Area Handbook for Albania

by Eugene K. Keefe; Sarah Jane Elpern; William Giloane; James M. Moore; Stephen Peters; Eston T. White

INDEX

• Abazi, Dede (religious leader): [98]
• administrative divisions: [vii], [33], [34] (fig. 3), [35]
• adult education: [87], [88], [90-91]
• agas: [95]
• agrarian reform: [15], [16], [75];
  • law, [21], [96]
• agreements. See treaties and agreements
• agriculture (see also collective farms, crops, state farms):
  • deterrents to goal attainment, [145];
  • exports, [151], [174];
  • five-year plans, [145], [152], [155-59] passim;
  • imports, [173];
  • investment, [167];
  • land use, acreage, [152];
  • mechanization, [146], [152];
  • new methods, [145], [152];
  • pattern of organization, [146], [151], [153];
  • production, [145], [151-52], [155-56] (tables 10, 11), [157-59];
  • productivity, [149];
  • share of labor force, [147];
  • summary, [viii]
• aid, foreign (see also under specific country and under Communist countries): [3], [4];
  • economic, [146], [169-71];
  • military, [175-79] passim, [190];
  • summary, [ix]
• air force: [180], [184-85]; chief, [184]
• air transport: [ix], [46-47]
• airbases: [184-85]
• Albanian (language): [55-56], [137]
• Albanian Party Political Bureau. See Politburo
• Albanian Telegraphic Agency (news agency): [131-32]
• Albanian Workers' Party (see also Central Committee, Central Commission on Education, Directorate of, Politburo, Secretariat): [v], [1];
  • activists and agitators, [107], [125], [128], [129];
  • book publishing, [134];
  • communication channels, [125];
  • Conference, [114];
  • Congress, [113];
  • control over people and institutions, [2], [93-94], [111], [135], [137], [140], [142], [146], [147], [176], [185-86], [192-93], [194];
  • and the courts, [107];
  • discipline, [114];
  • economic goal, [145];
  • founded, [17];
  • institutes, [117];
  • mass organizations as levers of, [117-18];
  • members in security forces, [193];
  • membership, [115];
  • national and regional organization, [111-15];
  • operations, [115-16];
  • organization within armed forces, [175];
  • political power, [103-04], [106];
  • religious policy, [100];
  • schools, [116-17];
  • slogan, [181];
  • Stalinist methods, [121];
  • statutes, [113-14], [115], [116], [118], [128]
• Albanian Writers' Union: [56]
• Ali, Hafez Musa Haxhi (religious leader): [98]
• Alia, Ramiz (Politburo secretary): [111], [112]
• alphabet, Albanian: [49], [56], [83]
• American Agricultural School (Kavaje): [84]
• American Junior Red Cross: [84]
• American Technical School (Tirana): [84]
• anti-Communists:
  • organizations, [18];
  • records on, [195]
• Antoniu, Kristaq (singer): [142]
• Apponyi, Geraldine (wife of Zog I): [16]
• area: [vii], [1], [25]
• armed forces (see also People's Army): chief of staff, [180];
  • civilian activities, [152], [181];
  • decorations, [187-88];
  • defense budget, [191];
  • equipment, [175], [179], [181-82], [183], [184];
  • foreign aid, [175-79] passim, [190];
  • historical background, [177-79];
  • medical services, [187];
  • military courts, [108];
  • military schools, [186-87];
  • mission, [181];
  • mobilization potential, [185];
  • Party control of, [111], [185-86];
  • Party organization within, [115], [175];
  • political indoctrination of, [185-86], [190];
  • rank designations, [175], [180];
  • resistance to Italian occupation, [178-79];
  • strength, [175], [181], [183], [184];
  • summary, [ix]
• Army of National Liberation: [18], [64], [111]
• arts, fine: [142-43]
• Asdreni, —— (poet): [139]
• Austria-Hungary: [14]
• authority:
  • under communism, [68];
  • traditional attitude toward, [67], [71]
• automobiles: [65]
  
