INDEX.

A.
PAGE
Absorption and movements of water in soils, [221]
of solids from solutions, [267]
of gases by soils, [272], [275]
Acacias, tolerance of alkali, [480]
Accessory minerals, [50]
Acid, strength used in soil analysis, [341]
Acidic and basic eruptive and metamorphic rocks, [49]
Acidity, neutrality, alkalinity of soils, [322]
Acids of different strengths, analysis with; table, [326], [341]
Action of plants in soil formation, mechanical and chemical, [19]
Aeration and reduction as influencing nitrification, [147]
effects of insufficient, in soils, [280]
excessive, injury in arid regions, [280]
Aerobic and anerobic bacteria, [144]
Air, functions in soils, [279]
“ of soils, composition of, [280]
Air-space in soils; figure, [108]
Alabama, vegetation and soil-characters, [511]
Alaska current, effects on California climate, [296]
Alinit, [149]
Alkali carbonates and sulfates, inverse ratio, [451], [452]
carbonates, effects on clay, [62]
effects on culture plants; figure, [426], [427]
Alkali-heath, range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [544], [545]
Alkali lands, crops for strong, [468]
effects of irrigation on, [428]
efficacy of shading, [457]
exceptionally productive when reclaimed, [483]
fertilization not needed in, [483]
formation from leachings of slopes, [453]
geographical distribution of, [423]
high and lasting production when reclaimed, [482]
inducements toward reclamation of, [481]
in the San Joaquin valley, Cal., figure, [425]
possible injury to, from excessive leaching, [462]
Alkali lands, summary of conclusions, [453]
surface and substrata of, [429]
utilization and reclamation of, [455]
of world-wide importance, [424]
vegetation of, [534]
Alkali-resistant crops, [455]
Alkali salts, black and white, [441]
composition of, [439]
composition of; general table, [442], [443]
distribution in heavy lands, [436], [437]
effects on beet crop, [465]
horizontal distribution of, [439]
in hill lands, [439]
in sandy lands, [433], [435]
in Salton Basin, distribution of, [4], [36], [438]
leaching-down of, [459]
nature of, [423]
plant food in, [441], [444]
reactions between, [449], [450]
reduction by cropping, [463]
relative injuriousness of, [464]
removal from the soil, [458]
removal by deep-furrow irrigation; figure, [460], [461]
tolerance of various crop plants; table, [466], [467]
total in lands; estimation of, [444]
underdrainage the universal remedy for, [460]
upward translocation from irrigation, [433]
vertical distribution in soils, [429], [431], [432], [434]
Alkali soils and seashore lands, [422]
calcareous character of, [28]
composition of, as a whole, [445], [446], [447]
how native plants live in, [430]
origin of, [422]
repellent aspect, cause of, [424]
retention of silica in, [392]
Alkali spots, white, [286]
Alkali, rise of, [428]
turning under of surface, [456]
weeds as cattle food, [468]
study of, by Loughridge and Davy, [535]
Aluminic hydrate, in soils of California and Mississippi;
table [101], [390]
Alluvial soils, [12]
Ammonia-forming bacteria, [149]
Ammonia gas, absorption of, by soils; figure, [274], [275]
Ammonic carbonate, effects on glass, [18]
Ancient civilizations, preference for arid countries, [417]
rare in humid countries, [418]
Apatite, [63]
Arid and humid climates, rock-weathering in, [47]
Arid and humid regions, criteria of soils of, [371]
contrast between soils of, [28]
soils of, [111], [371]
Arid and humid soils, general comparison; table, [375], [377]
Arid belts, subtropic, [298], [299]
utilization of, [299]
Arid conditions, local, in tropical countries, [401]
Aridity, influence upon civilization, [417]
Arid region, bunch grasses on soils of, [111]
standing hay in, [300]
upland soils of; table, [373], [374]
Arid soils, productiveness induces permanent civil organization, [412]
Arroyo Grande and Yazoo buckshot soils, [345]
Asparagus, resistant to salts, [475]
Atmosphere, composition of; table, [16]
Azotobacter, [156]
Lipman on, [156]
B.
Bacteria, active in soil-formation, [20]
aerobic and anaerobic, [144]
denitrifying, [148]
food and functions of, [145]
in soils, numbers of, [142]
micro-organisms of soils, [142]
multiplication of, [144]
nitrifying, [146]
Bacterial life, effect on soil, condition, [149]
relation of carbonic dioxid to, [281]
Bacteroids, [151]
Mork figures, [152], [153]
Basaltic rocks, [49]
Basalts, red soils from, [52]
Basic slag, [64]
Basin irrigation, advantages of, [243]
Bauxite in soils, [101], [390]
Beet, sugar, effects of salts on, [474]
tolerant of common salt, [474]
Bhil soils, [414]
Bicarbonate of soda, [78]
Black-alkali lands, difficulty in draining, [462]
neutralizing of, [457]
waters, use of, [250]
why so called, [78]
Black earth of Russia, humus in; table, [130]
Black sand, [45]
Black prairie soils, [53]
Black soils and lands, [283]
Blizzards in continental America, [298]
Blown-out lands, [9]
Blue tint in clays and subsoils, [45]
Bodengare, [149], [150], [281]
Bog ore, formation of, in subsoils, [46], [66]
Bones, composition of, [64]
Bone meal, efficacy of, [65]
Borax, borate of soda, [79]
Bottom water, [227]
rise of, from irrigation, [227], [230]
Bottoms, first and second, contrast between, [506], [507], [509]
Bottoms, first, tree growth of, [507], [509]
Brahmaputra alluvium, Assam, [413]
Brown iron ore, [44]
“Buckshot” soils of Yazoo bottom, [116]
“Bunch grasses” as alkali-resistants, [471]
Burning-out of humus, effects of, [118]
Burrowing animals, work in soil-formation, [160]
C.
