1360687-700
Daihō [Taihō]1361 701
Keiun1364 704
Wadō1368 708
Reiki1375 715
Yōrō1377 717
Jinki [Shinki]1384 724
Tembiō1389 729
Tembiō shōhō1409 749
Tembiō hoji1417 757
Tembiō jingo1425 765
Jingo keiun1427 767
Hōki1430 770
Tenō1441 781
Enriaku1442 782
Daidō1466 806
Kōnin1470 810
Tenchō1484 824
Jōwa [Shōwa]1494 834
Kajō [Kashō]1508 848
Ninju1511 851
Saikō1514 854
Tenan1517 857
Jōgwan [Jōkwan]1519 859
Gwangiō [Genkei]1537 877
Ninna [Ninwa]1545 885
Kwampei1549 889
Shōtai1558 898
Engi1561 901
Enchō1583 923
Jōhei [Shōhei]1591 931
Tengiō [Tenkei]1598 938
Tenriaku1607 947
Tentoku1617 957
Ōwa1621 961
Kōhō1624 964
Anna1628 968
Tenroku1630 970
Ten-en1633 973
Jōgen1636 976
Tengen1638 978
Eikwan1643 983
Kwanna1645 985
Eien1647 987
Eiso [Eisho]1649 989
Shōriaku1650 990
Chōtoku1655 995
Chōhō1659 999
Kwankō16641004
Chōwa16721012
Kwannin16771017
Ji-an16811021
Manju16841024
Chōgen16881028
Chōriaku16971037
Chōkiū17001040
Kwantoku17041044
Eijō [Eishō]17061046
Tengi [Tenki]17131053
Kōhei17181058
Jiriaku17251065
Enkiū17291069
Jōhō [Shōhō]17341074
Jōriaku [Shōreki]17371077
Eiho17411081
Otoku17441084
Kwanji17471087
Kahō17541094
Eichō17561096
Jōtoku [Shōtoku]17571097
Kōwa17591099
Chōji17641104
Kajō [Kashō]17661106
Tennin17681108
Tenei17701110
Eikiū17731113
Genei17781118
Hōan17801120
Tenji17841124
Daiji17861126
Tenjō [Tenshō]17911131
Chōjō [Chōshō]17921132
Hōen17951135
Eiji18011141
Kōji18021142
Tenyō18041144
Kiū-an18051145
Nimbiō18111151
Kiūju18141154
Hōgen18161156
Heiji18191159
Eiriaku18201160
Ōhō18211161
Chōkwan18231163
Eiman18251165
Ninan18261166
Ka-ō18291169
Jō-an [Shōan]18311171
Angen18351175
Jishō18371177
Yōwa18411181
Ju-ei18421182
Genriaku18441184
Bunji18451185
Kenkiū18501190
Shōji18591199
Kennin18611201
Genkiū18641204
Kenei18661206
Jōgen [Shōgen]18671207
Kenriaku18711211
Kempō18731213
Jōkiū [Shōkiū]18791219
Jō-ō18821222
Gennin18841224
Karoku18851225
Antei18871227
Kwangi18891229
Jō-ei18921232
Tempuku18931233
