Selections From Josephus

by Flavius Josephus

INDEX

• Abel, [195], [197]
• Abella, Abila, [88], [94], [102]
• Actium, battle of, [55], [73]
• Acts, [90], [107] n., [192] ff.
• Ader = Ben-hadad, [42]
• Adiabene, [90], [99]
• Agrippa, M., [57] f., [60]
• —— son of Felix and Drusilla, [95]
• —— Herod Agrippa. See [Herod]
• Ahab, [42] ff.
• Albinus, [96] f., [105], [144]
• Alexander the Alabarch, [93]
• —— brother-in-law of Herod, [54]
• —— Jannæus, [164]
• —— son of Herod, [58], [60]
• ——, Tiberius, [93], [193]
• Alexandra, [164] ff.
• Alexandria, [92], [97]
• Alexandrium, [60]
• Alexas, [63]
• Aliturus, [34]
• Alphabet, the Hebrew, and the books of Scripture, [201]
• Amathus, [47]
• Ananias, [91]
• —— high priest, [107]
• Ananus I, high priest, [73], [96]
• —— II, high priest, [96] f.
• —— III, high priest, [118] f., [130] f., [184], [195]
• —— son of Jonathan, [113]
• Anaxagoras, [171]
• Antigonus, [53] f.
• Antioch, [107], [110]
• Antiochus, [110]
• —— Epiphanes, [162]
• Antipas, [109]
• Antipater, father of Herod, [47] ff, [51] ff.
• —— son of Herod, [62]
• —— nephew of Herod, [68]
• Antipatris, [111], [117]
• Anti-Semitism, [18] f.
• Antonia, [84]
• —— Tower of, [135], [138], [145]
• Antony, [51] f., [55] f.
• Apion, Against, [18] f.
• Aqiba R., [148]
• Aqueduct, [75]
• Arabia, [80], [99]
• Arabians, [55]
• Aramaic original of B. J., [14], [98]
• —— speech in, [136]
• Archelaus, [16], [29], [66] ff., [140] n., [189]
• Arethusa, [46]
• Aristeas, Letter of, [17]
• Aristobulus II, [45] f., [165]
• —— son of Herod, [58], [60]
• —— brother of Herod Agrippa I, [85]
• Artaxerxes = Ahasuerus, [176], [198], [200]
• Artemisium, month of, [143]
• Ascalon, [71]
• Asphaltitis, Asphaltophorus (= Dead Sea), [63]
• Athenian laws, [172]
• Athens, plague of, [26]
• Atomos, [95]
• Atratinus, [53]
• Augustus (Octavius, Cæsar), [51], [53] f., [55] f., [57] f., [60], [68] ff.
• Auranitis, [58], [70], [88] n., [110]
• Autocratoris (= Sepphoris), [74]
• Azizus, [94] f.
• Azotus, [46], [70]
• Babylonians, [99];
  • Babylonian and Roman destruction of Jerusalem confused, [199]
• Bagoas, [169]
• Bannus, [10], [33]
• Baptism, John’s, [80] f.
• Barachiah, Berechiah, [195] ff.
• Baris, Bariscæus, Baruch, [131], [195] ff.
• Batanæa, [58], [70], [94], [102], [110]
• Berendts, A., [189]f.
• Berenice, [95]
• Berytus, [35]
• Betharamphtha, [74]
• Beth-Horon, [111], [116]
• Bethsaida, [74]
• Bezetha, [113]
• Blass, F., [193]
• Books (the) Sacred, [123], [145]
• Borcæus, [112]
• Brigands, [102], [104] f., [150]
• Burial, Jewish care for, [130]
• Burkitt, F. C., [183], [188], [193]
• Cæsar, Julius, [47]
• ——, Sextus, [48], [50]
• Cæsarea (Strato’s Tower), [46], [57] n., [74] f., [88], [90], [104]
• —— Philippi, [74]
• Caligula (= Gaius), [16] f., [19], [27], [82]-7, [90], [186]
• Callirrhoe, [63]
• Calvarius, Sextus, [120]
• Calvinus, [54]
• Candlestick, seven-branched, [45], [147]
• Captain of Temple. See [Temple]
• Carus, [169]
• Cassius, [51] f.
• Catapult, [117], [144] n.
• Caudine Forks, [110]
• Census, periodic in Egypt, [181]
• Cerealius, [38]
• Cestius Gallus, [11], [15], [106] f., [110] ff.
• Chalcis, [94], [102]
• Christians and Christianity, [10], [22] f., [76], [182] ff.
• Chronicles, [195], [198] (as last book in the Heb. Bible)
• Circumcision, [90] f., [95]
• “Civil List” of Vespasian, [13]
• Claudius, Emperor, [76], [88], [90], [102]
• Claudius Felix. See [Felix]
• Cleopatra, [52], [55]f.
• —— wife of Herod the Great, [192]
• Cluvius Rufus, [17], [27]
• Cœle-Syria, [46], [51]
• Collaborateurs of Josephus, [14], [186]
• Coponius, [72].
• Corban, an oath, [29], [179];
  • sacred treasure, [75] n.
• Corrsen, P., [182], [200]
• Costobar, [109], [117]
• Crasis, [187]
• Crete, [39]
• Crucifixion, [38], [68], [102], [130], [185]
• Custodia, libera, [83] n.
• Customs and Causes, projected work, [19]
• Cyprus, [92], [95]
• Dacians, [160]
• Daphne, [52]
• Darius, [110]
• Demetrius of Gadara, [46]
• Demoniacal possession, [41]f.
• Destiny, [61]. Cp. Fate
• Dicæarchia (= Puteoli), [34]
• Didius, Quintus, [56]
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus, [15], [26]
• Dium, [46]
• Dius, month of, [117]
• Domitia, [39]
• Domitian, [39]
• Domitius Sabinus, [120]
• Dora, [46]
• Drusilla, [29], [94]f.
• Drusus, [81]
• Education, the two systems of, [172]
• Egyptian false prophet, [103]f.
• Eleazar, [42], [91]
• —— the brigand, [102]
• —— Captain of the Temple, [107]
• —— a Pharisee, [162]
• —— son of Simon, [118]
• Elijah, [44]
• Elymas, [29], [94]
• Epaphroditus, [15], [17]
• Esdras II, [201]
• Essenes, [33], [148]-60
• Esther, [200]
• Eusebius, [89] n., [96], [183]
• Exorcism, [41] f.
• Ezekias, [48] f.
• Ezekiel, [42]
• Fadus, Cuspius, [93], [192]
• Famine at Jerusalem, [92] f.
• Fasts, Jewish, observed by aliens, [178]
• Fate, [141], [145], [148], [157], [159].
  • Cp. Destiny
• Faustus, [45]
• Feast of Unleavened Bread, [106], [142]
• —— of Passover, [66], [189]
• —— of Pentecost, [68], [143]
• —— of Tabernacles, [111], [143]
• —— commemorating Herod’s death, [64] n.