Calcareous clay, crumbling on drying, [116]
formations, predominance in Europe, [525]
soils, definition of, [367], [496], [524]
solubility of alumina and silica in, [389]
subsoils, and hardpans, [162]
Calciphile, calcifuge and silicophile plants, [521]
Calcite, calcareous spar, [39]
recognition of, [39]
Caliche, in Chile, Nevada, and California, [66], [67]
Capillarity, [189]
Capillary water, reserve of, [229]
rise of, [202 to 207]
Carbonated water, action on feldspar, [32]
action on silicates, [18]
universal solvent, [17]
Carbonate of soda, [77]
injury to soils and plants, [78]
Carbonates, chlorids and sulfates of earths and alkalies,
reactions between, [449], [450]
Carbonic acid, [17]
secreted by roots, [20]
Carbonic dioxid, absorption of, by soils, [274]
heavily absorbed by ferric and aluminic hydrates, [278]
occurrence, formation, [17]
relation to fungous activity, [281]
Cascade range, climatic divide in N. W. America, [297]
Caves in limestone regions, [41]
Celery, moderate tolerance of alkali, [475]
Centrifugal elutriator, Yoder’s, [92]
Cereals, alkali-resistance, barley, gluten wheats, [471]
Channels, cutting-out by gravel, [6]
Charcoal, absorption of gases by, [276], [277]
Chemical absorption by soils, [270]
action of roots, [20]
analysis of soils (in general), [323]
character of soil, recognition of, [322]
decomposition, causes intensifying, [21]
processes of soil formation, [16]
Chile saltpeter, [66]
Chernozem, [130]
analyses of, table, [364]
Chestnut, American, a calcifuge tree, [491], [519]
Chlorin, largest ingredient of sea water, [27]
Chlorite, [36]
Chlorosis of vines in marly lands, [526]
Churn elutriator, Hilgard’s; figure, [91]
Circling of hill lands, [220]
Citrus fruits, injury to, from alkali, [478]
lemons most sensitive, [478]
sensitiveness to common salt, [477]
Classification of rocks, [47]
of soils, [10]
Clay as a soil ingredient, [83]
colloidal, [59]
functions of, in soils, [59]
maintains crumb structure, [110]
Clays, claystones, clay shales, [48]
colors of, [58]
formation, flocculation and deposition of, [33]
maturing of, [60]
plasticity and adhesiveness, influence of fine powders on, [85]
influence of ferric hydrate on, [85]
Clay-sandstones, soils from, [57]
Clays, separation of, by subsidence, by centrifuge, [89]
varieties, enumeration of, and characters, [57], [58]
fusibility of, [58]
Claystones, soils from, [59]
Cleavage of rocks, [3]
Cleopatra’s needle, [2]
Climate, [287]
Climatic and seasonal conditions, [21]
Climates, continental, coast and insular, [297]
Coffee soils, calcareous, [417]
Colloidal clay, amount in soils. Table, [84]
analysis of, by Loughridge, [385]
effects of alkali carbonates upon, [62]
investigation by Schloesing, [59]
properties of, [61]
separation of, by boiling and kneading, [61]
Colloid humates, [133]
Colluvial soils, [12]
Colors of soils, advantages of, [283]
Common salt, injuriousness in soils, [76]
recognition of, [76]
removal from soils, [76]
Conglomerates, [48]
Conifers, tall growth of, in arid regions, [517]
Contraction of soils in wetting and drying, [114]
Co-operation, favored by need of irrigation, [419]
Corsican and maritime pine, ash analyses, [520]
Cotton, compact growth and heavy boiling on calcareous soils, [503]
Cracking of clay soils in drying, [113]
Cressa; range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [545], [546]
Creep, [12]
Crops, alkali-resistant, [455]
Crumbling of calcareous clays on drying, [116]
Crumb-structure of soils; figure, [110]
Crusting of soils, effects of, [111], [117], [221]
Cultivated soils, analysis of, [325]
investigation of, [316]
Cultural experience the final test, [324]
Cutting-out of channels by water-borne gravel, [6]
Cypress, different forms of; figures, [507], [508]
D.
Date palm, resistance to alkali, [478]
Decomposition, chemical, of rocks, [16]
Decolorizing action, of soils, charcoal, [267]
Deep-rooting of native plants in arid region, [174]
Deforestation, effects of, [219]
Deltas, formation of, [7]
Denitrifying bacteria, [148]
Deserts, effects of winds in, [8]
Desert sands, only lack water to become productive, [420]
Dew, formation of, [307]
rarely adds moisture to soils, [308]
within the soil, [308]
Differentiation of soil and subsoil, causes of, [121]
Distance between furrows and ditches, [241]
Dolomite, [42]
Drainage, rights-of-way for, [461]
Drainage waters, use for irrigation, [250]
Drain waters, analyses of, table, [22]
leaching effects of, [271]
Drouth, resistance to, in arid soils, [167]
Dust soils, nature of, [104]
slow penetration of water in, [105]
Dust storms, [9]
Dynamite, used for shattering dense substrata, [181]
E.