Bunriaku18941234
Katei18951235
Riakunin18981238
En-o18991239
Ninji19001240
Kwangen19031243
Hōji19071247
Kenchō19091249
Kōgen19161256
Shōka19171257
Shōgen19191259
Bunō19201260
Kōchō19211261
Bunei19241264
Kenji19351275
Kōan19381278
Shō-ō19481288
Einin19531293
Shōan19591299
Kengen19621302
Kagen19631303
Tokuji19661306
Enkiō [En-kei]19681308
Ōchō19711311
Shōwa19721312
Bumpō19771317
Gen-ō19791319
Genkō19811321
Shōchū19841324
Kariaku19861326
Gentoku19891329
Shōkiō [Shōkei]19921332
Kemmu19941334
Rekiō1998 1338[212]
Kōei2002 1342[212]
Jōwa2005 1345[212]
Kwanō2010 1350[212]
Bunna2012 1352[212]
Embun2016 1356[212]
Kōan2021 1361[212]
Jōji2022 1362[212]
Ōan2028 1368[212]
Eiwa2035 1375[212]
Kōreki2039 1379[212]
Eitoku2041 1381[212]
Shitoku2044 1384[212]
Kakei2047 1387[212]
Koō2049 1389[212]
Engen1996 1336[213]
Kōkoku2000 1340[213]
Shōhei2006 1346[213]
Kentoku2030 1370[213]
Bunchū2032 1372[213]
Tenju2035 1375[213]
Kōwa2041 1381[213]
Genchū2044 1384[213]
Meitoku20501390
Ō-ei20541394
Shōchō20881428
Eikiō20891429
Kakitsu21011441
Bunan21041444
Hōtoku21091449
Kōtoku21121452
Kōshō21151455
Chōroku21171457
Kwanshō21201460
Bunshō21261466
Ōnin21271467
Bummei21291469
Chōkō21471487
Entoku21491489
Mei-ō21521492
Bunki21611501
Eishō21641504
Dai-ei [Taiei]21811521
Kōroku21881528
Tembun21921532
Kōji22151555
Eiroku22181558
Genki22301570
Tenshō22331573
Bunroku22521592
Keichō22561596
Genna22751615
Kwanei22841624
Shōhō23041644
Kei-an23081648
Jō-ō [Shō-ō]23121652
Meireki23151655
Manji23181658
Kwambun23211661
Empō23331673
Tenna23411681
Jōkiō23441684
Genroku23481688
Hō-ei23641704
Shōtōku23711711
Kiōhō23761716
Gembun23961736
Kwampō24011741
Enkiō24041744
Kwannen24081748
Hōreki24111751
Meiwa24241764
Anei24321772
Temmei24411781
Kwansei24491789
Kiōwa24611801
Bunkwa24641804
Bunsei24781818
Tempō24901830
Kōkwa25041844
Ka-ei25081848
Ansei25141854
Manen25201860
Bunkiū25211861
Genji25241864
Kei-ō25251865
Meiji25281868
Taishō25721912