• Felix, Claudius, [10], [29], [34], [94] f., [102] ff.
• Festus, [29], [105]
• Florus, Gessius, [106] f., [109], [161]
• Flute players as mourners, [129]
• Fortune, [61], [126]
• Free-will, [61], [148], [159]
• Fulvia, [77]
• Future Life, [124], [159], [174].
  • Cp. Immortality
• Gabinius, [47], [53]
• Gadara, [46], [47], [70]
• Gaius. See [Caligula]
• Galilee, [11], [48] f., [70], [102]
• Gallicanus, [122]
• Gamala, [73], [80]
• Gamaliel, [28], [192] f.
• Games: Isthmian, Nemean, Olympic, [174] n.
• Gaulanitis, [102]
• Gaza, [46], [70]
• Gennesaret, Lake of, [74]
• Gerizim, Mount, [77]
• Gibeon, [111], [115]
• Gorpiæus, month of, [146]
• Gospels, primitive error in, [192]
• Grätz, [202]
• Greek philosophy, [171]
• Hades, [125], [156], [158]
• Haggadah, Jewish, [196] ff.
• Harnack, A., [183], [193], [196]
• Hegesippus, [95]
• Helena, [90]ff.
• Herod the Great, [16]f., [28], [48]-65, [66]-71, [104], [167]-9, [190]
• —— Antipas (the Tetrarch), [29], [67], [70], [73] f., [79] ff., [189]
• —— Philip. See [Philip]
• —— husband of Herodias, [79], [191] f.
• —— Agrippa I, [17], [29], [79], [87], [88]-90
• —— Agrippa II, [13]-15, [17], [25], [29], [36] f., [94], [96] f., [102], [109] f., [112]
• Herodias, [29], [79], [81] f., [189], [191] f.
• Hiatus, avoidance of, [188]
• Hippos, [46], [70]
• Historians, ancient, contrasted with contemporary, [101]
• Hyperberetæus, month of, [113]
• Hyrcanus I, [161] ff., [166]
• —— II, [45]-54
• —— son of Josephus, [39]
• Idumæa, [70];
  • Idumæans, [129]ff.
• Images, making of, [74]
• Immortality of Soul, [155]-9
• Innocents, murder of the, [28], [63]
• Inspiration, [176]
• Interpolation, Christian in Josephus, [182] ff.
• Irenæus, [67]
• Islands of the Blessed, [156]
• Ixion, [156]
• Izates, [90] ff.
• Jadaus (Jadon), [44]
• James, the brother of Jesus, [22], [29], [95] f.
• Jamnia, [46], [70]
• Jeconiah, king, [136]
• Jehoiada, [195] ff.
• Jehoshaphat, [43]
• Jeremiah, [42]
• Jericho, [47], [63], [66]
• Jeroboam, [44]
• Jerome, [24], [188], [201]
• Jesus Christ, [22], [76], [182] ff.
• —— son of Ananias, [143] f.
• —— son of Damnæus, high priest, [97], [130] f.
• Jewish Antiquities, [15] ff., [24] f.;
  • Books XVII-XIX, peculiarities of style in, [26], [186];
  • Roman sources of, [186]
• Jewish War, [14] f., [25], [35] ff., [98] ff.;
  • Aramaic original of, [14], [98], [190] f.;
  • Slavonic version of, [183], [189] ff., [192]
• Jews in Rome, [69], [76] f.;
  • in Egypt and Babylon, [175]
• ——, persecution of, [177] f.
• Joazar, high priest, [72]
• John the Baptist, [22], [80] f., [189]
• —— of Gischala, [11], [135] ff.
• Jonathan, high priest, [103]
• —— a Sadducee, [162] f.
• Joppa, [46], [111]
• Joseph, the patriarch, [123] f.
• —— of Arimathæa, [191]
• —— brother-in-law of Herod, [56] f.
• —— son of Gorion, [118]
• —— high priest, [96]
• Josephus, life of, [9] ff.;
  • works, [14] ff.;
  • authorities, [16] f, [25] f.;
  • character, [20] ff.;
  • attitude to Judaism, [22];
  • to Christianity, [22] f., [188] f.;
  • as historian, [24] ff.;
  • importance of, [27] f.;
  • as illustrating N.T., [28] ff.;
  • autobiography of, [33] ff.;
  • style, [186] ff.
• Jotapata, [12], [21], [35], [37], [119] ff., [128] f., [133]
• Jubilees, Book of, [40]
• Judæa, [70] ff., [78], [88], [90], [96], [102]
• Judas the Gaulanite or Galilæan, [72]f., [161]., [192] ff.;
  • sons of, [94], [193] f.
• Julias, [102].
• Justus, historian, [13], [18], [35]
• —— son of Josephus, 390
• Lacedæmonians, [172]
• Law, the Jewish, [61], [74] f., [77], [91], [147], [163], [174], [176] ff.
• ———— weekly reading of, [172] f.
• Lebanon, [88]
• Liberalius, [140]
• Life, the, of Josephus, [17] f.
• Lightfoot, Bishop, [152] n., [154] n. [156] n.
• ———— John, [197] n.
• Lots, drawing of, [125] f.
• Lous, month of, [138]
• Lugdunum (Lyons), [84]
• Luke, St., [30], [66], [85], [88], [180] f., [187], [191] f., [192] ff., [196] f.
• Lydda, [111]
• Lysanias, [84], [88], [94], [102]
• Maccabees, Fourth Book of, [20]
• Machærus, [79] ff.
• Malichus, [51] f.
• Malthace, [68]
• “Man of Sin,” [85]
• Marcellus, [78]
• Mariamne, [56] f.
• —— II, [192]
• Marisa, [46]
• Marsyas, [82]
• Masada, [107]
• Matthias, brother of Josephus, [33]
• —— father of Josephus, [98]
• Melito, [201]
• Menahem, the Essene, [167] f.
• Messala, [52] f.
• Messiah, reticence of Josephus on, [23]
• Micaiah, [42] ff.
• Midrash on Lamentations, [198]
• Military Service, refusal of, [77]
• Miracles wrought by a word, [190] f.
• Months, Artemisium, [143];
  • Dius, [117];
  • Gorpiæus, [146];
  • Lous, [138];
  • Panemus, [121], [135];
  • Xanthicus, [142]
• Moore, G. F., [197] ff.
• Moses, [40] f., [77], [153], [170] ff.
  • Cp. Law
• Mucianus, [133]
• Murcus, [51]
• Naber, S. A., [31]
• Nebuzaradan, [197]
• Nero, [34], [99], [102], [104], [127]
• New City, [113]
• Nicanor, [122] f., [126]
• Nicola(u)s of Damascus, [16] f., [66] n., [67] f.
• Niese, B., [30] f.
• Norden, E., [182]-9, [200]
• Olivet, Mount, [103], [190]
• Omblaiah (Imlah), [43]
• Omens, [119], [133], [141] ff.