Earth’s crust, known thickness, [xxiv]
Earthworms, action of in soil-formation, [158]
Ecological studies, [314]
Egypt, obelisks of, [2]
Elements constituting earth’s crust, table of, [xxiv]
important to agriculture, list of, [xxiv]
Elutriator, Hilgard’s, figure, [91]
Epsomite, epsom salt, in soil, [78]
Eremacausis, [129]
Erosion in arid regions, [219]
in Mississippi table lands; figures, [218]
lowering of land by, [15]
of rocks by sand; figure, [10]
Eruptive rocks, basic and acidic, [49]
rocks, soils from, [52]
Eucalyptus, tolerance of alkali, [480]
European observations on plant distribution, [519]
standards of plant-food adequacy—Maercker’s table, [369]
Europe, predominance of calcareous formations in, [525]
Evaporation and crop yields, calculated, [193]
and crop yields, observed (Fortier), [194]
and plant growth, [193]
counteracting, in alkali lands, [455]
dependence on air temperature; Fortier’s experiments, table, [255]
from reservoirs and ditches, [257]
from water surfaces, [254]
wet and moist soils, [254]
in different climates, [192], [256]
in different localities, California, [255]
restrained by loose surface layer, [255]
through roots and leaves, amount of, [262], [263]
Expansion by oxidation, [18]
F.
Farmyard or stable manure, [72]
Feldspars, weathering of, [31]
products of, [32]
Ferghana, alkali lands in, [441]
Ferric hydrate, effects of, [100]
functions of, in soils, [285]
high absorptive power of, [277]
in Hawaiian soils; table, [356]
more diffused in humid than in arid soils, [392]
Ferric phosphate, unavailability of, [356]
Ferroso-ferric hydrate and oxid, [18], [45]
Ferrous oxid, [18]
Ferruginous lands, injury from swamping of, [233]
Fertilizers, mineral, [63]
waste of, by leaching, [269]
Flocculation and floccules, [91]
Flocculated structure; cements maintaining, [110], [111]
Flood-plains of rivers, [14], [15]
Fool’s gold, [75]
Force exerted by roots, [19]
Forecasts, general, of soil quality in forest lands, [507]
of soil values, popular, [313]
Forest trees, forms of, 499 to [502]
of Atlantic states on alkali lands, [481]
Form and development of trees, differences in, [498]
Forms of leaves, variation in, [502]
black-jack oak, [499], [501]
post oak, [499], [500]
trees, deciduous, in arid region, [516]
willow, scarlet, black and Spanish oaks, [502]
Freezing water, effects of, [3]
Frost, effect of soils, [118]
Fruiting, favored by lime in soils, [503]
Fungi and molds, action of, [123]
functions in humus-formation, [157]
G.
Gases, absorption of, by soils, [272], [275]
partial pressure of, [276]
Germination of seeds, [309]
Glacier flour, fineness and fertility of, [5]
physical analysis of, [5]
Glaciers, grinding and abrasion by; figure, [3]
Glauber’s salt, [77]
Glauconite, in calcareous sandstones, [56]
Gneiss soils, [51]
Gobi desert, migration of lakes, [9]
Going-back of orchards, [182]
Grain-sizes, effect on percolation; table, [224]
influence on soil texture, [100]
Grandeau method of humus estimation, [132]
Granite soils, potash and phosphoric acid in, [50]
Granitic rocks, weathering of, [47]
sand, formation in arid climates, [2]
Grano-diorite soils, of Sierra Nevada, [51]
Granular sediments, influence upon tilling qualities, [102]
Grape-vine, alkali, tolerance of, [475]
Grasses, cultivated, sensitive to alkali, [471]
Greasewood, range, tolerance of alkali; figure, [542], [543]
Greenstones, soils from, [51]
Ground water, depth most favorable to crops, [228]
variation of surface of, [228]
Gulf-stream, [295]
Gypsum or selenite, formation from sea-water evaporation, [42]
how recognized, [42]
H.
Halite, [76]
Hardpans, causes, formation and cements of, [185]
Hardpan, physical, analysis of, [103]
plowsole, [241]
Hawaiian Islands, humid and arid sides of, [297]
soils, analyses of, [356]
Hay bacillus; figure, [149], [150]
Heat and cold, effects on rocks, [1]
of high and low intensity, [304]
reflection and dispersion from soil surface, [304]
relations to soils and plant growth, [301]
trapping of suns, [288]
Heaviest clay soils, physical analysis of, [115]
Heaving-out of grain, [119]
Hematite, [44]
Herbaceous plants as soil indicators, [517]
Hog-wallows, [114]
Hornblende and pyroxene, [33]
weathering of, [33]
Horsetail rushes, secretion of silica by, [31]
Humates and ulmates, [133]
cementing effects of, [111]
Humid and arid climates, rock-weathering in, [47]
Humid region, upland soils of; table, [372], [374]
Humification in soils, [20]
normal conditions of, [129]
tests; Snyder, tables, [140]
Humin substances, formation of, [123]
Humus, amidic constitution of, [125]
and coal, amounts of, from vegetable substance, [128]
amount in soils, [133]
ash of, from Minnesota soils, analysis, [134]
decrease of nitrogen-content with depth, [135]
determination in soils, [132]
distribution in the surface soil, [157]
functions in soils, [21]
in arid and humid regions, [138]
in black earth of Russia, [130]
in Minnesota soils, [131]
in North Dakota soils, [133]
in the surface soil, [120]
losses from cultivation and fallow, [131]
nitrogen of, [124], [135]
percentage in soils, and nitrogen-content of,
tables, [135], [136], [137]
porosity of, [124]
progressive changes in soils, [126]
relation to bacterial content, [144]
scanty in arid soils, but rich in nitrogen, [397]
substances, physical and chemical nature of, [124]
variation of, with original materials, [139]
volume weight of, table, [125]
versus adipocere, [140]
Hydraulic elutriation, [90]
Hydromica, [35]
Hydrous silicates in soils of arid region, [388]
I.