• Bajraktari, Muharem (chieftain): [72]
• bajraktars (tribal chieftains): [67], [71], [74]
• balance of trade, [171]
• Balli Kombetar (National Front): [18], [74], [139];
  • supporters, [72]
• Balluku, Beqir (min. of defense): [111], [180]
• banking: [168-69]
• Bashkimi (newspaper): [129], [130] (table 7)
• Bektashi (religious group): [97], [98]
• Belishova, Liri (former Politburo member): [23]
• besa (pledge): [53]
• beys: [2], [5], [10], [13], [17], [72], [73], [74];
  • creation of the class, [95];
  • during civil war, [74];
  • seizure of their land, [21];
  • social position, [67], [70], [73]
• bibliography: [197-207]
• bicycles: [65]
• birth rate: [51]
• books: publishing and distribution, [133-34]
• boundaries: [25], [26], [31-33];
  • border security (see Frontier Guards);
  • potential for dispute, [4], [9], [31];
  • settlement (1913), [14], [25]
• Broz, Josip (Tito): [19], [21], [22], [122]
• budget (see also expenditures, revenue, taxes): [164-67];
  • defense, [191];
  • responsibility for preparing, [106];
  • social and cultural sectors, [58]
• Buene River: [39], [47], [183]
• Bulgaria: aid and trade, [170], [172]
• Byron, Lord: [96]
  
• Cako, Hito (chief, Army Political Directorate): [186]
• capital goods: output, [160-61]
• Carcani, Adil (Politburo member): [112], [120]
• Central Commission on Education: [92], [94], [112]
• Central Committee: [92], [94], [105], [113], [116], [117], [127];
  • composition, [77], [112];
  • functions, [114];
  • and labor situation, [147], [148], [149];
  • members in Council of Ministers, [106];
  • publications, [129], [131]
• Charles I of Anjou: [11]
• children: welfare provisions, [64]
• China, Communist: aid, economic, [122-23], [160], [170], [171], [172];
  • aid, military, [175], [176-77], [179], [184], [190];
  • debt to, [171];
  • economic effect of alignment with, [146];
  • education and training in, [92];
  • influence, [23];
  • jointly owned shipping line, [47];
  • relations with, [v], [3], [104], [121-23];
  • trade, [172], [174]
• Christianity: introduction, [11], [95]
• chrome: [44]
• Churchill, Winston: [19]
• Ciano, Count (Italian Foreign Min.): [16]
• Cikuli, Ziza (poet): [140]
• cities: growth, [75];
  • population, [49], [50], [51], [56]
• civil war (1943-44): [18-19];
  • fate of anti-Communists, [74]
• clans. See tribes and clans
• clergymen: [73];
  • Communist actions against, [96], [97-98], [99-101]
• climate: [vii], [4], [26], [35], [36] (table 1), [37]
• collective farms: [145], [146], [151];
  • basic features, [153-54];
  • labor force, size, [147], [148];
  • number and size, [154-55];
  • patriarchalism, [80];
  • personal income, [153-54];
  • private plots, [154], [157], [159], [166];
  • work performance, [151-52]
• Cominform. See Communist Information Bureau
• communications (see also press, radio, television): [125-35];
  • ownership, [110];
  • summary, [ix]
• Communist Information Bureau (Cominform): [21], [179]
• Communist countries:
  • aid, [21], [169], [170];
  • education and training in, [91];
  • trade, [172]
• Communist Party. See Albanian Workers' Party
• Communist regime:
  • attitudes toward population growth, ethnic differences, and blood feuds, [51], [53];
  • consolidation of power, [20-23];
  • efforts to alter social structure, [67-69], [73-83];
  • gains claimed, [6], [45], [50], [53], [58], [59], [75], [91], [94], [145], [149], [151], [155], [159], [165-66];
  • goals, [2];
  • installation date, [9];
  • policy toward religious groups, [96], [97], [100]
• Communists: seizure of power, [17-20]
  • concentration camps. See labor camps
• cooperatives: agricultural, [136]
• copper ore: export, [44]
• Conference of Peze (1942): [17]
• Constituent Assembly: People's Republic proclaimed by, [20]
• constitution:
  • first Communist, [20], [74], [86], [96], [113];
  • independence, [14];
  • provisions, [101], [104-08] passim
• consumer goods: output, [161]
• cotton: [151], [155], [156] (table 10)
• Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA): [21];
  • member, [121]
• Council of Ministers: [132], [134], [150], [164], [179];
  • description, [106];
  • and religious control, [97]
• courts: [107-08];
  • military, [108], [190];
  • summary, [viii]
• crime: [79], [128], [176];
  • military, [190]
• crops (see also specific crop):
  • industrial, [151];
  • production, [155], [156] (table 10);
  • yields, [41]
• culture:
  • achievements, [137-38];
  • development, [135-43];
  • dominant themes under communism, [136];
  • indoctrination through institutions, [135];
  • Party control of activities, [135], [137], [140], [142]
• currency: viii, [167-68]
• Czechoslovakia: [123];
  • aid, [170];
  • trade, [172]
• 
  