• Oracles, [137], [145], [190], [199]
• Origen, [183] f., [201]
• Owl, bird of ill omen, [89]
• Pallas, [94], [102]
• Paneas, [58], [74]
• Panemus, month of, [121], [135]
• Parable of Nobleman, [29], [66]
• Parthians, [19], [53] f., [99]
• Passover. See [Feast]
• Patrician class, [82]
• Paul, St., [9] f., [20]-2, [29], [34], [85], [90], [135] n.;
  • Pauline Epistles quoted, [153] n., [168] n., [172] n.
• Paulinus, [122]
• Pax, Temple of, [14]
• Pella, [46]
• Pentecost. See [Feast]
• Peræa, [70], [102]
• Periphrasis, [186] f.
• Petronius, [28], [84] ff.
• Pharaoh, [40] f.
• Pharisees, [33] f., [108], [148], [157]-9, [161]-9
• Phasael, [48], [52]
• Phasælis, [70]
• Pheroras, [71], [169]
• Philip the Tetrarch, [66], [69] f., [73] f., [80] f., [90], [189], [191] f.
• —— son of Jacimus, [110], [117]
• Philippi, [52]
• Philo, [190];
  • De Vita Contemplativa, [202]
• Phœbus, [112]
• Pilate, [28], [74]-8, [185], [190] (bribery of), [191] (Epistle of Tiberius to P. and Acts of P.)
• Piso, [83]
• Placidus, [120]
• Plato, [171]
• Pollio, Gaius Asinius, [54]
• —— a Pharisee, [167]
• Pompey, [44]-7, [175]
• Poppæa, [10], [34]
• Portents, [141] ff., [199]
• Procurators, last of the, [102] ff.
• Prophecy, [127] f. (of Josephus);
  • [156] (of Essenes);
  • [167] f. (of Menahem)
• Pro-Romans, [118]
• Ptolemais, [85], [110]
• Ptolemy, [66] f.
• Ptolla, [66]
• Pythagoras, [171]
• Quirinius, [72] f., [94], [180] f.
• Ragaba, [164]
• Rainfall, providential, [86]
• Ramsay, Sir W. M., [180]
• Rhodes, [55]
• Roman citizenship, [38], [47]
• Ryle, Dr., [202] f.
• Sabbath, [111], [154], [178]
• Sabinus, [67] f.
• Sacrifices for Emperor abrogated, [107] ff.;
  • daily, abandoned, [135]
• Sadducees, [33], [96], [148], [157]-9, [161]-63
• Salome, sister of Herod, [57], [63] f., [66], [70], [169]
• —— daughter of Herodias, [81], [192]
• Samaria, city of (Sebaste), [46], [58], [60], [70]
• —— district of, [70] f., [88], [90], [102]
• Samaritans, [77] f.
• Sameas, [50] f., [167]
• Sanhedrin, [48] ff., [95] ff.
• Sardinia, [77]
• Saturninus, [77]
• Saul, relative of Herod Agrippa II, [109], [117]
• Sayings of Jesus, [196]
• Scaurus, [46]
• Schmiedel, P. W., [193]
• Schürer, E., [180], [193]
• Scopus, Mount, [112], [115]
• Scriptures, the Jewish, [174] ff.;
  • the number of books, [176], [200] ff.
  • Cp. Books, the Sacred
• Scythopolis, [46]
• Sebaste. See [Samaria]
• Sects, Jewish, [148] ff.
• Selucid Dynasty, [19]
• Sepphoris, [47], [74]
• Sergius Paulus, [29], [94]
• Shewbread, table of, [45], [147]
• Sicarii, [102] f.
• Simon, son of Ananias, [109]
• —— son of Gioras, [111]
• —— the Essene, [189]
• —— the high priest, [79], [81]
• Simonides Agrippa, son of Josephus, [39]
• Socrates, [171] n.
• Sohemus, [110]
• Solomon, [41] f.;
  • Solomonian books, [152] n.
• Sossius, [51]
• Speeches in B.J., [100]
• Stanton, V. H., [193]
• Stoics, [34], [171]
• Strabo, [17]
• Strato’s Tower (= Cæsarea), [46], [70], [88]
• Suetonius, [76], [200]
• Suicide, [121], [124] f.
• Sulpicius Severus, [25]
• Tabernacle, symbol of universe, [131] n.
• Tacitus, [27], [143] n., [199] f.
• Tantalus, [156]
• Tarichæa, [102]
• Targum on Lamentations, [198]
• Taxation, exemption from, [39], [47]
• Tekoa, [38]
• Temple [38], [45], [47], [49], [68], [77], [85], [92], [95], [110], [113] f., [118], [132] f., [135]-45, [196] ff.;
  • Babylonian destruction of, [138], [141];
  • captain of, [107] f., [142];
  • gate of, [142];
  • gifts from foreigners to, [107] f.;
  • Holy Place(s) of, [45], [140] f.;
  • inscription in, [190];
  • veil of, [190]
• Testudo, [114] n.
• Theocracy, [170]
• Theology, Jewish, [170] ff.
• Theophrastus, [179]
• Therapeutæ, sacred books of the, [202]
• Thermuthis, [40] f.
• Theudas, [93], [103] n., [192] ff.
• Thucydides, imitation of, [24], [26] f., [32], [73] n., [86] n., [186]
• Tiberias, [85], [102]
• Tiberius, [29], [76] f., [80], [82]
• —— Alexander. See [Alexander]
• Timber Market, [113]
• Tirathana, [77] f.
• Titus, [13] ff., [25], [36] ff., [100], [120], [126] ff., [133], [135], [138] ff., [146]
• —— Arch of, [147]
• Tityus, [156]
• Torrey, C. C., [193] f.
• Towers of Jerusalem, [146] f.
• Trachonitis, [58], [70], [88] n., [94], [102], [110]
• Traill, Dr. R., [20] n., [23], [24], [31]
• Tyrannius Priscus, [113]
• Tyrians, Laws of the, [179]
• Ulatha, [58]
• Uriah, [198]
• Varus, Quintilius, Governor of Syria, [68] f., [175], [181]
• —— tetrarchy of, [102]
• Vespasian, [12]-15, [25], [36]-9, [42], [119]-28, [133] f., [145], [190]
• Vestments, high priest’s, [78] n., [131]
• Vienne, [71]
• Virgil, [122] n., [128] n., [199] n.
• Virtues, four cardinal, [171] n.
• Vitellius, Governor of Syria, [78], [80], [85]
• Wellhausen, J., [194] ff.
• Whiston, W., [31]
• Wisdom book, apocryphal, [196]
• Xanthicus, month of, [142]
• Xerxes, [176]
• Zacharias, son of Baris(cæus), [29] f., [131] f., [194] ff.
• Zacharias or Zechariah (various), [194] ff.
• Zadok, [73]
• Zealots, sect of, [73], [118] f., [131] f., [161]
• Zedekiah, king, [42]
• —— false prophet, [44]
• Zenodorus, [58], [70]

