INDEX

Abbās the Great, Shāh, [267].
`Abbāsids, the, genealogy of `Abbās, [80] note;
rise of dynasty and increase in power, [78], [80–85];
emissaries sent to Khorāsān, [75];
black standard raised in Khorāsān by Abū Muslim, [80];
Abū-l-`Abbās (Es-Saffāh) proclaimed Caliph, [85].
`Abd el `Azīz, [196–98].
`Abd el-Jabbār, revolt against El-Mansūr, [91].
`Abd el-Melik, [43–44].
`Abd el-Melik II., [118].
`Abd er-Rahmān (brother of Kutayba), [57], [59], [65].
`Abd er-Rahmān ibn Muslim (see [Abū Muslim]).
`Abd ul-Ahad, [257].
`Abd ul-Kerīm, cited [204] note, passim.
`Abd ul-Latīf, [176], [177].
`Abd ul-Latīf the Uzbeg, [191] note.
`Abd ul-Mū´min, assassinated, [204].
`Abd us-Samad Khān, [215], [218], [219].
`Abdullah (brother of Kutayba), [65].
`Abdullah ibn `Āmir, [38].
`Abdullah ibn Kazghan, [166].
`Abdullah ibn Khāzim, [38], [43].
`Abdullah ibn Rabī`, [39].
`Abdullah ibn Tāhir, [100], [101].
`Abdullah ibn Zobayr, [43].
`Abdullah Mīrzā, [177].
`Abdullah Nāmé of Hāfiz ibn Tānish, cited [186] note.
`Abdullah (uncle of Abū-l-`Abbās), [85], [86], [87].
`Abdullah I., [191] note.
`Abdullah II., genealogy of, [190];
reign, [191–92].
Abramoff, General, defence of Yani Kurgān, [252];
appointed governor of Samarkand, [255];
Katti Tūra defeated and completion of Bokhāran conquest, [256].
Abū `Alī Sīmjūr, [117].
Abū Bekr, [36].
Abū Dā´ūd Khālid ibn Ibrāhīm, [88], [91].
Abū Ja`far (see [El-Mansūr]).
Abū-l-`Abbās (see [Es-Saffāh]).
Abū-l-Fayz, [199].
Abū-l-Ghāzi Khān (grandson of Abū-l-Fayz), [205].
Abū-l-Ghāzi, Khān of Khiva, revolt against Bokhārā, [197].
Abū-l-Husayn Nasr I. (see Ilik Khān).
Abū-l-Khayr, [183], [190].
Abū Muslim, early life, [81];
black banner raised in Khorāsān by, [80];
entry into Merv, [82];
enmity of Caliph towards, [86];
murder, [88].
Abū Sa`īd Khān, [189], [190].
Abū Sālama, [84].
Afrāsiyāb identified with Būkū Khān, [115], [397].
Āgha Mohammad, [267].
Ahmed ibn Asad, [101].
Ahmed Khān, [121].
Ahmed, Sultan, [178].
Akkal Oasis, [265], [268].
`Alā ud-Dawlé, war with Ulugh Beg, [176].
`Alā ud-Dīn Mohammad, revolt against the Gūr-Khān, [147], [148], [156];
extent of possessions on downfall of Kara-Khitāys, [157];
rupture with Chingiz Khān, [157];
flight and death, [159].
Alakush-Tekin, [155].
Alexander the Great, conquest of Persian Empire, [4–9].
Alexander II., Tashkent captured contrary to orders of, [248];
annexation of Kokand authorised by, [260];
conference with Skobeleff, [289].
Alexandria, [7], [11].
Al-Hakam ibn `Āmir al-Ghifārī, [38].
`Alī ibn `Isā, [96], [99].
`Ali ibn Talha, [101].
`Ali, Sultan, [178].
Alikhanoff, [298].
Almāligh, made his capital by Chaghatāy, [161].
Alp Arslān, [130].
Alptagin, [112].
Altagin, [132].
Altuntāsh, [123].
Amīn, [96], [99].
Amīr `Abd ul-Ahad, [257].
Amīr Bāyazīd Jalā´ir, [167].
Amīr Haydar (Sayyid Haydar Tura), [208–10], [384] note.
Amīr Husayn, [169].
Amīr Kazghan, [165].
Amīr Tīmūr (see [Tīmūr Leng]).
`Amr ibn Layth, Ya`kūb succeeded by, [105];
career and death, [105], [109–11].
Amū Daryā, crossed by Alexander, [6];
boundary between Turkish and Persian dominions, [30];
Al-Hakam first Arabian general to cross, [39];
course, [358];
shifting of bed, [263];
navigation, [358];
viaduct over, [310–312], [359].
Amūya, ancient name for Charjūy, [144].
Amyntas, [10].
Andakhūy, [8].
Andarāl (Drapsaca), [6].
Andijān, Kokandis defeated at, [260].
Annenkoff, General, Transcaspian railway constructed by, [307–10].
Antes, [225].
Antiochus I. and II., [11].
Anūsha Khān, Bokhārā invaded by, [197].
Anūshirawān (see [Chosrau I.]).
Aornos (Gori, Khulum), taken by Alexander the Great, [6].
Apaoki (T’ai-tsu), [137] note.