• Dako, Kristo (school founder): [84]
• death rate: [51]
• defense: budgetary expenditures, [166]
• Deljana, Thoma (Min., Education and Culture): [88]
  • described, [118-19];
  • newspaper, [129];
  • NLF renamed, [19]
• Democratic Front: [1], [103], [109], [117];
• Dhrami, M. (artist): [143]
• diet: [62]
  • Agitation and Propaganda (Agitprop), [112], [127];
  • Cadres and Organizations, [112];
  • Education and Culture, [92], [94], [112];
  • Mass Organizations, [112];
  • Radiobroadcasting, [132];
  • State Administrative Organs, [112];
  • State Security, [111], [176], [193-94]
• Directorate of:
• disease: [59-60]
• divorce: [79-80]
• doctors: [61]
• drainage. See lakes, rivers
• Drin River: [37], [39], [47], [160], [164]
• Dume, Gen. Petrit (army chief of staff): [180], [192]
  • facilities, [47];
  • population, [51], [57];
  • transportation, [46]
• Durres (port): [11], [183];
• 
  
• East-West conflict: position in, [2], [121]
• economic planning: Communists view of, [110]
  • major objective, [7];
  • status of, [146];
  • summary, [viii]
• economic plans (see also Five-Year Plans): responsibility for preparation, [106]
  • discrimination, [77];
  • eight-year, obligatory, [88-89];
  • first objective, [69];
  • function of information media, [126-27];
  • indoctrination of youth, [69];
  • medical training, [61];
  • military, [88], [90];
  • Party control, [93-94];
  • pre-Communist period, [83-85];
  • reform, [88];
  • and social mobility, [69];
  • status of, [6];
  • summary, [viii];
  • system, [87-89] (fig. 5), [90-94];
  • technical, [86-87]
• economy:
• education (see also schools): [83-94];
• Educational Reform Law (1946): [86]
  • Assembly representatives, [105];
  • candidate selection, [103], [104], [107], [109], [116-17];
  • character and procedure, [108-09];
  • mobilization of voters, [128]
• Elbasan (city): [46], [49], [57]
• elections: [1], [19], [20];
  • ruling, [2], [10], [68], [73], [96], [121]
• electricity. See power, electric
• elite: Party, [64], [69], [77], [78], [106];
  • minor, [54-55]
• employment: [147]
• ethnic groups: [5], [6], [9], [49], [52-55];
  • defense, [191]
• European nations: relations with, [123]; trade, [174]
  • agricultural, [151], [174];
  • industrial, [161], [162], [174];
  • principal, [44];
  • summary, [viii]
• expenditures: [165], [166-67];
• exports: [172], [173-74];
  • under communism, [74];
  • efforts to revolutionize, [68], [81-83];
  • rate of increase in number of, [75];
  • role in politics, [77];
  • as social force, [6];
  • traditional organization, [67], [70-71]
• 
  
• Faja, Baba. See Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja
• family:
• farm credits: [169]
• farms. See collective farms, state farms
• Fejzo, Baba (clergyman): [98]
  • oil refinery and power plant, [160];
  • population, [49], [57]
• fertilizer: [160]
• feuds, blood: [6], [53-54], [71]
• Fier (city):
  • summary, [viii]
• Filce, Gjorgjija (singer): [142]
  • First (1951-55) and Second (1956-60), [159];
  • Third (1961-65), [145], [149], [165], [170];
  • Fourth (1966-70), [145], [152], [155-59] passim, [165], [171], [172];
  • Fifth (1971-75), [164], [171]
• films: [141]
• finance (see also currency, banking, budget): [164-69];
  • prices, [64];
  • processing, [162]
• Five-Year Plans:
• Floqi, Kristo (playwright): [140]
• food:
• foreign aid. See aid, foreign
  • relations with, [23];
  • trade, [173]
• foreign relations: [121-23]
• forests: [26], [41-42]
• France:
• Franciscans: [97], [100], [139]
• Frasheri, Midhat (political leader): [18], [139]
• Frasheri, Naim (writer): [139]
  • citrus, [30];
  • exports, [174];
  • production, [151], [155], [156] (table 10)
• Frasheri, Sami (playwright): [140]
• Frontier Guards: [111], [176], [194]
• fruit:
• Fuga, Myqerem (Institute head): [117]
  