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Footnotes

[1]. Dated variously as A.D. 30 (Harnack), 33 (Ramsay), 34 (Lightfoot), and 35-6 (C. H. Turner, Hastings’ D.B., art. “Chronology”).

[2]. §§ ([1]) and ([2]).

[3]. § ([54]).

[4]. Close of the Acts A.D. 59 (Harnack), 61 (Turner), 62 (Ramsay), 63 (Lightfoot).

[5]. Dict. Christ. Biog.

[6]. § ([41]).

[7]. § ([43]).

[8]. § ([46]).

[9]. See e.g. § ([48]).

[10]. Hastings’ D.B., Ext. 462 b.

[11]. § ([52]).

[12]. § ([4]).

[13]. “Primus e fisco Latinis Græcisque rhetoribus annua centena constituit,” Suet. Vesp. 18.

[14]. § ([3]).

[15]. Three of his wives are mentioned in § ([4]).

[16]. § ([38]).

[17]. § ([3]), Agrippa writes, “Send me the remaining volumes.”

[18]. § ([3]).

[19]. § ([3]).

[20]. Hastings’ D.B., Ext. 466 b.

[21]. § ([61]).

[22]. I have in this section made considerable use of the essay, “On the Personal Character and Credibility of Josephus,” prefixed to Dr. Traill’s translation of the Jewish War—a very judicious estimate.

[23]. § ([2]).

[24]. § ([43]).

[25]. Op. cit. p. 6.

[26]. § ([26]) with [Appendix, Note II].

[27]. § ([37]).

[28]. § ([29]).

[29]. Phil. iv. 22.

[30]. Acts xxvi. 26.

[31]. Traill, op. cit., p. 19.

[32]. Gen. iii. 15.

[33]. § ([50]).

[34]. See, e. g., the historian’s reading of Herod’s character, § ([19]).

[35]. § ([3]).

[36]. § ([49]).

[37]. Cf. § ([38]), first paragraph.

[38]. οἱ ἀρετῆς τι μεταποιούμενοι, II. 51 (Jowett’s translation).

[39]. e. g. in §§ ([31]) p. [86], and ([55]) p. [160], “professedly virtuous persons”; cf. also § ([21]) p. [65].

[40]. See Drüner, Untersuchungen über Josephus (Marburg, 1896), pp. 1-34.

[41]. e.g. Edersheim.

[42]. §§ ([25]), ([28]).

[43]. § ([39]).

[44]. § ([31]).

[45]. § ([21]).

[46]. § ([24]).

[47]. §§ ([24]), ([35]).

[48]. § ([22]).

[49]. § ([29]).

[50]. § ([33]).

[51]. § ([34]).

[52]. § ([27]).

[53]. § ([39]).

[54]. § ([36]).

[55]. § ([37]).

[56]. § ([65]).

[57]. §§ ([53]) ff.

[58]. § ([58]).

[59]. § ([6]).

[60]. § ([45]), with [Appendix, Note V].

[61]. Quoted by Edersheim, Dict. Christ. Biog. III. 442 a, note.

[62]. See [Appendix, Note IV].

[63]. E.g. §§ ([19]) and ([20]).

[64]. Lit. “we.” For the various descriptions of the Jewish sects see §§ ([53])-(55).

[65]. Nero.

[66]. Lit. “countries.”

[67]. Beirut.

[68]. Herod Agrippa II.

[69]. The word is that rendered in St. Luke’s preface (i. 3) “traced the course of (all things).”

[70]. Or “has left in writing.”

[71]. The king’s alleged “culture” here fails him; the Greek is vulgar and obscure. For ἡμᾶς ὅλους, “us all,” perhaps we should read ἡμᾶς ὅλως, “us completely.”

[72]. Or “not generally known.”

[73]. Or “the sacred books.”

[74]. Meaning uncertain; Traill, “paying that compliment to.”

[75]. Text emended.

[76]. Perhaps a gloss (omit Latin VS.).

[77]. Lit. “persons bound in”; cf. Luke xiii. 16.

[78]. The same word as in Luke xiii. 12 (“art loosed”).

[79]. Text doubtful.

[80]. Lit. “foot-bath.”

[81]. i. e. Ben-hadad, in the LXX “the son of (H)ader.”

[82]. Ramoth-gilead.

[83]. Imlah.

[84]. 1 Kings xxi. 19.

[85]. 1 Kings xiii. 4. The name Jadaus (or, as the Latin has, Jadon) is unscriptural.

