Plants and their children

by Frances Theodora Parsons

INDEX

(For the convenience of teachers and other older readers, technical terms avoided in the body of the book are given in the index.)

• A
• Above-ground roots, [106-111].
• Acorn, seed of oak, [68].
• seed leaves of, [87].
• a fruit, [95].
• Adder’s tongue, yellow, [203], [216], [219].
• Air, composition of, [151].
• Air roots, [107].
• Alder, black, [49].
• Alder, speckled, [173].
• Alder, swamp, [173].
• Alder tassels, [207-209].
• Almond seed, a food, [91].
• Amphibious knotweed, [119], [123].
• Anemone, [203], [209], [216], [219].
• Animals and plants, difference between, [154], [155].
• Anthers, see “dust boxes.”
• Apple, study of, [11-19].
• seed of, [20], [24], [27], [29], [93].
• signs of ripeness of, [28], [29].
• Apple blossom, parts of, [14], [15], [32].
• buds of, [129].
• Ash, seed of, [62].
• Aster puffball, [59].
• Asters, [251], [252], [254].
• B
• Baneberry, red, [49].
• Baneberry, white, [49].
• Barberry, [49].
• stamens of, [193].
• Bark, defined, [120], [121].
• Basswood, leaves of, [165].
• Bean, planting of seed of, [80].
• seed leaves of, [81].
• development of seed, [81-83], [96-98].
• root of, [99].
• stem of, [115], [117].
• Bee, a pollen carrier, [17], [18], [189], [207], [226], [227], [233].
• Beech tree, [215].
• Beet, root of, [102], [103].
• Birch tassels, [208], [209].
• Birds, as seed transporters, [72], [73].
• Bittersweet berries, [42].
• Black alder, [49].
• Blackberry, development of, [235-237].
• Bladderwort, [179], [180].
• Bloodroot, [106].
• Bloom, [173].
• Blue daisy, [251].
• Blue flag, classified, [88].
• Bristles, [175].
• Bryophyllum, [132], [133], [150].
• Buckwheat seed, a food, [91].
• Buds, [125-133].
• protection of, [126], [127], [131].
• position of, [128], [132].
• unprotected, [130].
• on leaves, [132], [133].
• Bulb, described, [105], [106].
• an underground stem, [216], [217].
• Bulblets, defined, [132].
• Burdock burr, [35], [36], [52], [53], [95].
• Burrs, description of, [52].
• use of, to plant, [53].
• as seed cases, [67], [68].
• Buttercup, pistils and stamens of, [201]
• Buttonwood buds, [130], [131].
• C
• Cabbage leaves, [173].
• Cabbage, skunk, [204].
• Caladium, [163], [164].
• Calyx (cup), described, [15].
• position of, [18].
• function of, [188].
• defined, [189].
• Carrion vine, [230], [231].
• Carrot root, [102].
• Carrot, wild, [246], [247].
• Castor-oil plant, seed of, [72].
• Cells, [139-143].
• description of, [139].
• passage of moisture through, [147], [148].
• water supply of, [149].
• functions of, [152].
• loosening leafstalk, [185].
• Cherry blossom, parts of, [37], [38], [188], [189], [218].
• development into cherry, [37], [38], [189].
• Cherry tree, branch of, [126].
• buds of, [129].
• Cherry, wild, [39].
• Chestnut, burrs of, [67], [68].
• seed leaves of, [87], [88].
• leaves of, [161].
• Chicory flower, pollen of, [197].
• Chlorophyll (leaf green), described, [137].
• function of, [151-161].
• Chokecherries, [39], [40].
• Clematis, seed appendages of, [58].
• fruit clusters of, [59].
• stem of, [115].
• “Clock,” dandelion’s fruit, [35].
• Clover, red and white, [117].
• leaf of, [168].
• a flower head, [243], [244], [247].
• Coal, origin of, [152], [153].
• Cocoanut, [69].
• Coffee seed, a food, [91].
• Color change in leaf, [185].
• Coloring of fruit, function of, [42], [43], [50].
• Columbine, plan of, [221].
• spur of, [226].
• Composite family, [248], [252], [254].
• Corm, [105], [106].
• Corn, seed of, [80], [88].
• seed leaves of, [88].
• stem of, [114], [117].
• stalk of, [120], [121].
• Corolla, position of, [15].
• of apple blossom, [19].
• function of, [188].