• gas: reserves, [44]
  • ethnic characteristics, [53];
  • population, [52];
  • social structure, [70-72]
• Geg (language): [56], [137]
• Gega, Lira (former Politburo member): [22]
• Gegs (ethnic group): [6];
• Germany: resistance to occupation by, [179]
• Germany, East: aid and trade, [170], [172]
  • appointment of officials, [116];
  • character of, [1], [103], [104], [108];
  • local, [106-07];
  • Party control of, [103], [104], [106];
  • structure, [104-07];
  • summary, [vii]
• Gjata, Fatmir (writer): [140]
• glossary: [209]
• government:
  • Albanians living in, [55];
  • boundary claim, [14], [26];
  • relations with, [9], [123];
  • shared border, [25], [31], [32];
  • trade, [173]
• grain: bread grain production, [151], [155], [156] (table 10)
• Great Britain: [178]
• Greece:
• Greeks (ethnic group): [54]
• gross industrial product (GIP): minerals share, [44]
• gross national product (GNP): per capita, [50]
• Gypsies: [54], [55]
  
• harbors: [183]
  • facilities, [61];
  • military medicine, [187];
  • mobile medical teams and equipment, [61];
  • personnel and training, [61];
  • services, [58];
  • status of, [6], [50], [59-62];
  • summary, [viii]
• Hasbiu, Gen. Kadri: [77], [111], [193]
• Hasko, Arif (air force chief): [184]
• health and medicine:
• history: [9-23]
• Hitler, Adolf: [17]
• holidays: [10], [78]
  • investment, [167];
  • loans, [169];
  • status, [51], [62-63]
• hospitals: [61]
  • passim, [136], [142];
  • relation to defense establishment, [180];
  • relation to security police, [193];
  • rise to leadership, [179]
• houses: description, [63]
• housing:
• Hoxha, Enver (Party first secretary): [1], [3], [11], [17-23] passim, [53], [62], [77], [80], [84], [88], [100-05] passim, [111], [115-27]
• Hoxha (Enver) United Army Officers School: [186]
• Hoxha, Nexhmije (Party official): [77], [93], [112], [117]
• Hoxha-Shehu duumvirate: overthrow attempt, [22]
  • potential, [40], [162], [163];
  • station, [159], [160], [164]
• Hungary: [172]
• Hunyadi (Hungarian king): [12]
• hydroelectric power:
• 
  
  • collective farm workers, [153-54];
  • national, major source, [7];
  • taxes, [165]
• identification cards: [195]
  • proclaimed, [14]
• illiteracy: [7], [86], [94], [126]
• imports: viii, [172], [173]
  • budgetary expenditures, [166], [167];
  • construction projects, [159], [160];
  • deterrents to development, [161];
  • exports, [161], [162], [174];
  • five-year plans, [159], [164],170;
• income:
  • nationalization, [21], [110];
  • production, [160-63] (table 12);
  • productivity, [149-50], [161];
  • progress toward goal, [145];
  • structure, [160];
  • summary, [viii]
• independence: [2], [3], [9], [10], [13-16], [139], [176], [177];
• indoctrination: political and social, [69], [126], [135], [140], [147], [185-86], [190]
• industry: [146], [159-64];
• imports, [173];
• infant mortality: [50], [60]
• information media (see also press, radio, television): functions, ownership, and control, [2], [125-29]
• Institute for Economic Studies: [117]
• Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies: [117]
• Institute of Party History: [117]
• intellectuals: [73], [76-77]
• interest rate: [169]
• investment: budgetary expenditures, [167]
  • aid, military, [178], [192];
  • and Albanian independence, [13-14];
  • invasion and annexation by, [3], [9], [16-17];
  • relations with, [9], [16], [23], [121];
  • resistance to occupation by, [178-79];
  • trade, [173]
• iron: [44]
• irrigation: [40], [152], [153]
• Islam. See Muslim religion
• Italy:
• 
  
• Jakova, Tonin (trade union officer): [120]
• Jakova, Tuk (former Politburo member): [100]
• Jesuits: [83], [97]
• judges: election of, [108]
• justice (see also courts): summary, [viii]
  
• Kapo, Hysni (Party official): [77], [82], [112], [117], [118]
• Kapo, Vito (women's organization head): [77], [119]
• Kastrioti, Gjergj. See Skanderbeg
• Kastrioti, John of Kruje (tribal chieftain): [12]
• Kellezi, Abdyl (chmn., People's Assembly): [105]
• Khrushchev, Nikita: [22], [23], [122]
• Kisi, Archbishop Kristofor: [98]
• Koliqi, Ernest (playwright): [140]
• Kominino, Gjergi (poet): [140]
• Kono, Kristro (composer): [142]
• Korce (city): [51], [57]
  • summary, [vii];
  • voluntary, [150-51], [162]
• Kosmet: disposition of, [18]
• Kosovo area (Yugoslavia): [31], [33]
• Kryeziu, Gani bey (chieftain): [73]
• Kupi, Abas (founder, political organization): [18]
  