[86]. Or “lampstand.”

[87]. Another reading has “silver vessels.”

[88]. Or “prætor.”

[89]. By the Jews (B. J. parallel passage).

[90]. The Herodian family (Idumæans).

[91]. Text (as read by Niese) doubtful.

[92]. Or “sessions,” “conventions” (σύνοδοι). “He appointed five councils (or ‘assemblies’, συνέδρια) and distributed the nation into as many portions.”—Ant. (parallel passage).

[93]. In Egypt, where Antipater had rendered him yeoman service.

[94]. Or “procurator” (ἐπίτροπος).

[95]. Lit. “fatherland.”

[96]. So the MSS; probably we should read “twenty-five.” See Schürer, Jewish People, I. 1. 383, n. 29.

[97]. Lit. “tyranny.”

[98]. See § ([11]).

[99]. Apparently Hyrcanus, though Sextus might be the subject.

[100]. The governor of Syria.

[101]. Octavius, the future Emperor Augustus.

[102]. Cf. B. J. I. 226: “It was his son’s power and expectations which brought about Antipater’s end. For Malichus was afraid of these,” etc.

[103]. Cf. § ([14]).

[104]. Octavius.

[105]. Octavius.

[106]. Herod was engaged in fighting the Arabians at the time of the battle of Actium.

[107]. Reading ἀχώριστον with Havercamp; MSS εὐχάριστον, “grateful” (? = “willingly”).

[108]. Lit. “many ten thousands of corn.”

[109]. Conjectural emendation (Hudson), cf. Dio Cassius, 51. 7, and the parallel passage, Ant. XV. 195.

[110]. Mariamne (Μαριάμμη).

[111]. Lit. “for us.”

[112]. The building of Cæsarea and its harbour, etc.

[113]. Herod’s new name for Samaria.

[114]. Augustus.

[115]. Lit. “Trachon.” The three districts correspond approximately to Bashan of the O.T.

[116]. Ulatha and Paneas N. and N.E. of the Waters of Merom.

[117]. Text (Niese) uncertain. Most MSS “him”; lit. “mixed him with (? = ‘put him on a level with’) the governors of Syria.”

[118]. Most MSS read: “even those who were less (or least) honoured (by him).”

[119]. Lit. “moderation.”

[120]. The Greek is difficult and the sense a little obscure. The phrase, κακῶν ποριστὴν (lit. “provider of evils,” “purveyor of misfortunes to his victims”), seems to be a reminiscence of Thuc. VIII. 48.

[121]. The rebuilt city of Samaria.

[122]. A fortress in Judæa.

[123]. An elder Alexander.

[124]. Text doubtful.

[125]. Reading, with Niese, παραλειπτέον, “thought that none should be left (alive).” MSS παραληπτέον, which Whiston renders “would take no one into partnership with him.”

[126]. Or perhaps “is superior to all wise calculation.”

[127]. Adopting the conjecture ὡς νομίζω for ὡς μείζω. The text and meaning of this difficult passage are uncertain.

[128]. The doctrine of Free-will.

[129]. Or perhaps “... to the other, (under which) we do not deprive ourselves.”

[130]. Or “of the actions which he took to protect his life.”

[131]. The Romana potestas.

[132]. With special reference to Antipater, Herod’s heir and afterwards his victim.

[133]. Asphaltophoros (elsewhere Asphaltitis), i.e. the Dead Sea.

[134]. Gr. “drachmae.” The drachma was nearly the equivalent of the Lat. denarius, in value a little less than the modern “franc.”

[135]. Or “in all his actions.”

[136]. In the parallel passage (B.J. I. 660), “I know that the Jews will observe my death as a feast-day.” It has been thought that a festival on the second of the month Shebat, of which the occasion is unrecorded, may have commemorated Herod’s death.

[137]. Lit. “give your vote.”

[138]. Or, perhaps, “Their lack of discipline, although they were bold enough (counselled prudence).”

[139]. Nicolas of Damascus, minister and historian of Herod the Great.

[140]. Var. lect. “and many (others)” (πολλοὺς); in B.J. Poplas.

[141]. Augustus.

[142]. Augustus.

[143]. Reading ῥοπὴν (conj. Niese). With MS reading τροπὴν, “had been strongly moved” by Nicolaus’s arguments.

[144]. Augustus.

[145]. “Two tetrarchies,” B.J. (parallel pass.).

[146]. Gr. “Trachon.”

[147]. Gr. “house.”

[148]. Cæsarea.

[149]. Samaria.

[150]. The unit is omitted in the Gr.

[151]. The unit is omitted in the Gr.

[152]. Augustus.

[153]. Or perhaps “the district of A. was annexed and made tributary.”

[154]. Gr. “house.”

[155]. The so-called decursus honorum.

[156]. Augustus.

[157]. On the east of the Sea of Galilee. In B.J. (parallel pass.) he is called “a Galilæan” as in Acts v. 37.

[158]. Modelled on Thuc. I. 122, “defeat means nothing but downright slavery” (Jowett; speech of the Corinthians urging Sparta to take up arms against Athens).

[159]. So Niese (ἐπιβολὴ); MSS “plot” (ἐπιβουλὴ).

[160]. i. e. Augustus.

[161]. i.e. “Imperial” (city).

[162]. Julia.

[163]. Cæsarea Philippi (Matt. xvi. 13; Mark viii. 27).

[164]. Or, perhaps, “because of its large population.”

[165]. ἡγεμὼν: more exactly “procurator,” as in B.J. parallel pass. (ἐπίτροπος).

[166]. Ex. xx. 4; Deut. iv. 16, etc.

[167]. Or “their request was.”

[168]. Conj. Niese; MSS “which concealed the soldiers.”

[169]. Gr. “wisdom.”

[170]. “the sacred treasure called corban” (or “corbon”), B.J.

[171]. Gr. στάδια. B.J. has “400 (v.l. 300) furlongs.”

[172]. Gr. “myriads.”

[173]. With the MS reading οἱ δ᾽; with Niese’s conjecture οὐδ᾽ we should translate, in the previous sentence, “indiscriminately and relentlessly,” and omit the bracketed words.

[174]. On the authenticity of this passage see Appendix, [Note II].

[175]. Or “the Messiah.”

[176]. Or “tribe” (φῦλον).