Ice-flowers on soils, [119]
Immediate plant-food requirements, ascertainment of, [333]
productiveness, chemical tests of, [337]
productiveness vs. permanent value of soils, [318], [327]
India, climatic contrasts, [401]
Indian soils, table of analyses, 410 [412]
types of soils, [411]
Indo-Gangetic plain; calcareous hardpan, kankar, [411]
Injury from excessive runoff, prevention of, [220]
to plants from the various salts, [531]
to soils and plants from carbonate of soda, [78]
Insects, work in soil-formation, [160]
Insoluble residue of soils; less in arid than humid, [384]
Insufficient rainfall, leaves sea salts in soils, [28]
Insular climate, of Britain, western Europe, [298]
Introduction, [xxiii]
Injury from swamping, permanent, [232]
Iron carbonate solution, how formed, [44]
coloring clays, [58]
minerals, [44]
pyrite, how recognized, [75]
Irrigation, basin, advantages and disadvantages, [244]
by check flooding, [237]
flooding, [237]
furrows, [238]
lateral seepage, [242], [241]
shallow, deep and wide furrows; diagram, [239]
surface sprinkling, [237]
underground pipes, [245]
ditches, leaky, effects on alkali lands, [429]
excessive surface rooting caused by, [245]
methods of, [236]
necessitates co-operation, [419]
Irrigation water, abundant use of saline, [249]
duty of, [251]
economy in use of, [243]
effects of saline, figures, [247]
heavy losses in using, [252]
limits of salinity, [246], [248]
loss by evaporation, [252]
loss by percolation; diagram, [253]
quality of, [246]
saline, how to use, [249]
testing penetration of, [242]
temperature of, [244]
Irrigation, winter, advantages of, [236]
Isinglass, [43]
J.
Janesville loam, chemical analysis of, [331]
Japan current, [296]
Jasper and hornstone pebbles, weathering of, [30]
K.
Kainit, composition of, [71]
Kaolinite and clay; kaolin, [32]
assumes plasticity on trituration with water, [60]
crystalline form of, [22], [59]
lacks plasticity, [60]
Kaolinization, results in zeolite-formation, [395]
slow in arid regions, [87], [386]
L.
Landholding, units of, smaller in arid than in humid region, [420]
Landlocked lakes, water of, [27]
Land plaster as a fertilizer; effects on soils, [43]
Landslides, [12]
Laterite soils, Wohltmann’s definition, [416]
Terra roxa of Brazil, [416]
Leaching of the land, [22]
Legumes, bacteria of, [150]
mostly sensitive to alkali, [472]
Leguminous plants, mostly calciphile; exceptions, [518]
Leucite, potash content, [32]
Lichens, action on rock-surfaces, [19], [20]
Lignites and coal, how formed, [127]
Lime a dominant factor in productiveness, [353]
Lime carbonate in sea water, [26], [27]
removed from earth’s surface, [41]
summary of effects in soils, [379]
Lime-content, effects of high, in soils, [365]
effects on availability of phosophates, table, [366]
“Lime-country is a rich country”, [365]
Lime, excess of, in arid soils, [378]
Lime feldspars, leave lime carbonate in soils, [32]
in alkali lands protects plants from salts, [532]
lands, failure of tea on, [414]
Lime-loving trees, 490 to [492], [497]
Lime, most abundantly leached out, [24]
percentages, what are adequate, [367]
in coast-belt soils, [496], [497]
in heavy clay soils; table, [368]
Lime renders lower amounts of plant-food adequate, [354]
Limestone countries, [53]
Rotten, [54]
soils, excluded from comparison of arid and humid soils, [376]
residual, [53]
Limestones, impure, as soil-formers, [40], [53]
residual soils of, how formed, [40]
soft, or marls, [40]
slow disintegration of pure, [63]
Limit of acid action on soils, investigation of, by Loughridge, [340]
Limonite, [44]
Loamy and sandy soils, show little shrinkage, [117]
Loose surface layer, illustration of effect, figure, [258], [260]
prevention of evaporation by, [257]
Loss of humus in summer mulch, [132]
Louisiana, vegetation and soil-characters, [512]
Lowland tree-growth, [506]
Lysimeter, [227]
M.