  • adequacy, [146-47];
  • attitude toward employment, [148];
  • attitude toward industrial modernization, [161];
  • education and indoctrination, [147], [161-62];
  • effect of socialization of the land, [151];
  • labor norms, [150];
  • nonagricultural workers, [73];
  • Party control over, [146], [147];
  • productivity and discipline, [147-50] passim, [161];
  • size and distribution, [147-48];
  • working conditions, [78]
• labor (see also labor force):
• labor brigades (youth): [118]
  • in agricultural use, [152];
  • arable, [26], [41];
  • private plots, [154], [157], [159], [166];
  • reclamation and melioration, [152];
  • seizure and redistribution, [21];
  • socialization, [151]
• labor camps: [20], [74], [77], [98], [193], [194]
  • foreign broadcasts, [132-33];
  • official, [56];
  • summary, [viii]
• Labor Code: [110]
• labor force:
  • supporters, [72]
• lakes: [31], [32], [38] (fig. 4), [39], [47]
• land:
• language: [49], [55-56];
• League for Defense of Rights of the Albanian Nation: [13]
• Legality Movement: [18], [74];
• lek (currency): exchange rates, [167]
• Lenin (V. I.) Institute: [117]
• Leshi, Haxhi (head of state): [72], [105]
  • production, [152], [155], [156] (table 11), [157-58]
• libraries: [134-35]
• life expectancy: [51]
• limestone: [30], [31], [44]
• literature: [138-40]
• livestock and livestock products: [154];
• living conditions: [49-50], [58-65]
• loans and credits: [169], [170-71]
  
• machine tractor stations: [146], [153], [165]
  • attitude toward industrial modernization, [161];
  • and productivity lag, [149-50]
• machinery: [161]
  • under communism, [74];
  • customs, [68], [71];
  • laws and rate, [79]
• malaria: [59]
• malnutrition: [60]
  • teaching of, [86], [87], [88], [94], [117], [119], [126], [128-29], [135]
• Mana, A. (sculptor): [143]
• management:
• marriage:
• Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja (clergyman): [98]
• Marxism-Leninism: [67], [68], [104], [121], [122];
• medical services. See health and medicine
• midwives: [61]
• migration: [51], [75], [148]
  • Education and Culture, [87], [93], [134], [137], [141], [142];
  • Foreign Affairs, [134];
  • Health, [59], [60], [61];
  • Interior, [115], [176], [190], [193], [194];
  • National Defense, [134];
  • People's Defense, [115], [175], [176], [179], [186]
• Mijo, Sokrat (theater entrepreneur): [140]
• Mijo, Vangjush (artist): [142]
• military training (see also schools, military): in school system, [88], [90]
• minerals: [30], [31], [44], [160], [173]
• Ministry of:
• Mjeda, Dom Ndre (poet): [139]
  • conversion to under Ottomans, [12], [67], [94-95];
  • number of members, [95]
• Mugosha, Dusan (Party founder): [17]
• Mukaj agreement (political parties): [18]
• museums: [135]
  • seizure of government, [19]
• music: [141-42]
  • created, [17];
  • supporters, [72], [73]
• Muslim religion: [7];
• Mussolini, Benito: [16]
  
  • effect on social structure, [75];
  • of industry, [21], [141];
  • information media, [126];
  • of schools, [84]
• name of country: vii, [11]
  • commander, [182]
• National Liberation Front: [1], [175];
• National Liberation Movement: [103], [139], [179];
• nationalism: [5], [9], [126], [136], [139], [175], [177]
• nationalization:
• naval forces: [180], [182-84];
• Ndoja, Mark (poet): [140]
• Ndreu, Dalli (former Gen.): [22]
• Near East Foundation: [84]
• Nendori (literary monthly): [100], [101]
• news agency: [131-32]
• newspapers: [129], [130] (table 7)
• Nigris, Monsignor (apostolic nuncio): [99]
• Nikon, Bishop: [99]
• Noli, Bishop Fan S.: [15], [16], [73], [139]
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): [176]
  • production, [163] (table 12);
  • refinery, [160];
  • reserves, [44]
• nurseries (day care): [68], [148]
  • anti-communist, [18];
  • mass, [117-21]
• nurses: [61]
  • members, [95]
• Nushi, Gogo (president, trade unions): [120]
• nutrition: [62]
  