• defined, [190].
• Cottonwood seed, [61].
• Cotyledons, see “seed leaves.”
• Crane’s bill, [65], [66].
• Crocus, bulb or underground stem of, [105], [150].
• an early flower, [216].
• Cup, green, see “calyx.”
• Cyclamen, underground stem of, [105].
• D
• Daffodil, [216].
• Daisy, pollen of, [196].
• plan of, [249-251].
• blue, [251].
• flower head of, [252].
• strap and tube flowers of, [254], [255].
• Dandelion, puffball of, [35], [36], [95].
• fruit cluster of, [60].
• plan of, [247], [248].
• flower head of, [252].
• strap flowers of, [254], [255].
• Dicotyledonous plants (plants with two seed leaves), [85-87].
• Dodder, [108-110], [114], [123].
• Dogwood, berries of, [42].
• Dogwood blossom, plan of, [245].
• Duckweed, [111].
• Dust boxes (anthers), position of, [14], [227].
• contents of, [17].
• function of, [188].
• varieties of, [193-195].
• Dutchman’s breeches, [203].
• E
• Easter lily, building plan of, [191].
• stamens of, [193].
• description of, [218], [219].
• Elm, seed of, [62].
• Enchanter’s nightshade, stamen of, [195].
• English ivy, [106], [107], [115], [116].
• Eucalyptus, perspiration of, [149].
• Evening primrose, a night-blooming
• flower, [229], [230].
• pollen of, [197].
• Evergreen leaves, [184].
• Evergreen plants, [171].
• Everlasting, [255].
• Eyes of potato, [104], [131].
• F
• False Solomon’s seal, [48].
• Ferns, [215].
• Fertilization, see “pollen.”
• Fibrous roots, [102], [103].
• Fir tree, trunk of, [121].
• Fireweed, pod of, [58].
• stamens and pistil of, [227], [228].
• Flax plant, [110].
• Fleshy root, [102-104].
• Flower cluster, [245], [246].
• Flower dust, see “pollen.”
• Flower head, [244], [247-255].
• Flower leaves, [192].
• Flowering plants, [22].
• Flowers, [187-255].
• with many pistils, [201], [202].
• with stamens only, [206-211].
• with pistils only, [207-211], [250].
• of trees, [209-211].
• night-opening, [228-230].
• design of odor of, [231].
• Food of plants, [143-148], [150].
• Forsythia, buds of, [129].
• Foxglove, garden, [225].
• Foxglove, yellow false, [112], [225], [226].
• Fruit, the plant’s object, [24].
• the seed holder, [33-36].
• defined, [34], [94].
• wild and cultivated, [39], [40].
• varieties of, [52-55], [95].
• function of, [95].
• formed from pistil, [202].
• Fruits and seeds, [9-73].
• G
• Garden foxglove, [225].
• Geranium, wild, [65], [66], [220].
• Golden-rod, fruit clusters of, [59].
• stamens of, [194], [195].
• plan of, [252], [253].
• description of, [254].
• Grass of Parnassus, pistil of, [200].
• Grass plants, classified, [88].
• H
• Hairy leaves, design of, [170-175].
• Hanging roots, [107].
• Haws, [49].
• Hemlock cone, [62].
• Hemlock tree, [171], [184].
• Hobblebush, leaves of, [215].
• buds of, [130].
• flower cluster of, [245], [246].
• Holly leaves, [174], [175].
• Hop hornbeam fruit, [62].
• Horse chestnut, buds of, [126], [128].
• Hyacinth, [216].
• I
• Indian corn, see “corn.”
• Indian cucumber root, [44], [45].
• Indian pipe, [112].
• Ivy, English, [106], [107], [115], [116].
• Ivy, Japanese, [116].
• Ivy, poison, [107], [115], [116].
• J
• Jack-in-the-pulpit, flower and berry of, [47].
• underground stem of, [105], [123].
• leaf of, [214].
• an early spring flower, [216].
• Japanese ivy, [116].
• Jewelweed, blossom of, [222].
• pod of, [65], [66].
• L
• Lady’s eardrop, [66].
• Lady’s slipper, [222].
• Laurel flower, pollen of, [197].
• Leaf blade, described, [136], [137].
• position of, [161].
• Leaf green (chlorophyll) described, [137].
• function of, [151-161].
• Leaf mouths, function of, [146], [159], [160], [171-173].
• perspiration of, [148], [149].