Madagascar, character and soils of, [405], [406]
climate and rocks of, [406]
methods used by Müntz and Rousseaux, [406]
potash and lime leached into valleys, [407]
red soils, [407], [409]
table of soil analyses, [408]
Madras, red soils of, [415]
Magnesia, effects of excess over lime, [382]
exceeds lime in tropical soils, [405]
high in arid soils, [381]
leached out next to lime, [24]
proper proportions to lime, [383]
Magnesian limestones as soil-formers, [42]
Magnesian soils largely poor, [36]
Magnetite, [45]
Maize and sorghums, alkali-resistance, [471]
Maize roots in humid and arid region, [175], [176]
Manganese, more in humid than arid soils, [383]
stimulant effects on crops, [383]
Marble and limestones, formation of, [39]
Marls, gypseous and calcareous, [43]
Marly substrata, [186]
Marine saline lands, [527]
first crops for, [533]
reclamation for culture, [534]
Matière noire; active nitrification of, [132], [360]
Mechanical analysis of soils, [88]
Melilots, white and yellow, alkali resistance, [473]
Mesas of arid region, [14]
Mesopotamia, rehabilitation of, [421]
Metamorphic rocks, [46]
Methods of irrigation, [236]
soil analysis, [325]
Mica as a soil ingredient, [35]
weathers slowly, [35]
mistaken for gold and silver, [35]
Mica-schist soils, [51]
Micro-organisms of soils, [142]
Mineral fertilizers, [63]
ingredients of soils, minor, [63]
Minerals injurious to agriculture, [73]
major soil-forming, and rock-forming, list of, [29]
tints of, [18]
unessential or injurious to soils, [75]
Mirabilite, [77]
Mississippi, changes in vegetation from east to west in northern, [490]
investigations in, by writer, [489]
northern, vegetative belts in; map, [490]
vegetative belts, descriptions of, [490], [491], [492]
Mississippi river, sediment carried by, [7]
Mississippi, southern, central prairie, long-leaf-pine belts, [493]
coast-belt; pine meadows; profile, [495]
live-oak or shell hammocks, [495]
Mississippi valley, climate of, [298]
Mississippi water, annual variations in, [25]
generalized composition of, [25]
Modiola, of Chile, [469]
Moisture hygroscopic, table, [196]
influence of temperature and air-saturation, [197]
method of determining, [197], [198]
Mitscherlich’s objections, [199]
utility to plant growth, [199]
available to growing plants, [211]
distribution in soil, as affected by vegetation, [264]
evaporated from forests, [265]
Eucalyptus, [265]
in Russian forests and steppes, [265]
requirements of crops in the arid region, [212]
Loughridge’s tables of same, [214]
supplied by tap roots, [229]
useful to crops retained by alkali lands, [433]
wasted by weeds, [264]
Moraines, in North Central states, [5]
Mosses, follow lichens in rock decomposition, [20]
Moulds and fungi, action of, [123]
Mountain chains, arid climate under lee of, [294]
effects of, on rainfall, [293]
Muddy waters, [251]
Muir glacier, analysis of mud, [5]
Mulches, loss of humus, [132]
Mulching with straw, sand, [266]
Mustard family, sensitive to alkali, [473]
Myrobalan root, use for grafting in alkali lands, [479]
N.
Native vegetation, basis of land values for farmers, [488]
causes governing its distribution not an unsolvable problem, [489]
result of struggle for existence, [487]
Native grasses for alkali lands, [470]
Native growth, cogency of conclusions based on, [314]
New Mexico, soils from; analysis, [378]
Nile water, Letheby’s analyses of, [25]
Nitrate deposits, origin of, [67]
of soda, [66]
Nitrates, waste of, by leaching, [24], [68]
Nitrification, active in matière noire, [360]
Nitrification and denitrification, [145]
in alkali lands, [68]
in soil of “ten-acre tract.”, [359]
intensity in arid climates, [68]
list of substances favoring, [147]
of organic matter in soils, experiments, [358]
not active in unhumified matter, [359], [360]
Nitrifying Bacteria, [146]
Nitrobacterium; conditions of activity, [146]
Nitrogen-absorbing bacteria, [156]
Nitrogen, absorbed more abundantly than oxygen, [278]
accumulation of, in humus, [124]
adequacy in humus, lowest limit of, [363]
in soils, [357]
availability of, in soils; ascertainable, [363]
content of humus, [135]
deficiency, pot test, figure, [362]
determination of, in soils, [357]
hungry soils; table, [361]
percentages in humus, what are adequate, [360]
supply of plants, views on, [150]
Nitrosomonas, figure, [246]
Nodules of legumes, [151]
North Central States, herbaceous vegetation on
calcareous soils, [514], [515]
lowland growth in uplands, when, [515]
vegetation and soil-character, [513]
Nutritive salts in alkali, [441]
O.
Ocean currents, Gulf stream and Japan stream, [295], [296]
Olive, resistance to alkali, [478]
Organic and organized constituents of soils, [120]
Organisms influencing soil-conditions, [142]
Oxalic acid, secretion by lichens, [19]
Oxidation, expansion by, [18]
Oxids constituting earth’s crust; table, [31]
Oxygen, action in weathering rocks, [18]
proportion of, in earth’s crust, [30]
P.