• oil:
• organizations:
• Orthodox Church of Albania: [7], [67], [98];
• Ottoman rule: [3], [12-13]
  
• Paco, J. (sculptor): [143]
• Paisi, Archbishop: [99]
  • creation of the class, [95];
  • social leadership, [70]
• Paluca, Maria (singer): [142]
• paramilitary training: [188-90]
• Pasha, Mehmet Ali (governor of Egypt): [12]
  • efforts to eradicate, [68], [80-83]
• Pasha, Pasko Vasa (playwright): [140]
  • attitude toward collectivism and modern methods, [145], [151], [157], [158], [159];
  • conditions under communism, [78-79];
  • religion, [95]
• pashas: [2], [5], [13];
  • organizational patterns, [180];
  • position in government, [179-80];
  • rank designations, [180-81];
  • strength, ix, [181], [183], [184];
  • training and paramilitary training, [182-90] passim
• Paskal, Odhise (sculptor): [142]
  • aim and sphere of action, [109];
  • description, [104-05];
  • power and influence, [110]
• pastures: [41], [152]
  • description, [106-07];
  • as Party levers, [117-18]
• patriarchalism: [67];
• peasants:
• People's army (see also air force, naval forces): ground forces, [181-82];
• People's Assembly: [106], [108], [116], [164], [179-80], [190];
• People's councils:
• People's Police: [111], [176], [195]
• periodicals: [130], [131] (table 8)
• Pioneer organizations: [118]
• pipeline: xiv (fig. 1), [44], [46]
  • communication media policy, [127];
  • composition, [77];
  • and the educational system, [92];
  • and the labor situation, [148], [150];
  • members in Council of Ministers, [106];
  • Secretariat, [111];
  • top executive branches, [111]
• Plasari, Ndreci (institute head): [117]
  • and creation of the modern state, [15-17];
  • historical background, [5-6];
  • locus of power, [2], [103], [108-11] passim;
  • role of family connections, [77];
  • the system, [108-21]
• poetry: [139]
• Poland: [172]
  • control by Party and police, [2], [93-94], [137], [146], [176], [192-93], [194];
  • ethnic composition, [1], [5], [6], [9], [49], [52-55];
  • growth rate, [49], [51];
  • rural character, [50], [56];
  • social composition, [76] (table 4);
  • statistics, [1], [49], [50-52] (table 3);
  • summary, [vii];
  • working age, [147]
• police. See Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Police
• Politburo: [21], [105], [112], [113];
• politics:
• Popovic, Miladin (Party founder): [17]
  • extent of use, [50], [58], [162], [163] (table 12);
  • insufficiency, [44];
  • production, [163] (table 12), [164];
  • thermal plant, [160], [162]
• population:
• Poradeci, Lasgush (poet): [139]
  • description, [105-06], [111];
  • president, [72], [105]
• ports: ix; facilities, [47]
  • use for Party purposes, [126-27]
• potatoes: [155], [156] (table 10)
• power, electric (see also hydroelectric power):
• Prennushi, P. Vincenc (poet): [139]
• Presidium: [108];
  • foreign broadcasting, [132-33];
  • receivers and stations, [132], [133] (table 9);
  • use for Party purposes, [126-27]
• press: [125-28] passim, [129-32];
• prices: consumer commodities, [64-65]
• proletariat: dictatorship of, [108-11]
• Puna (newspaper): [129], [130] (table 7)
  
• radio:
• Radio Tirana: [v], [132]
• railroads: ix, xiv (fig. 1), [45-46]
  • under Communists, [96-102];
  • eradication efforts, [7], [69], [96-102];
  • law to control, [96-97];
  • summary, [viii];
  • traditional attitudes toward differences, [67], [96];
  • wealth confiscation, of religious bodies, [96]
• rainfall: [4], [26], [27], [29], [35], [36] (table 1), [37]
  • ownership, [110]
• Rama, K. (artist): [143]
• Red Cross: [61]
• regions, natural: [26-31]
• religion (see also clergymen, Orthodox Church, Muslim religion, Roman Catholic Church): [5];
• resources, natural: [41-44];
• revenue: [164], [165-66]
  • actions against, [99-100];
  • membership, [95]
• rice: [155], [156] (table 10)
• rivers: [37], [38] (fig. 4), [39-40] (table 2)
• roads: ix, xiv, (fig. 1), [25], [27], [45]
• Rockefeller Foundation: [59]
• Roman Catholic Church: [7], [67];
• Romania: aid and trade, [170], [172]
• Rruga e Partise (Party monthly): [117], [127], [131]
  • air base, [185];
  • Sea Defense Brigade, [183]
• Russia: [13], [14]
  
