Footnotes
[1.]This article formed the preface to a collection of extracts published in 1858, under the title of German Classics. The extracts are arranged chronologically, and extend from the fourth to the nineteenth century. They are given in the original Gothic, Old High-German, and Middle High-German with translations, while in the more modern portions the difficult words only are explained in notes. A list of the principal works from which the extracts are taken will be found at the end of the article, p. [44].[2.]“Ut easdam homilias quisque (episcopus) aperte transferre studeat in rusticam romanam linguam aut theodiscam, quo facilius cuncti possint intelligere quæ dicantur.”—Conc. Tur. can. 17. Wackernagel, Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur, § 26.[3.]Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts, von J. Grimm und A. Schmeller. Göttingen, 1838.[4.]Reinhard Fuchs, von Jacob Grimm. Berlin, 1834. Sendschreiben, an Karl Lachmann. Leipzig, 1840.[5.]Poems of Grave Ruodolf von Fenis, Her Bernger von Horheim; see Des Minnesangs Frühling, by Lachmann and Haupt. Leipzig, 1857.[6.]Poem of the Kürenberger; see Des Minnesangs Frühling, pp. 8 and 230.[7.]See an account of the Italian Guest of Thomasin von Zerclaria by Eugene Oswald, in Queene Elizabethe's Achademy, edited by F. J. Furnivall. London, 1869. This thoughtful essay contains some important information on Thomasin.[8.]Des Minnesangs Frühling. Herausgegeben von Karl Lachmann und Moritz Haupt. Leipzig, 1857.[9.]Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff. Herausgegeben von Friedrich Zarncke. Leipzig, 1857.[10.]
Rede auf Schiller, von Jacob Grimm. Berlin, 1859. (Address on Schiller, by Jacob Grimm.)
Schiller-Buch, von Tannenberg; Wien. From the Imperial Printing Press, 1859.
Schiller's Life and Works. By Emil Palleske. Translated by Lady Wallace. London, Longman and Co., 1860.
Vie de Schiller. Par Ad. Regnier, Membre de l'Institut. Paris, Hachette, 1859.
“Free, and strong, and pure, and German,
On the German Rhine,
Nothing can be now discovered
Save alone our wine;
If the wine is not a rebel,
Then no more are we;
Mainz, thou proud and frowning fortress,
Let him wander free!”
“Europe wants but peace and quiet: why hast thou disturbed her rest?
How with silly dreams of freedom dost thou dare to fill thy breast?
If thou rise against thy rulers, Hellas, thou must fight alone,
E'en the bolster of a Sultan, loyal Europe calls a throne.”
Histoire de St. Louis, par Joinville. Texte rapproché du Français Moderne par M. Natalis de Wailly, Membre de l'Institut. Paris, 1865.
Œuvres de Jean Sire de Joinville, avec un texte rapproché du Français Moderne, par M. Natalis de Wailly. Paris, 1867. M. Natalis de Wailly has since published a new edition of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, par Jean Sire de Joinville, suivie du Credo et de la lettre à Louis X.; texte ramené à l'orthographe des Chartes du Sire de Joinville. Paris, 1868. He has more fully explained the principles according to which the text of Joinville has been restored by him in his Mémoire sur la Langue de Joinville. Paris, 1868.
Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall. By William Borlase, LL. D. London, 1769.
A Week at the Land's End. By J. T. Blight. London, 1861.
Cornish proverbs have lived on after the extinction of Cornish, and even as translated into English they naturally continue to exercise their own peculiar spell on the minds of men and children. Such proverbs are:—
“It is better to keep than to beg.”
“Do good; for thyself thou dost it.”
“Speak little, speak well, and well will be spoken again.”
“There is no down without eye, no hedge without ears.”
In some lines written in 1693, on the origin of the Oxford Terræ filius, we read:—
“These undergraduates' oracles
Deduced from Cornwall's guary miracles,—
From immemorial custom there
They raise a turfy theatre!
When from a passage underground,
By frequent crowds encompassed round,
Out leaps some little Mephistopheles,
Who e'en of all the mob the offal is,” etc.
The following extract from a Cornish paper gives some curious words still current among the people:—
“A few weeks since a correspondent in the Cornish Telegraph remarked a few familiar expressions which we West country folks are accustomed to use in so vague a sense that strangers are often rather puzzled to know precisely what we mean. He might also have added to the list many old Cornish words, still in common use, as skaw for the elder-tree; skaw-dower, water-elder; skaw-coo, nightshade; bannel, broom; skedgewith, privet; griglans, heath; padzypaw (from padzar, four?), the small gray lizard; muryan, the ant; quilkan, the frog (which retains its English name when in the water); pul-cronach (literally pool-toad) is the name given to a small fish with a head much like that of a toad, which is often found in the pools (pulans) left by the receding tide among the rocks along shore; visnan, the sand-lance; bul-horn, the shell-snail; dumble-dory, the black-beetle (but this may be a corruption of the dor-beetle). A small, solid wheel has still the old name of drucshar. Finely pulverized soil is called grute. The roots and other light matter harrowed up on the surface of the ground for burning we call tabs. The harvest-home and harvest-feast, guildize. Plum means soft; quail, withered; crum, crooked; bruyans, crumbs; with a few other terms more rarely used.