Pamperos, [9]
Peat bogs, [122]
Peaty soil, shrinkage, [117]
Percolation in natural soils: diagram, [223], [225], [226]
rate of, as influenced by grain-sizes, [224]
Permanent value of land vs. Immediate productiveness, [340]
Physical and chemical causes of vegetative features, [505]
conditions of plant growth, [319]
Physical analyses, correlation with popular names, [96]
results of, [94]
table. Mississippi and California soils, [98]
analysis of soils, [88]
constituents of soils, [10]
Physico-chemical investigation of soils, [313]
Physiological soil analysis, [333]
Phosphate fertilizers, importance of, [65]
Phosphate fertilization, in arid region, [393]
in California, [393]
Phosphoric acid, limits of adequacy in soils, [355]
minute amounts leached from soils, [24]
no constant difference between arid and humid soils, [393]
rendered inert by ferric hydrate, [355]
Phosphorites, low-grade, of Nevada, Russia, [63], [64]
Plane tree, oriental, resistant to alkali, [480]
Plant-adaptation “varying from province to province”, [523]
Plant associations, plant formations, [315]
Plant distribution, Thurman’s physical theory of, [519]
Plant-development under different temperatures, [309]
Plant-food, accumulation in finest parts of soils, [87]
high percentages mean high land value, [346]
ingredients, condition of, in soils, [319]
in virgin soils, lowest limit of, table, [352]
limits of adequacy, [353]
minute amounts may produce large crops, [410]
percentages, what are high, [346]
percentages, low, [346]
water-soluble, reserve, unavailable, [320]
Plant-growth on arid subsoils, [166]
Plants, deep-rooting in arid region, [174]
indicating irreclaimable alkali lands, [535], [536]
Plant root action, cannot be imitated in laboratory, [324]
Plasticity, absence of, in fine powders, [60]
of clay, causes of, [60]
lost by burning, [60]
Plot tests, difficulties and uncertainties of, [334]
plan of, figure, [335]
Plowsole, how formed, by shallow irrigation, [186], [241]
Poor chalk lands, [525]
Pore-space, [108]
Porosity of humus, [124]
Port Hudson bluff, lignite in, figure, [128]
recession of, [116]
Potash, abundant in arid soils, [395]
and soda in arid and humid region, [394]
Potashes, production of detrimental to agriculture, [69]
Potash feldspar, supplies potash to soils, [32]
fertilization first in humid, last in arid region, [396]
from sea water, [69]
limits of adequacy in soils, [354]
minerals, orthoclase feldspar, [68]
preferential retention of, in soils, [272]
Salts, Stassfurt, [69]
slightly leached out, [24]
sulfate, high-grade, [71]
Pot-culture tests, [336]
Powders, absorption of various gases by, table, [277]
Prairie soils, black, [53]
Preparation of soils for physical analysis, [89]
Productive capacity and duration, forecast of, [346]
Progress of humification and formation of coal, table, [126], [127]
Pulverulent soils of arid regions, [87]
Purifying action of soils, [269]
Putrefactive processes, relation to carbonic gas and
anaerobic bacteria, [282]
Putty soils, [103]
Pyroxene, augite, [33], [34]
Q.
Qualifications required for soil study, [524]
Quality of irrigation water, [246]
Quince, resistance to alkali, [479]
Quartz and allied rocks, [29]
sand most prominent ingredient of soils, [30]
veins, formation of, [31]
R.
Rain belts, temperate and tropical, [295]
Rainfall, amount of, [215]
distribution in California and Montana, [290]
in the United States, [215]
most important, [290]
on the globe, figure, [294]
influence on soil formation, [22]
insufficient, forms alkali soils, [28]
leaves lime behind, [28]
natural disposition of, [216]
Rains, beating, [221]
cold and warm, [302]
Reclaimable and irreclaimable alkali lands, [534]
Red foothill soils of California, [34]
Red or rust-colored soils, [34]
advantages of, [284]
Regur soils, Deccan, India, [414]
formation of, [415]
“guvarayi” hardpan, [415]
present production, [414]
Reh of India, [440]
Reserve plant-food in soils, [320]
of zeolites, carbonates, phosphates, [321]
Residual soils, [11], [13], [22]
Rhizobia, adaptation to symbiosis, [154]
inoculation of soils with, [154]
increase of crops by inoculation with, [155]
of legumes, [150]
mode of infection, [154]
varieties of forms, [154]
Rhubarb, sensitive to alkali, [475]
Rhyolites, soils from, [53]
River bars, formation of, [7]
Rivers, amount of dissolved matters carried by, [24]
flood-plains of, [13], [14]
sediment carried by, [24]
waters, analyses of, table, discussion, [23], [24]
white and green, [4]
Rock crystal, [29]
Rocks as soil-formers, [47]
chemical decomposition of, [16]
cleavage of, [3]
definition of, [xxiii]
disintegration of, under extremes of temperature, [2]
effects of heat and cold on, [1]
erosion of by sand, [10]
forming minerals, [29]
fragments, rounding of, by flowing water, [6]
Rock powder, [85]
Rock-weathering in arid and humid climates, [47]
Rohhumus, [122]
Rolling of soils, of influence of, on heat, [305]
Root action, limitation of, [351]
Root bacillus, figure, [149], [150]
Root crops, effects of alkali upon, [474]
Root development in the arid and humid regions, [169] to [176]
Rooting, deep, from proper irrigation, [243], [245]
Roots, chemical action of, [21]
force exerted by, [19]
secrete carbonic acid, [20]
Root system in the humid region; figure, [168]
Rotten Limestone, soils from, analyses, [54]
Runoff of rain water, [216]
Russia, black earth of; roots and humus in, [130], [363]
Rye grass, giant, of Northwest; uses, [470]
S.