[177]. Gr. “wisdom.”

[178]. Text a little uncertain.

[179]. See Appendix, [Note III].

[180]. Or “(Arabia) Petræa.”

[181]. Herod Agrippa I.

[182]. Slight emendation (τότε) of the MS reading τῷ τε (“and to him who was subject...”).

[183]. Or “governor.”

[184]. Possibly a lacuna in the text.

[185]. Or “righteousness.”

[186]. Gr. βάπτισις; in the previous clause βαπτισμός.

[187]. Text uncertain; MSS “the rest.”

[188]. Or, possibly, “suspected the use of a strange language,” viz. Hebrew.

[189]. Cf. Acts. xxiv. 23, where the same word ἄνεσις (R.V. “indulgence”) occurs; Moulton-Milligan (Vocab. of Gr. Test.) suggest “a kind of libera custodia.”

[190]. The grandmother of Gaius and wife of Drusus, the brother of Tiberius.

[191]. Philip had recently died.

[192]. Lyons.

[193]. Lit. “with bad hope.”

[194]. The text is uncertain in this and the next sentence. Probably some words have fallen out.

[195]. The phrase, “those with pretensions to virtue,” is borrowed from Thuc. II. 51. I adopt Jowett’s rendering.

[196]. So the Epitome and Latin VS. (παρουσίαν); the Gr. MSS have “frankness” (παρρησίαν).

[197]. Text doubtful.

[198]. B.J. (parallel passage) adds “Trachonitis and Auranitis.”

[199]. Killed c. 34 B.C.; Lysanias of Abilene (Luke iii. 1.) was probably a descendant.

[200]. Lat. VS. omits.

[201]. With a slight emendation of the text of the MSS (ἐπιστησάμενος for ἐπιστάμενος).

[202]. The reference is to an incident in the earlier life of Agrippa, when a prisoner at Rome under Tiberius. A fellow-prisoner, a German, seeing an owl sitting on a tree against which Agrippa was leaning, had foretold his rise to power, adding a warning: “Remember when you see this bird again, you will have but five days to live” (Ant. XVIII. 6. 7). Eusebius, in citing the present passage (H.E. II. 10), omits the words “the owl” and “on a rope,” writing “saw an angel sitting above his head,” no doubt under the influence of Acts xii. 23 (ἄγγελος Κυρίου).

[203]. Reading προσίθυσεν.

[204]. Many MSS have “looking up” (ἀναθεωρῶν for ἀναθορὼν).

[205]. Lit. “our.”

[206]. Lit. “on.”

[207]. Antipas.

[208]. His Jewish mentor.

[209]. Text doubtful.

[210]. Perhaps “was determined to follow ... in their entirety.”

[211]. Lit. “the divinity.”

[212]. Lit. “lack of expenses.”

[213]. Like an Elijah redivivus.

[214]. “The office of alabarch, probably chief collector of customs on the Arabian side of the Nile, was repeatedly held by wealthy Jews” (Schürer, J.P.T.C. II. 2. 280). Alexander was the brother of Philo the philosopher.

[215]. See § ([34]).

[216]. Another reading, “were put to death.”

[217]. See § ([24]).

[218]. A freedman and favourite of the Emperor Claudius and a man of great influence.

[219]. Cf. § ([32]) and Luke iii. 1, “Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene.”

[220]. A petty kingdom in the Lebanon district.

[221]. i.e. Claudius.

[222]. In northern Syria (mod. Homs).

[223]. Some MSS read “Simon.”

[224]. We can hardly miss the Roman’s jest on his name: “make a Felix of her.”

[225]. Lit. “faring ill”; Whiston’s rendering, “acted wickedly,” is scarcely possible.

[226]. A line of corrupt and unintelligible text follows in Niese’s MSS. The older editions read “for she was constantly being ill-treated by her because of her beauty.”

[227]. Nero.

[228]. Lit. “we.”

[229]. Many MSS add “by birth a Hebrew.”

[230]. Aramaic. The Greek, which bears no marks of translation, must, in all probability, have been practically a new work.

[231]. Lit. “the upper barbarians.”

[232]. In the upper Tigris region.

[233]. Such, or “giving the rein to personal feeling in the speeches (λόγοι),” I take to be the meaning. Traill, “introducing into the detail reflections on the events”; Whiston, “only I shall suit my language to my feelings as to the affairs I describe.”

[234]. The negative is omitted by most MSS.

[235]. Lit. “us.”

[236]. Cf. with this whole paragraph § ([36]).

[237]. MSS “tetrarchy.”

[238]. Lit. “with the toparchies.”

[239]. “Assassins,” from Lat. sica, “a dagger.”

[240]. Lit. “heavy-armed infantry” (hoplites).

[241]. Cf. the similar fate of Theudas, § ([35]).

[242]. Lit. “heavy-armed infantry” (hoplites).

[243]. St. Paul was probably a prisoner there at this time.

[244]. Or “in disgraceful things.”

[245]. Lit. “unbelief.” Traill, “In smothering (Whiston, ‘disguising’) the truth none was more successful.”

[246]. Lit. “all the toparchies”; some MSS read “all the cities.”

[247]. On the west coast of the Dead Sea.

[248]. i. e. “captain of the Temple”; cf. Acts iv. 1, etc.

[249]. Other MSS, omitting “and” (καὶ, which would easily drop out before Καίσαρος), read “the sacrifice of Cæsar on behalf of that nation.”

[250]. Or, possibly, “were making an innovation in the worship of foreigners.”

[251]. The text of this clause is doubtful. I read προσῇσαν, “chimed in” (with Naber; MSS προσίεσαν or προσήεσαν) and λειτουργοὶ (other MSS ληστρικοὶ, “the brigands”).

[252]. Or (reading τὸ before δεινὸν) “the dire news was a godsend.”

[253]. Governor of Syria.

[254]. Gr. “Gabao.”

[255]. Gr. “stades.”

[256]. Falling within the week of the Feast of Tabernacles.

[257]. Some MSS insert a negative, “the part of the line which had not yet given way.”

[258]. Or “Borcius.”

[259]. Gr. “stades.”

[260]. Perhaps “up to.”

[261]. At the N.E. corner of the city. Other MSS “Bethesda” Niese, “Betheza,” as elsewhere in Josephus.

[262]. Testudo.