“Many of our ordinary expressions (often mistaken for vulgar provincialisms) are French words slightly modified, which were probably introduced into the West by the old Norman families who long resided there. For instance: a large apron to come quite round, worn for the sake of keeping the under-clothing clean, is called a touser (tout-serre); a game of running romps, is a courant (from courir). Very rough play is a regular cow's courant. Going into a neighbor's for a spell of friendly chat is going to cursey (causer) a bit. The loins are called the cheens (old French, echine). The plant sweet-leaf, a kind of St. John's wort, here called tutsen, is the French tout-saine (heal all). There are some others which, however, are not peculiar to the West; as kickshaws (quelque chose), etc. We have also many inverted words, as swap for wasp, cruds for curds, etc. Then again we call a fly a flea; and a flea a flay; and the smallest stream of water a river.”—W. B.
The following extract from a Cornish newspaper, July 15, 1869, shows the necessity of imperial legislation on this subject to prevent irreparable mischief:—
“The ruthless destruction of the Tolmen, in the parish of Constantine, which has been so much deplored, has had the effect, we are glad to say, of drawing attention to the necessity of taking measures for the preservation of the remaining antiquities and objects of curiosity and interest in the county. In a recent number of the West Briton we called attention to the threatened overthrow of another of our far-famed objects of great interest,—the Cheesewring, near Liskeard; and we are now glad to hear that the committee of the Royal Institution of Cornwall have requested three gentlemen who take great interest in the preservation of antiquities—Mr. William Jory Henwood, F. G. S., etc., Mr. N. Hare, Jr., of Liskeard, and Mr. Whitley, one of the secretaries of the Royal Institution—to visit Liskeard for the purpose of conferring with the agents of the lessors of the Cheesewring granite quarries—the Duchy of Cornwall—and with the lessees of the works, Messrs. Freeman, of Penryn, who are themselves greatly anxious that measures should be taken for the preservation of that most remarkable pile of rocks known as the Cheesewring. We have no doubt that the measures to be adopted will prove successful; and with regard to any other antiquities or natural curiosities in the county, we shall be glad to hear from correspondents, at any time, if they are placed in peril of destruction, in order that a public announcement of the fact may become the means of preserving them.”
The following note from a Cornish paper gives some important facts as to the date of the name of Market Jew:—
“Among the State Papers at the Record Office, there is a letter from Ralph Conway to Secretary Cope, dated 3d October, 1634, which mentions the name of Market-jew.
“In another, dated 7th February, 1634-5, Sir James Bagg informs the Lords of the Admiralty that the endeavors of Mr. Basset, and other gentlemen in the west of Cornwall, to save the cargo of a wrecked Spanish galleon which broke from her moorings in Gwavas Lake, near Penzance, were opposed by a riotous multitude, consisting of the inhabitants of Mousehole and Marka-jew, who maintained their unlawful proceedings with the cry of ‘One and All!’ threatening with death the servants of the Crown, and compelling them to avoid their fury by leaping down a high cliff.
“In another of the same date, from Ralph Bird, of Saltram, to Francis Basset, the rebels of Mousehole, with their fellow-rebels of Market Jew, are spoken of, as having menaced the life of any officer who should come to their houses to search for certain hides that mysteriously disappeared from the deck of the galleon one boisterous night, and were probably transferred to Mousehole in the cock-boat of Mr. Keigwin, of that place; and various methods are suggested for administering punishment to the outrageous barbarians.
“In consequence of these complaints, the Lords of the Admiralty wrote to Sir Henry Marten, on the 12th of February of the same year, concerning ‘the insolency’ committed by the inhabitants of Mousehole and Markaiew requesting that the offenders may be punished, and, if necessary, the most notorious of them sent to London for trial.
“In Magna Britannia et Hibernia, 1720, p. 308, Merkju is mentioned as being ‘a little market-town which takes its name from the market on Thursdays, it being a contraction of Market-Jupiter, i.e. as 'tis now called Market Jew, or rather Ju.’
“Norden, who was born about 1548, says in his Specul. Britanniæ, which was published in 1728, that Marca-iewe (Marca-iew in margin) signifies in English, ‘market on the Thursday.’ In an old map, apparently drawn by hand, which appears to have been inserted in this book after it was published, Market Iew is given, and in the map issued with the book Market Jew.
“The map of Cornwall, contained in Camden's Britannia, by Gibson, 1772, gives Market-Jew. The edition 1789, by Gough, states at page 3, that ‘Merkiu signifies the Market of Jupiter, from the market being held on a Thursday, the day sacred to Jupiter.’
“Carew's Survey of Cornwall, ed. 1769, p. 156, has the following:—‘Over against the Mount fronteth a towne of petty fortune, pertinently named Marcaiew, or Marhas diow, in English “the Thursdaies market.” ’ In the edition published in 1811, p. 378, it is stated in a foot-note that Marazion means ‘market on the Strand,’ the name being well adapted to its situation, ‘for Zion answers to the Latin litus.’ ”
“The frequent use of th instead of s shows that (in Cornish) the sound was not so definite as in English.”—Norris, vol. ii. p. 224.
Another explanation of Attal Sarazin has been suggested by an eminent Cornish scholar: “I should explain sarazin,” he writes, “as from saratin, a Med. Lat. saritinus, cf. ex-saritum, ex-saritare in Diez, E. W. ii. 283, s. v. Essart. Atal cannot be W. adhail. I would identify it with the Fr. attelle, splint. It occurs in O. 427, meaning ‘fallow.’ Atal sarazin I should explain as ‘dug-up splinters or shingle,’ and towle (toll) sarazin as a ‘dug-up hole or excavation.’ ”
A Memoir of Baron Bunsen, by his widow, Baroness Bunsen. 2 vols. 8vo. Longmans, 1868.
Christian Carl Josias Freiherr von Bunsen. Aus seinen Briefen und nach eigener Erinnerung geschildert, von seiner Wittwe. Deutsche Ausgabe, durch neue Mittheilungen vermehrt von Friedrich Nippold. Leipzig, 1868.