  • Catholic, [99];
  • enrollment, [91], [92] (table 5), [93] (table 6);
  • higher institutes, [86], [90], [93] (table 6);
  • military, [186-87];
  • nationalization, [84];
  • number of, [92] (table 5);
  • paramilitary training, [188-90];
  • Party, [116-17];
  • pre-Communist period, [83-85];
  • secondary, [90]
• Sako, Zihni (writer): [140]
  • control of population by, [176], [192-93];
  • Party control of, [111];
  • summary, [ix]
• salt: [44]
• sanitation: [58], [62]
• Sazan Island:
• schools:
• security forces (see also Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Army, People's Police): [175-95];
• Sejko, Teme (former naval commander): [22], [190]
• Semen River: [39]
• settlement: patterns, [4], [49], [56-58]
• Shehu, Fiqrete (Party school head): [77], [117]
• Shehu, Mehmet (Prime Minister): [1], [22], [77], [84], [88], [90], [92], [103], [104], [105], [111], [116], [122]
  • population, [51], [57];
  • theater, [140]
• Shehu (Mehmet) Military Academy: [187]
• Shijak: airbase, [184]
• Shijaku, S. (artist): [143]
• shipping: [47]
• Shkoder (city):
• Siliqi, Llazar (poet): [140]
  • character of, [1-7];
  • under communism, [68], [73-83];
  • structure, [67-102];
  • traditional patterns and values, [67], [69-73];
  • by type of employment, [76] (table 4)
• Skanderbeg (national hero): [5], [10], [12], [138], [175], [177]
• Skanderbeg military school: [186]
  • aid, economic, [7], [122], [141], [154], [169], [170];
  • aid, military, [175], [176], [179], [183], [184], [192];
  • break with, [122];
  • debt to, [170];
  • de-Stalinization campaign repercussions, [21];
  • education and training in, [61], [87], [91];
  • farm model, [153];
  • relations with, [v], [2], [3], [21], [23], [104], [112], [121], [122], [123];
  • trade, [172]
• Skenderi, Vehbi (poet): [140]
• social insurance, [63-64]
• society (see also authority, divorce, elite, family, marriage, peasants, tribes and clans, women, youth):
• soils: [26], [41]
• Soviet Union:
• Spahiu, Xhafer (Politburo secretary): [111]
  • labor force size, [147];
  • number and size, [154];
  • private plots, [154], [157], [159], [166]
• Stalin, Joseph V.: [19], [22], [121], [122], [140], [142], [192], [193]
• Stalin (formerly Kucove): pipeline from, [44], [46]
  • enrollment, [91];
  • established, [137-38];
  • Faculty of Jurisprudence, [74];
  • Faculty of Medicine, [61];
  • Library, [135];
  • Linguistics and History Institute, [56];
  • paramilitary training, [188]
• Stalin-Tito rupture: [21]
• standard of living: [7], [49-50], [58]
• state farms: [146], [151], [153];
• State Planning Commission: [58], [146], [150]
• State University of Tirana:
• status: social mobility, [69]
• steel-rolling mill: [160]
• Stratoberdha, Llazi (Directorate head): [112]
• sugar beets: [151], [155], [156] (table 10)
• sugar mill: [159]
  • and property confiscation, [20];
  • turnover tax, [165], [166]
• summary: [vii-ix]
  • number of, [91], [92] (table 5);
  • Party membership, [94];
  • training, [83], [87]
• Sunni (religious group): [97], [98]
  