[263]. Or “shattered (lit. ‘condemned’) their hopes (of success).”

[264]. Gr. “chiliarch.”

[265]. Gr. “Gabao.”

[266]. Or “taken prisoners.”

[267]. Beth-Horon the Lower at the foot of the pass.

[268]. Another reading, “upon the fortresses, with orders to go up and erect the standards.”

[269]. Another reading, “380.”

[270]. Cf. § ([50]).

[271]. See § ([45]).

[272]. Or possibly “could no longer endure the strain, even under compulsion.”

[273]. Gr. “chiliarch(s).”

[274]. MSS “of the fifth and tenth legion” (sic).

[275]. Another reading, “the secret recesses of the city.”

[276]. Gr. “chiliarch(s).”

[277]. Lit. “right hands.”

[278]. Cf. “Romane, memento.... Parcere subjectis.”—Virg. Æn. VI, 851 ff.

[279]. Gr. “polemarch.”

[280]. Did he claim kinship with his namesake Joseph?

[281]. Or, perhaps, “began, in his straits, to reason ... philosophically.”

[282]. The doctrine of metempsychosis.

[283]. Or “a darker region.”

[284]. Gr. “Hades.”

[285]. Text (“those who did violence to their fathers”) corrupt. I read τὰς τῶν πατέρων ὕβρεις.

[286]. Traill, “be thrown on his own resolution” (lit. “lie on his own right hand”).

[287]. Or “to be made in good faith.”

[288]. Another reading, “through his own virtuous disposition” (ἐξ ἀρετῆς for ἐξαιρέτως).

[289]. Text and meaning doubtful. The reference is apparently to the short reigns of Galba, Otho and Vitellius; but, as Niese suggests, we expect a sentence to precede, predicting the impending death of Nero.

[290]. In the underworld apparently.

[291]. Another reading, “had already raised him to power.”

[292]. Cf. Virg. Æn. IV, 173 ff.

[293]. Cf. Matt. ix. 23.

[294]. Cf. Deut. xxi. 22 f.; John xix. 31.

[295]. Lit. “cosmical,” meaning either “open to the whole world” or perhaps “emblematic of the mundane system” (Traill); cf. Jos. Ant. III. 6. 4 (123); 7. 7 (the Tabernacle a symbol of the universe), with Westcott’s note on Heb. ix 1.

[296]. According to other MSS “Bariscæus” or “Baruch.”

[297]. The Gr. word (ἀπόλυσις) means both “acquittal” and “death.”

[298]. Lit. “civic rights.”

[299]. Another reading, “as mere barbarians.”

[300]. The tower or “castle” adjoining the Temple from the stairs of which St. Paul delivered the speech recorded in Acts xxii.

[301]. The daily, morning and evening, sacrifice (ἐνδελεχισμός: Heb. Tamid); cf. Numb. xxviii. 6.

[302]. John of Gischala.

[303]. Many MSS insert “standing” (“standing where he might be heard,” etc.).

[304]. i.e. Aramaic. Cf. Acts xxi. 40; xxii. 2.

[305]. Lit. “tasting.”

[306]. The Gr. word strictly means “offerings to the dead.”

[307]. John of Gischala.

[308]. Amplification of 2 K. xxiv. 12; cf. Ant. x. 7. 1 (100).

[309]. Or “to the people whose own the Temple was.”

[310]. Or “into.”

[311]. Text uncertain.

[312]. Or “a small golden door.”

[313]. Possibly there is an allusion to the burning of the porticoes in the riots at the time of the accession of Archelaus, when many Jews perished in the flames (Ant. XVII. 10. 2).

[314]. Text doubtful.

[315]. i. e. the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies.

[316]. Cf. [Appendix, Note VI].

[317]. The “tyrants” had encouraged optimistic false prophets in order to prevent desertion to the Romans.

[318]. March-April.

[319]. Eusebius (H.E. III. 8) reads “by the High Priest.”

[320]. Cf. Acts iv. 1; v. 24.

[321]. Or “among themselves.”

[322]. April-May.

[323]. So all the Gr. MSS (cf. Tac. Hist. v. 13, maior humanâ vox excedere deos). The Lat. version, with two other authorities, reads, “Let us depart hence.”

[324]. The Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkoth).

[325]. πετροβόλος, the Lat. ballista, a kind of large catapult.

[326]. Some MSS read “unusually” (ἀήθως for ἀληθῶς).

[327]. The table of shew-bread.

[328]. Or “candlestick.”

[329]. Or “solemnity” or “sanctity.”

[330]. Or “of the affairs of the community.”

[331]. Text doubtful.

[332]. Lit. “with fear.”

[333]. Lit. “towards the deity.”

[334]. Most MSS “his breakfast.”

[335]. Other MSS “sustenance.”

[336]. Or “when they ask an alms.”

[337]. Or “display”; lit. “just stewards” or “dispensers.”

[338]. Or “leaders in.”

[339]. MSS “the person who.”

[340]. Or “roots that act as charms.”

[341]. i. e. probably, charms or amulets.

[342]. On this paragraph see Lightfoot, Colossians, 8 p. 89 f. note. Lightfoot, connecting the passage with Ant. VIII. 2. 5, § ([6]) above, regards the “writings” as Solomonian books and the Essenes as primarily dealers in charms, rather than physicians.

[343]. The inconsistency of this with the attitude of the sect towards swearing as recorded in a previous paragraph is remarkable.

[344]. Lit. “the Divinity.”

[345]. Cf. Rom. xiii. 1.

[346]. Or “detected in.”

[347]. Usual meaning “a hoe”; Lightfoot tr. “spade.”

[348]. See p. [152] above.

[349]. i. e. the sun-god, to whom they pray (see above and cf. Lightfoot, Col., p. 85 note 2).

[350]. As Lightfoot (Col. 363, note) points out, the passage must be read in connexion with the account of the admission to the order (above). A comparison shows that the two year period there mentioned comprises “the period spent in the second and third grades, each extending over a year. After passing through these three stages in three successive years, he enters upon the fourth and highest grade, thus becoming a perfect member.”

[351]. Or, perhaps, “the simplicity of their mode of life and their regular habits.”

[352]. φυσικός here apparently used of the occult laws of nature (v. Liddell-Scott Lex.).

[353]. Lit. “the Sisyphuses,” etc.

[354]. Or “superior,” “special.”