The names of these periods are made by the various combinations of68 Chinese words of good omen.

There are, moreover, other expressions which more closely resemble such common Occidental phrases as the Victorian Era, the Elizabethan Era, the Age of Pericles, except that in the impersonal Orient such expressions are named more often from places. In Japanese history, for instance, it is very common to read of the Nara Epoch, the Heian Epoch, the Muromachi Period, the Kamakura Period, the Yedo Era, the Tōkyō Period (Modern Japan). Personal names are applied, however, in such cases as the Hōjō Era, the Ashikaga Period, the Tokugawa Era, the Fujiwara Period.

Chronological Table of Emperors and Empresses.[214]

1.Jimmu (660-585 B. C.)
2.Suizei (581-549)
3.Annei (548-511)
4.Itoku (510-477)
5.Kōshō (475-393)
6.Kōan (392-291)
7.Kōrei (290-215)
8.Kōgen (214-158)
9.Kaikwa (157-98)
10.Sujin (97-30)
11.Suinin (29 B. C.-70 A. D.)
12.Keikō (71-130 A. D.)
13.Seimu (131-190)
14.Chūai-(192-200)
[15.Jingō[214] (201-269)]
16.Ōjin (270-310)
17.Nintoku (313-399)
18.Richū (400-405)
19.Hanzei (406-411)
20.Ingyō (412-453)
21.Ankō (454-456)
22.Yūryaku (457-479)
23.Seinei (480-484)
24.Kensō (485-487)
25.Ninken (488-498)
26.Muretsu (499-506)
27.Keitai (507-531)
28.Ankan (534-535)
29.Senkwa (536-539)
30.Kimmei (540-571)
31.Bidatsu (572-585)
32.Yōmei (586-587)
33.Sujun (588-592)
34.Suiko (593-628)
35.Jomei (629-641)
36.Kōgyoku (642-645)
37.Kōtoku (645-654)
38.Saimei (655-661)
39.Tenchi (668-671)
40.Kōbun (672)
41.Temmu (673-686)
42.Jitō (690-696)
43.Mommu (697-707)
44.Gemmyō (708-715)
45.Genshō (715-723)
46.Shōmu (724-748)
47.Kōken (749-758)
48.Junnin (758-764)
49.Shōtoku (765-770)
50.Kōnin (770-781)
51.Kwammu (782-806)
52.Heizei (806-809)
53.Saga (809-823)
54.Junna (823-833)
55.Nimmyō (833-850)
56.Montoku (850-858)
57.Seiwa (859-876)
58.Yōzei (877-884)
59.Kōkō (884-887)
60.Uda (888-897)
61.Daigo (897-930)
62.Sujaku (931-946)
63.Murakami (946-967)
64.Reizei (968-969)
65.Enyū (970-984)
66.Kwazan (985-986)
67.Ichijō (987-1011)
68.Sanjō (1012-1016)
69.Go-Ichijō[215] (1016-1036)
70.Go-Sujaku (1037-1045)
71.Go-Reizei (1045-1068)
72.Go-Sanjō (1068-1072)
73.Shirakawa (1073-10861
74.Horikawa (1087-1107)
75.Toba (1108-1123)
76.Sutoku (1123-1141)
77.Konoye (1142-1155)
78.Go-Shirakawa (1155-1158)
79.Nijō (1159-1165)
80.Rokujō (1165-1168)
81.Takakura (1168-1180)
82.Antoku (1180-1185)
83.Go-Toba (1186-1198)
84.Tsuchimikado (1198-1210)
85.Juntoku (1211-1221)
86.Chūkyō (1221)
87.Go-Horikawa (1221-1232)
88.Shijō (1233-1242)
89.Go-Saga (1242-1246)
90.Go-Fukakusa (1246-1259)
91.Kameyama (1260-1274)
92.Go-Uda (1274-1287)
93.Fushimi (1288-1298)
94.Go-Fushimi (1298-1301)
95.Go-Nijo (1301-1308)
96.Hanazono (1308-1318)
97.Go-Daigo (1318-1338)
98.Go-Murakami (1339-1368)
[99.Chōkei (1368-1372)]
100.Go-Kameyama (1373-1392)
101.Go-Komatsu (1392-1412)
102.Shōkō (1412-1428)
103.Go-Hanazono (1428-1464)
104.Go-Tsuchimikado (1464-1500)
105.Go-Kashiwabara (1500-1526)
106.Go-Nara (1526-1557)
107.Ogimachi (1567-1586)
108.Go-Yōzei (1587-1611)
109.Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629)
110.Myōshō (1630-1643)
111.Go-Kōmyō (1643-1654)
112.Go-Saiin (1655-1663)
113.Reigen (1663-1687)
114.Higashiyama (1687-1709)
115.Nakano-mikado (1709-1735)
116.Sakuramachi (1735-1747)
117.Momozono (1747-1762)
118.Go-Sakuramachi (1762-1770)
119.Go-Momozono (1771-1779)
120.Kōkaku (1779-1817)
121.Ninkō (1817-1846)
122.Kōmei (1846-1867)
123.Mutsuhito (1867-1912)
124.Yoshihito (1912- )

N.B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and 49.

We append also a list of the sovereigns of the “Northern Court” during the separation, as follows:

1.Kōgon (1331-1333)
2.Kōmyō (1336-1348)
3.Sukō (1349-1352)
4.Go-Kōgon (1352-1371)
5.Go-Enyu (1371-1382)
6.Go-Komatsu (1383-1392)

In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor over the reunited empire.