Saline and alkali lands, vegetation of, [527]
plants, analyses of ashes of, [530]
selective power of, [531]
Saline and xerophile vegetation, similarity of, [528]
Saline contents of waters, variations of, [250]
solutions, structural and functional differences caused by, [528]
vegetation, general character of, [527]
Saltbushes, Australian, growth and use in California, [469]
of Great Basin, probable usefulness, [468]
Saltgrass; range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [546], [547]
Salton Basin, profile of salts in, [438]
Salts, absorption of, by saline plants, [529]
Saltwort: range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [540], [542]
Samoa and Kamerun soils, analyses by Wohltmann; method, [402]
table of, [404]
Samphire, Bushy and Dwarf; range, alkali-tolerance,
figure, [538], [539], [540]
Sand blasts, effects on cobbles, [10]
coarse, effect of, on clays, [105]
erosion of rocks by; figure, [10]
hammocks, of Gulf coast, [56]
Sands of arid and humid regions, differences in, [86], [386]
table of analyses, [387]
Sand, silt and dust, [85]
Sandstones, [48]
argillaceous, [57]
calcareous, formation of, [56]
rich soils from, [56]
dolomitic, often form poor soils, [56]
ferruginous, poor soils from, [56]
siliceous, poor soils from, [55]
varieties of, [55]
zeolitic, soils from, [57]
Sandstone soils, lightness of, [55]
soils, poor, of humid region, [55]
Sand storms, [9]
Sandy lands, of arid regions, highly productive, [386]
Sandy soils, [30]
Schöne’s elutriator, figure, [90]
Shrinkage, extent of, in drying soils; figure, [113], [114]
Schübler on calcareous soils, [115]
Sea water, average composition of, table, [26]
chief ingredients useless to plants, [28]
minor constituents of, [27]
sources of salts in, [26]
Sedentary soils, [11], [13], [40]
Sedimentary rocks, [47], [48]
Sediment deposited by Mississippi in Gulf, [7]
Sediments, exhibition of, from physical analysis, [95], [96]
number of, in physical analysis, [93]
table of diameters and hydraulic values, [94]
Seeds, germination of, [309]
Semi-humid and semi-arid region, [377], [397]
Serpentine, [36]
Sieves, use in physical analysis of soils, [88]
Silica, absorption and secretion by plants, [31]
and alumina, soluble; quantitative relations, [385]
solubility in water, [31]
soluble, retained in alkali soils, [391]
Silicate minerals, [31]
Silicates of soda and potash, soluble, [31]
Silicon, abundance of, in rocks, xxxi
Silicophile plants, a fiction, [522]
Sinkholes, [43]
Soapstone, [36]
Soda in arid and humid regions, [394]
Soda, nitrate of, [66]
Sodium salts, leached out by drains and rivers, [24]
Soil analysis, change of views regarding, [317]
discrepant methods used in, [402]
practical utility of, [318]
Soil and subsoil, causes and processes of differentiation, [120]
ill-defined, [120]
Soil bacteria, numbers of, [141]
Soil character, recognition from native vegetation, [487], [511]
Soil-dilution experiments, [347]
figures, [348], [349], [350]
table of, [350]
Soil-examination, short approximate methods for, used at California station, [560]
summary directions for, in field or farm, [556]
Soil-formation influenced by rainfall, [22]
physical processes of, [1]
Soil-forming processes accelerated by high temperatures, [398]
Soil-grains, number of, [99]
surface of, [99]
determination by air-flow, [99]
by “Benetzungswärme”, [99]
investigation, historical review of, [313]
moisture, regulation and conservation of, [234]
phosphates, solubility in water; Schloesing fils, [332]
probe, mode of using, [177]
profiles in arid and humid region, [165]
Soil, samples, directions for taking, by Calif. Station, [553]
sedentary or residual, [11], [13], [40]
study, qualifications needed for, [524]
surveys, early, of Kentucky, Arkansas and Mississippi, [316]
temperature, annual range near surface in arctic
and tropical regions, [303]
change with depth; table, [303]
influence of evaporation on, [307]
influence of soil material, [306]
influence of surface conditions, [303]
influence of vegetation and mulch, [305]
tests by crop analysis, Godlewski, Vanderyst, [337], [338]
by extraction with organic acids; Dyer, Maxwell, [339]
water, different conditions of, [195]
Soils, acid-soluble and water-soluble portions most important, [324]
alluvial, [12], [13]
ancient, in geological formations, xxix
calcareous, definition of, [367], [496], [524]
classification of, figure, [11]
colluvial, [12], [24]
definition of, xxix
derived from various rocks, [49]
effects of crusting on, [221]
indefinite action of dilute acids on, [326]
interpretation of analyses; Wohltmann, [403]
physico-chemical investigation of, [313]
(see Table of Contents)
Solar radiation, influence of, [302]
Solubility, continuous, of soils in water, [328]
King’s table, rich and poor soils, [330]
Schultze’s table, rich soil, [328]
Ulbricht’s table, poor soil, [329]
Solvent action of water upon soils, [327]
power of water, [17]
Solubility, increased with nitrogen-content, [141]
Sour grasses, [123]
humus, antiseptic properties of, [122]
soils, [122]
Souring of soils, by cultivation, [123]
Stable or farmyard manure, [72]
composition of, table, [73]
green-manuring only substitute, [74]
method of using, in humid region, [74]
physical effects of, [73]
use of, in the arid region, [74]
Stalactites and stalagmites, [41]
Stassfurt Salts, discovery of, [69]
importance to agriculture, [70]
origin of, [70]
Stassfurt Salts, nature of, [71]
Stonecrops, succeed mosses, [20]
Stone fruits, resistance to alkali, [478]
Stratified rocks, derived from crystalline, [29]
Stunted growth, caused by shallow or very heavy soils, [504]
Sturdy growth on calcareous lands, [502], [503]
Subsidence method, [89]
Subsoils, arid region, [163]
and deep plowing, [164]
calcareous, [162]
rawness of, in humid climates, [163]
Substrata in arid region, importance of, [173]
faulty, with figures, 177 to [180]
impervious, injury from; figure, [181]
leachy, [182]
marly, [186]
Subterranean rivers, [41]
Sulfate of potash, high-grade, [71]
of soda, dust from, [77]
injuriousness to plants, [77]
occurrence in arid regions, [77]
Sulfates, reduction of, [232]
Sulfuric acid in arid and humid regions, [394]
Summer mulch, loss of humus in, [132]
Sunflower family, resistance to alkali, [473]
Sun’s heat, penetration into the soil, [302]
Surface crusts, formation of, [111], [117]
physical analyses of, [118]
Surface, hydrostatic and ground waters, [215]
Surface waters, chemical effects of percolation, [161]
physical effects of percolation, [161]
Swamping of alkali lands, consequences of, [451], [463]
irrigated lands, results of, [231]
Symbiosis, adaptation to, of Rhizobia, [154]
Szek of Hungarian plain, [440]
T.