• Leaflets, defined, [168].
• Leafstalk, use of, [115].
• a bud protector, [131].
• defined, [136].
• Leaves, [135-185].
• protection of, [126], [127].
• buds on, [132], [133].
• parts of, [135-137].
• edges of, [135], [136], [168].
• functions of, [145].
• perspiration of, [146], [149], [150], [170-173].
• as storehouses, [150].
• position of, [160], [161].
• shapes of, [161], [167], [168].
• effect on roots, [162].
• net-veined, [165], [166].
• parallel-veined, [166].
• covering on, [170-175].
• hairy, [170-172], [175].
• woolly, [172].
• as traps, [176-183].
• fall of, [184], [185].
• color change of, [185].
• Life everlasting, [171], [172].
• Life substance of plants (protoplasm), [140], [141].
• Lily, classified, [88].
• underground stem of, [123], [150].
• flower leaves of, [191].
• plan of, [191], [192].
• pollen of, [196].
• pistil of, [197], [198].
• development of, [199].
• coloring of, [226].
• Lily, Easter, plan of, [191], [218], [219].
• Lily family, [45], [219].
• Liverwort, [203], [219].
• Locust leaf, [168].
• M
• Mallow, stamens of, [195].
• Mangrove, fruit and stem of, [92-94].
• Maple, keys of, [86], [210].
• winged seed of, [61], [86].
• seed leaves of, [90].
• branch of, [126].
• buds of, [129].
• leaf of, [136], [165], [167].
• flower of, [210].
• Maple, red, [92], [127].
• Maple, silver, [210].
• Maple, sugar, [92], [210].
• Maple, swamp, [210].
• Marsh marigold, a spring flower, [203].
• plan of, [218].
• pistils of, [219].
• Midrib of leaf, [137].
• Milkweed, pod of, [35], [95].
• seedbox of, [57].
• seeds of, [61].
• Mistletoe, [110], [111].
• Monocotyledonous plants (plants with one seed leaf), [88].
• Morning-glory, seed leaves of, [78].
• seed of, [83], [90].
• development of, [112], [113].
• stem of, [114], [115], [117], [123].
• Mountain laurel, buds of, [129].
• arrangement of stamens of, [226], [227].
• Mullein leaves, [170], [175].
• N
• Nasturtium spur, [226].
• Nepenthes leaf, [178], [179].
• Nettles, [175].
• Net-veined leaves, [165], [166].
• Nightshade, enchanter’s, [195].
• Nightshade, garden, [115].
• Nourishment of plant, [150].
• O
• Oak, seed of, [68].
• root of, [145].
• leaf of, [167].
• Oat seed, a food, [91].
• Orchid family, [107], [223], [224].
• Orchids, [123], [223], [224], [226].
• Ovary, see “seedbox.”
• P
• Palm tree, trunk of, [121].
• Pansy, plan of, [220].
• Parallel-veined leaves, [166].
• Parasitic plants, [108-111].
• Parsley family, [247].
• Partridge berries, [45], [46], [51].
• Partridge vine, [46], [184], [231].
• Pea, seed of, [80], [87], [90], [242].
• seed leaves of, [87].
• stem of, [115].
• pod of, [241], [242].
• Pea blossom, stamens of, [194], [241], [242].
• pistil of, [200], [241], [242].
• analysis of, [240-242].
• Pea family, [54], [240].
• Peach, compared with apple, [36].
• blossom of, [38].
• Persian origin of, [40].
• buds of, [129].
• Pear, compared with apple, [31].
• blossom of, [32].
• buds of, [129].
• Pear, wild, [118].
• Peony seeds, [75], [76].
• Perspiration of plants, [148], [149], [160].
• Petals (handkerchiefs), used as signals, [17], [18], [188], [192], [221], [223], [226].
• functions of, [188].
• Pine, cone of, [62].
• classified, [88], [89].
• leaves of, [171], [184].
• flower of, [197].
• Pins with dust boxes, see “stamens.”
• Pins without dust boxes, see “pistils.”
• Pistils (pins without dust boxes), described, [15], [18], [197-202].
• function of, [188], [198], [199].
• defined, [190].
• varieties of, [200].
• flowers with many, [201], [202].
• fruit formed from, [202].
• position of, [227], [228], [248].
• of strawberry, [233], [234].
• of berries, [236].
• Pit or stone, [37].
• Pitcher plant, [176-178].