[355]. For these Essene fortune-tellers, see Lightfoot, Col. 89, note 1 (“We may conjecture that with the Essenes this acquisition was connected with magic or astrology. At all events it is not treated as a direct inspiration”), and the instance of Menahem, § ([59]), below.

[356]. Meaning a little uncertain.

[357]. i. e. “co-operates.”

[358]. Gr. “Hades.”

[359]. Gr. “we.”

[360]. § ([54]).

[361]. ὁ λόγος. Whiston, “follow the guidance of reason”; but ὁ λ. must, it seems, have the same meaning as in the corresponding opening sentences in the paragraphs on Sadducees and Essenes, (?) “doctrine” or “tenets.”

[362]. Text doubtful.

[363]. Another reading (κρᾶσιν for κρίσιν), “that there should be a blend between....”

[364]. Cf. § ([43]), p. [124].

[365]. Or “vows.”

[366]. Lit. “revenue.”

[367]. Lit. “the common precincts.” Whiston, “the common court of the Temple.”

[368]. πολισταῖς (i.e. “Founders” or “Colonisers”), Scaliger’s emendation of the MS reading πλείστοις; cf. the allusion in Strabo 296 to a Thracian tribe who live without wives and are called Founders (κτίσται).

[369]. Cf. § ([24]).

[370]. Perhaps, with a slight transposition of letters, “invincible” (Bekker).

[371]. Cf. § ([39]).

[372]. Cf. § ([63]), p. [175].

[373]. Another reading “John.”

[374]. Or, according to another reading, “to be convinced.”

[375]. See § ([54]).

[376]. Ragaba.

[377]. Conj. Niese; MSS “send for their soldiers.”

[378]. Another reading, “fifty years save one.”

[379]. Cf. § ([56]).

[380]. Reading αὐτῆς; lit. “grew up beside into her power” (like suckers round a tree). With the reading αὐτῇ, “Beside A. there rose to power....”

[381]. By taking the oath of allegiance to him.

[382]. Jos. uses this form and “Essenes” interchangeably.

[383]. Cf. § ([54]).

[384]. Gr. “Manæmus” (throughout).

[385]. Text doubtful. Perhaps “will begin happily.”

[386]. Lit. “laid claim to the laws.” But the text is doubtful. Others read, “... observance of the laws of their fathers, and pretended that the Deity took delight in them (the Pharisees).”

[387]. Cf. Rom. ii. 18 (“knowest the will”).

[388]. That is, apparently, the women of Herod’s family. The word denotes the harem of a prince.

[389]. Text and meaning doubtful.

[390]. Herod’s brother.

[391]. Herod’s sister.

[392]. Or “had associated themselves with.”

[393]. Gr. “Pharisee’s.”

[394]. These words occur only in Eusebius’s citation (Præp. Ev. VIII. 8), not in the MSS of Josephus.

[395]. Or, according to another reading, “unbegotten.”

[396]. Lit. “to time everlasting.”

[397]. Or “essence.”

[398]. Lit. “the truth of the doctrine.”

[399]. The four cardinal virtues of the Platonic School, except that Harmony (συμφωνία) here replaces the usual Wisdom (φρόνησις).

[400]. The Greek word is that used in Socrates’ famous saying, “The life which is unexamined is not worth living” (Plato, Apology 38A).

[401]. Lit. “dumb.”

[402]. Or “diet.”

[403]. Lit. “and concerning strenuous application to labours and contrariwise rest.”

[404]. Cf. Gal. iii. 24, “the law hath been our tutor.”

[405]. Or “appointed.”

[406]. For the Rabbinical tradition that Moses introduced the custom of the public reading of the Law on Festivals and Sabbaths, see an art. by Dr. Büchler in the Jewish Quart. Review, V. 420 (1893).

[407]. As in the Olympic games.

[408]. As in the Isthmian and Nemean games.

[409]. Text doubtful.

[410]. ἐκ περιτροπῆς should, perhaps, be read in the light of the kindred passage, B.J. III. 374 (§ ([43]), p. [124] above), ἐκ περιτροπῆς αἰώνων. Or translate simply “in exchange,” “in turn.”

[411]. Cf. § ([54]), p. [155] above.

[412]. i. e. Egyptians, Babylonians, Chaldæans and Phœnicians, as opposed to the Greeks, who neglected to keep records of antiquity

[413]. Reading ἀρχείων. MSS “from the ancients” (ἀρχαίων).

[414]. Or “college of priests.”

[415]. Or, perhaps, “from the archives” (ἀρχείων).

[416]. Unlike the Greeks.

[417]. Lit. “tens of thousands.”

[418]. Eusebius reads, “which are justly believed to be divine.”

[419]. See on this and the following paragraph [Appendix, Note VII].

[420]. The earlier editions insert ἀρχῆς (“till the reign of ...”), not found in Niese’s MS. Perhaps we should read simply “until Artaxerxes” (μέχρις for μέχρι τῆς).

[421]. In Jos. Artaxerxes = Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther (Ant. XI. 6. 1 (184)); Xerxes = Artaxerxes of Ezra-Nehemiah.

[422]. Gr. (as quoted by Eusebius) “approach.” The MSS of Jos. read “we have trusted.”

[423]. Or “doctrines.”

[424]. Or “the surest of all tests” (lit. “assayers”).

[425]. The text of this sentence is uncertain. I adopt Niese’s conjecture.

[426]. Perhaps we should read “their writings” (Niese).

[427]. Or “friendly communion.”

[428]. Niese reads “nor a single barbarian race.”

[429]. Reading πάντως (with Niese).

[430]. Elsewhere (Ant. IV. 4. 4 [73]) Jos., like Mark, renders simply, and correctly, “a gift.”

[431]. Tradition also connects Z. ben Jeberechiah (Isa. viii. 2) and Zacharias, father of John the Baptist, with the N.T. passage.

[432]. Translated from T.J., Taanith iv. 5, by G. F. Moore in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xxvi. (1906), pp. 317 ff.; cf. Lightfoot Horæ Hebraiacæ on Matt. l. c.

[433]. After Virg. Æn. VIII. 528 f.

[434]. Fürst (Kanon des A.T.), p. 4.

• Transcriber’s Notes:
  • The author’s archaic punctuation, spellings, and capitalization have been retained.
  • Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book.
  • Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of reference.