Tabashir, [31]
Talc and serpentine, [36]
Tap-roots, moisture supplied by, [229]
Tea, failure on calcareous lands, [414]
Temperature, annual mean of, [289]
conditions, ascertainment and presentation of, [288]
extremes, on high mountains and plateaus, [288]
of stellar space, [288]
seasonal, monthly and daily means, [289], [291]
Temporary vs. permanent productive capacity of soils, [340]
Tennessee and Kentucky, vegetation and soil-character, [513]
Terraces, river and lake, [14]
Testing penetration of irrigation water, [242]
Textile plants, tolerance of alkali, [475]
Thomas or basic slag, [64]
Thurman’s physical theory of plant distribution, [519]
Tillage; effects of; figure, [109], [110]
how maintained in nature, [111]
Titanium in soils, xxxi
Time of acid-digestion, different; table, [342]
Tolerance of alkali by culture plants, [463]
alkali plants; table, [548], [549]
Topography, influence of, on climate, [293]
Trachytes, [53]
Trona, Urao, [77]
Tropical soils, [398]
are highly leached, [400]
often highly colored with iron, [400]
do not need early fertilization, [399]
humus in; abundant, but low in nitrogen, [399]
few determinations made, [399]
possible calculation of, [399]
investigations of, [401]
laterites, not always rich in iron, [400]
mostly have low plant-food percentages, [400]
resemble the “nimble penny”, [400]
Tubercles of legumes, figures, [151], [154]
Tufa, calcareous, [41]
Tussock grass, food value of, [470]
range, alkali-tolerance, figure, [536], [537]
U.
Ulmin substances, [122]
Underdrainage, advantages of, [235]
Underdrains, effects of, [234]
Unhumified organic matter does not nitrify, [148]
Unhumified vegetable matter, utility of, [135], [360]
United States, good field for comparative soil study, [524]
Upland and lowland growth in arid and humid regions, [515]
Usar lands of India, character of, [440]
not all alkali lands, [440]
V.
Vegetative belts, lime a governing factor of, [492]
Virgin lands, advantages of soil study in, [318]
Virgin soils, analysis by extraction with strong acids, [340]
Vivianite, [65]
Volatile part of plants, xxxii
Volcanic ash, form soils rapidly; soils from, [20], [52]
Volcanic glass, [53]
Volume of soils, changes on wetting and drying, [122]
Volume-weight of soils, [107]
W.
Walnut, black, a lime-loving tree, 490 to [497]
tolerant of white alkali, [479]
Washing-away and gullying of land, [217]
Water, capillary, [201]
ascent in soil columns, figure, [202], [205]
uniform sediments, figure, [204], [207]
held at different heights in soil column, table, [208]
expansion and contraction in absorbing, [208], [209]
maximum and minimum of water-holding power, termination of;
figure, [202], [207]
movements in moist soils, [210]
carbonated, solvent power, [17]
carrying power, [14]
controlling factor of soil temperature, [301]
density of, [190]
effects of flowing, [5]
Water extraction of soils, practical conclusions from, [332]
Water, hard, [41]
hygroscopic, [196]
of lan-locked lakes, [27]
loss of, by irrigation in shallow furrows, [240]
physical factors of, [188]
regulation of temperature by, [191]
relations to heat, [189]
requirements of growing plants, [192]
plants in arid regions, [195]
sidewise penetration of, in soils, [241]
of soils, chapters on, [188], [215], [234]
solvent action upon soils, [327]
solvent power, [17], [191]
Water-soluble plant-food, [321]
specific heat of, [190], [191]
table, [227]
vaporization of, [191]
Watery soil extracts, from European soils; tables, [327], [329]
American soils, King, [329], [330]
Wave action on shores, figure, [7]
Weathering, by oxygen, carbonic acid, water, [16], [17]
in humid and arid regions, [2], [86]
Weight of soils, per acre-foot, [107]
White soils, nature of, in humid regions, [285]
in arid regions, [286]
Wind deposits, [105]
Winds, action of, in forming soils, [8]
cyclones, and anti-cyclones, [293]
effects of, in deserts, [8]
heat the cause of, [291]
land and sea breeze, [291]
trade, and monsoons, [291], [292]
Winter irrigation, [236]
Wire-basket tests, of Bureau of Soils, [337]
X.
Xerophile vegetation, similarity to saline, [529]
Y.
Yazoo bottom, soils of, [116]
Yazoo “buckshot” and Arroyo Grande soils, [345]
Z.
Zeolites, decomposition by acids, [36], [38], [39]
exchange of bases in analcite and leucite, [37]
formation of, [37]
importance in soils, [38]
rocks cemented by, [38]
Zeolitic sandstones, [57]