• Pith, defined, [120], [121].
• Plants, flowering, [22].
• object of life of, [22], [23].
• use of, to world, [26], [27].
• service of, to animals, [26], [27], [156], [157].
• young, [75-98].
• nourishment of, [75], [76], [77], [150], [156-160].
• with two seed leaves (dicotyledons), [85-87].
• with one seed leaf (monocotyledons), [88].
• with many seed leaves (polycotyledons), [88], [89].
• parasitic, [108-111].
• development of, [112], [113].
• absorption of water by, [147].
• perspiration of, [148], [149], [160].
• as air purifiers, [151-153], [158], [159].
• breathing of, [158-160].
• storing of food in, [185], [216], [217].
• protection of, [214], [215].
• Plants and animals, difference between, [154], [155].
• Plum, compared with apple, [36].
• blossom of, [38].
• Plum, wild beach, [40].
• Pods, [35], [54], [55], [58], [65-67], [241], [242].
• Poison ivy, [107], [115], [116].
• Pollen (flower dust), described, [14], [196-199].
• carriers of, [17], [18], [189], [207], [213], [223], [224], [226-230], [233].
• effect on pistil, [18], [20].
• fertilizing power of, [18], [20], [196-199].
• transportation of, [18], [207], [211], [213], [226], [227], [229-231], [233], [250].
• function of, [188], [198], [199].
• varieties of, [196], [197].
• defined, [199], [200].
• Polycotyledonous plants (plants with many seed leaves), [88], [89].
• Polygala, [222].
• Poplar tassels, [211].
• Poppy seed, dispersal of, [70], [71].
• Potato, a stem, [104], [131].
• eyes of, [131], [174].
• Potato, sweet, [102].
• Prickles, [174], [175].
• Primrose, evening, [197], [229], [230].
• Protoplasm (life substance), [140], [141].
• Puffballs, [35], [36], [59], [95].
• Pussy willow, [129].
• tassels of, [205-207].
• Q
• Quince leaf, [135], [136], [137], [165].
• R
• Radish root, [102].
• Raspberry, development of, [237-239].
• Red baneberry, [49].
• Red clover, stem of, [117].
• Red maple, seed of, [92].
• leaves of, [127].
• buds of, [127].
• Rhubarb plant, [164].
• Robin’s plantain, [251], [252].
• Root branches, [162-164].
• Roots, origin of, [81], [113].
• hairs of, [81], [99-102], [104], [123], [143].
• function of, [99-103].
• fibrous, [102], [103].
• fleshy, [102-104].
• as food, [103], [104].
• above-ground, [106-111].
• varieties of, [106-112].
• hanging, [107].
• underground, [111].
• water, [111], [112].
• absorbing capacity of, [146].
• spreading of, [162], [163].
• position of, [163], [164].
• Roots and stems, [99-122].
• Rootstocks, function of, [106], [217].
• Rose, petals of, [32], [33].
• stem of, [120].
• Rose family, [31], [32], [36], [40], [235].
• Rose hip, [33], [34].
• Rose mallow, [258].
• Rose of Jericho, pod of, [71].
• Rose, wild, [32].
• S
• Saint John’s-wort, pistil of, [200].
• Saxifrage, pistil of, [200].
• Sea pinks, [228], [258].
• Seaweed, [258].
• Seed sailboats (appendages), [56-60], [207].
• Seedbox (ovary), described, [15], [18].
• function of, [188].
• in berries, [236-239].
• Seed coat, [80-84], [86], [113].
• Seed leaf, plants with one (monocotyledons), [88].
• of corn, [88].
• Seed leaves (cotyledons), description of, [78], [81-90].
• plants with two (dicotyledons), [85-87].
• of acorn, [87].
• of pea, [87].
• of walnut, [87], [88].
• of chestnut, [87], [88].
• plants with many (polycotyledons), [88], [89].
• development of, [113].
• number of, [120], [121], [165].
• Seeds, growth of, in the apple, [18-20].
• the object of the plant’s life, [24].
• importance of, to world, [27].
• protection of, [28], [29].
• reason for scattering of, [50], [51].
• transportation of, [52-64], [69-73].
• winged, [61]
• shooting, [63-67].
• nourishment of, [75-77].
• planting of, [79-87], [95], [96].
• germination of, [80-89], [92], [198], [199].
• as food, [89-91].
• as storehouses, [90], [91].