• Tashko, Koco (former Party Leader): [23]
• Tashko, Tefta (singer): [142]
• taxes: [164], [165-66];
• teachers:
  • mills, [159], [160];
  • production, [163], (table 12)
• television: [125], [133]
• temperature: [36] (table 1)
  • airbase, [xiv] (fig. 1), [184];
  • description, [57];
  • population, [51], [56], [57];
  • transportation, [46]
• Tepelena, Ali Pasha (Lion of Yannina): [13]
• textbooks: [86], [87]
• textiles:
• theater: [140-41]
• Tirana (capital city):
• Tito. See Broz, Josip
  • characteristics, [53], [54];
  • social structure, [70-72]
• Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement: [15]
• tobacco: [151], [155], [156] (table 10)
  • agreements, [173]
• topography: [vii], [4], [26-27], [28] (fig. 2), [29]
  • Agriculture and Procurements, [120];
  • Education and Trade, [120];
  • Industry and Construction, [120]
• Tosk: official language, [49], [56], [137]
  • administration of social insurance activities, [63];
  • and control of labor, [147]
• Tosks (ethnic group): [6], [52];
• tractors (see also machine tractor stations): spare parts, [160]
  • problems, [4-5];
  • status, [44-47];
  • systems, [xiv] (fig. 1)
• trade, foreign: [146], [171-74];
  • boundary, [14], [15], [32];
  • defense, [16];
  • summary, [ix];
  • trade, [173]
• Trade Union Workers:
• trade unions (see also United Trade Unions): [120];
• Trako, Konstantine (composer): [142]
  • description, [70];
  • social patterns and values, [69-73]
• transportation:
• treaties and agreements, international:
• Treaty of San Stefano: [13]
• trials: accessibility, [107]
  • described, [118];
  • newspaper, [129];
  • paramilitary training, [190]
• tribes and clans:
• tuberculosis: [60]
• Turkey: Ottoman rule period, [12-13]
  
• Union of Albanian Women: [117], [119]
  • Albanians living in, [55];
  • relations with, [23], [122]
• Union of Albanian Working Youth: [1], [93], [115], [117], [175];
  • description, [120]
• Union of Artists and Writers: [137], [142]
• unions. See trade unions, United Trade Unions
  • government policy, [50-51], [147-48]
• United Nations: Communist China mouthpiece in, [v]; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): [59]
• United States:
  • exports, [174];
  • production, [151], [156] (table 10)
• United Trade Unions: [1], [117], [129];
• university. See State University of Tirana
• urbanization: [56], [75];
  • description, [57-58];
  • electric power, [58];
  • health services, [61-62];
  • population, [49], [56]
• 
  
• values: traditional, [69-73] passim
• vegetables:
  • airbase, [185];
  • facilities, [47];
  • pipeline to, [44], [46];
  • population, [51], [57];
  • Sea Defense Brigade, [183];
  • transportation, [46]
• vegetation: [26], [41]
• Vijose River: [37], [39]
• villages:
• Vlachs (ethnic group): [54-55]
• Vlora, Ismail Qemal bey (independence leader): [3], [14]
• Vlore (port):
  • East-West conflict, position, [2], [121];
  • relations with, [23];
  • trade, [172], [173]
• vocational and technical training: [86-87]
• Vodica, Pashko (clergyman): [98]
• voting: constitutional provision, [108]
  
• wages: [64]
  • attitudes toward, [81], [82], [148];
  • and blood feuds, [6], [71];
  • mobilization potential, [185];
  • paramilitary training, [189];
  • part in production and government, [119];
  • position in society, [54], [119];
  • rights, [119-20];
  • social changes under communism, [68];
  • union of women, [117], [119];
  • welfare benefits, [64]
• Warsaw Pact: [121], [123], [176], [192]
• West, the:
• Wied, Prince Wilhelm zu: [15]
• wildlife: [43]
• Wilson, Woodrow: [15]
• women and girls:
• workers' compensation: [64]
  • antireligious mission, [100], [118];
  • attitudes toward, [82];
  • organizations, [118];
  • paramilitary training, [188-90]
• World War I: [3], [15], [32], [121], [177]
• World War II: [45], [50], [62-63], [175], [178-79]
  
  • aid, economic, [169];
  • aid, military, [176], [179], [192];
  • Albanians living in, [55];
  • influence, [21];
  • relations with, [v], [2], [3], [9], [22], [23], [104], [121], [122], [123];
  • shared border, [25], [32];
  • trade, [173]
• Xoxe, Jakov (writer): [140]
• Xoxe, Koci (government official): [21], [22], [193]
  
• Ylli (periodical): [131]
• youth (see also Pioneer organizations, Union of Albanian Working Youth):
• Yugoslav Communist Party: [17], [18], [19]
• Yugoslavia:
• 
  
• Zengo, Androniqi (artist): [142]
• Zeqir, Ymer (commander, naval forces): [182]
• Zeri I Popullit (Party's official daily): [80], [81], [91], [121], [129]
• Zeri i Rinise (newspaper): [129], [130] (table 7)
• Zicishti, Mihalaq (chief, State Security): [193]
• Zogu, Ahmet (King Zog I): [15], [16], [70], [72], 73, [178]

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