• Shin leaf flower, stamen of, [193].
• Shooting seeds, [64-67].
• Silver maple, [210].
• Skunk cabbage, description of, [204].
• Snowberry, stem of, [117].
• Snowdrop, [216].
• Solomon’s seal, fruit of, [48].
• underground stem of, [105], [216].
• scars of, [105], [106].
• Solomon’s seal, false, [48].
• Speckled alder, [173].
• Spice bush buds, [129].
• Spikenard, [49].
• Spring beauty, [203], [216].
• Spur, [226].
• Squash, seed of, [80], [85], [86], [90].
• Squirting cucumber, [67].
• Stamens (pins with dust boxes), description of, [14].
• function of, [188].
• defined, [190].
• varieties of, [193-195].
• position of, [248].
• Steeple bush, leaves of, [172].
• Stems, development of, [81], [112], [113].
• of bean plant, [96].
• underground, [104-106], [150], [216-219].
• varieties of, [104], [112-120].
• use of, to plant, [113-117].
• habits of, [117-119].
• hairy, [118], [119].
• sticky, [118].
• parts of, [120].
• as water carriers, [146-148], [163].
• Stick-tight, [55].
• Stone or pit of fruits, [37].
• Strap flowers, [247-255].
• Strawberry, stem of, [117].
• pistil of, [201].
• development of, [233], [234].
• description of, [238].
• Sugar maple, seeds of, [92].
• blossom of, [210].
• Sumac, [43].
• Sun (Sunbeam), factor in plant life, [151-161].
• Sundew, leaf of, [182], [183].
• pistil of, [200].
• Sunflower, plan of, [255].
• Sunflower plant, perspiration of, [149].
• Swamp alder, [173].
• Swamp maple, [210].
• Sweet potato root, [102].
• T
• Thistle, [56], [59], [118], [174], [254], [255].
• Thistle down, [56].
• Thorn, [49].
• use of, to plant, [117], [118].
• Thorn apple, [199].
• Tick trefoil pod, [54], [55].
• Ticks, transportation of, [55].
• Tiger lily buds, [132].
• Touch-me-not pod, [65-67].
• Trailing arbutus, a spring flower, [203], [209].
• plan of, [217], [218].
• Transportation of pollen, [18], [207], [211], [213], [226], [227], [229-231], [233], [250].
• Transportation of seeds, [52-64], [69-73].
• Traps of plants, [176-183].
• Trees, flowers of, [209], [211].
• Trunk, a stem, [119].
• section of, [121], [147].
• Tube flowers, [249-255].
• Tuber, defined, [217].
• Tulip, stem of, [148].
• parts of, [193].
• an early spring flower, [216].
• Turnip root, [102].
• U
• Underground roots, [111].
• Underground stems, [104], [105], [150], [216], [217], [219].
• V
• Veinlets, described, [137].
• function of, [160].
• Veins, described, [137].
• function of, [160].
• significance of, [165].
• Venus’s flytrap, leaf of, [181].
• Violet, a spring flower, [203], [209].
• plan of, [220].
• spur of, [226].
• Violet, yellow, [203].
• Virginia creeper, [116].
• W
• Wake-robin, a spring flower, [216].
• plan of, [219].
• Walnut, seed leaves of, [87], [88].
• seed of, [90].
• a fruit, [95].
• Water lily, stem of, [116], [117].
• Water roots, [111], [112].
• Wheat seed, a food, [91].
• White baneberry, [49].
• White clover, stem of, [117].
• White elm, flower cluster of, [210].
• Wild beach plum, [40].
• Wild carrot, [246], [247].
• Wild geranium, plan of, [220].
• seed dispersal of, [65], [66].
• Wild ginger, a spring flower, [216].
• plan of, [219].
• seedbox of, [219].
• Wild pear, [118].
• Wild rose, [33].
• Willow, seed appendages of, [61].
• roots of, [111], [112].
• Willow herb, pod of, [58].
• seeds of, [61].
• Wintergreen, leaves of, in winter, [184].
• berries of, [49].
• Witch-hazel, flower of, [63].
• nut of, [63-65].
• seed of, [64].
• Wood lily, stem of, [105].
• Woolly leaves, [172].
• Y
• Yellow adder’s tongue, an early spring flower, [203], [216].
• plan of, [219].
• Yellow false foxglove, [112], [225], [226].
• Yellow violet, [203].