Arabia Felix, origin of name, [34] note.
Arabs, rise of Islām and spread of conquests, [34–44];
Arabic literature, [180].
Arachosia (see [Kandahār]).
Arbela (Gaugamela), battle of, [5].
Ardashīr, [22].
Ardavān (Artaban), battle with Ardashīr, [23].
Arimazes, [8].
Arsaces, Andragoras overthrown by, [11];
Arsacidæ dynasty founded by, [12];
Kābul partly possessed by Arsacidæ, [19].
Arslān Khān, [120].
Artabanus II., [12].
Artaxerxes IV. (Bessus), [5].
Aryan race, Pamirs birthplace of, [3].
Asad ibn `Abdullah el-Kasrī, [71], [75–77].
Ashras ibn `Abdullah (the Perfect), [72].
`Āsim ibn `Abdullah, [75].
Askabad, [345–9].
Astatke, [340] note.
Astrakhan conquered by Russia, [236].
Astrakhan dynasty, [194–203].
Atsiz, revolt against Sanjar, [138], [139];
death, [140].
Ayāz Topchi-bāshi, [211], [213].
Bāber (see [Zahīr ud-Din Bāber]).
Bachas, definition, [369].
Bactria (district), ancient extent, [3];
conquered by Cyrus I., sovereignty assumed by Bessus, [6];
conquered by Alexander the Great, [4–10];
Græco-Bactrian kingdom, founder of, [11];
districts ceded to Parthia, [12];
invasion by Sakas, [16], [18];
downfall, [18];
Yué-Chi invasion, [19];
partition among clans, [19];
Kushans expelled, [20];
Ephthalite settlement, [20];
expedition of Bahrām Gūr, [24];
annexed by Persia, [30].
Bactria (town) (see [Balkh]).
Badakshān incorporated with Transoxiana, [192].
Bādghīs, definition, [299] note.
Baghdād captured by Tāhir, [99].
Bahrām `Ali Khān, slain in battle with Ma´sūm, [206];
Merv railway station named after, [353].
Bahrām Chūbīn, [32].
Bahrām Gūr, [24].
Baigha, Bokhāran national game, [370].
Bākhdi (see [Balkh]).
Bākī Mohammad, [195].
Balāsāghūn, built by Būkū Khān, [116];
capital chosen by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Balāsh, [26].
Balkategin, [136].
Balkh (Bactria, Bākhdi), [3] note;
taken by Alexander the Great, [6];
included in Tokhāristān, [18];
annexed by Persians, [30];
Islām introduced into, [38];
reduced by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, [39];
Kutayba’s expeditions to, [46], [57];
coalition with Nīzek, [56];
temporary Mohammedan capital of Central Asia, [76];
Sāmānanatire of, [101];
siege and capture by Isma`īl, [110];
centre of Mohammedan learning, [131];
defeat of Sanjar, [141];
`Alā ud-Dīn master of, [147];
Chaghatāy in possession of, [160].
Bamian, [19].
Barmecides, fall of, [95].
Barmek, [95] note.
Barthold, M., [150] note.
Batanieff, Major, mission to Bokhārā, [217].
Bātū Khān, [183], [233].
Bayān Kulī, [166].
Bayān Seldūz, [166].
Bāyazīd Jalā´ir Amīr, [167].
Bāyazīd I., Sultan of Turkey, [171].
Baykand (City of Merchants), identification with Zariaspa, [8] note;
importance of, [50];
partial conquest by `Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39];
battle and siege of, [47–49];
restoration, [49].
Baysunkur, [178].
Begi Jān (see [Shāh Murād]).
Bektuzun, [118]
Bellew, Dr., cited [41] note, passim.
Bendoe, [32].
Beni Rabī`a, [79].
Berkiyāruk, [133] note, [134], [144].
Bessus (Artaxerxes IV.), [5]..
Bi, definition, [204] note.
Bishkand, identified with Panjakand, [187] note.
Bistām, [32].
Boghrā Khān, brother and successor of Arslān Khān, [120].
Boghrā Khān, first Uīghūr Khān of Turkestān, [117].
Bokhārā (Sherīf or “the Noble”), settlement of Bactrians in confines of, [18];
conquered by Arabs, [40], [41];
king defeated by Habīb, [44];
Kutayba’s expeditions, [46–55];
Ism`l sent to and superseded by Ishak, [106], [107];
capital of Transoxiana and Khwārazm, [109], [111];
centre of Mohammedan culture and learning, [111];
destroyed by Chingiz, [158];
rising in, during reign of Chaghatāy, [161] note;
loss of position as capital, [189];
sub-dynasty abolished, [191];
Astrakhan dynasty in, [194–203];
prosperity regained in, [195];
Khivan revolt against, [197], [198];
Mangit dynasty in, [204–21];
effect of Ma´sūm’s rule on, [208];
besieged by Nasrullah, [212];
English and Russian missions to, [217–18];
Russian conquest, [250–56];
climate, soil, and productions, [360–63];
varied character of population, [364–367];
women of, [368];
customs and amusements, [368–70];
bazaar, [370];
public buildings, [373–77];
coinage, [371];
Islāmic education, [374];
government, [379–85];
decline of slave-market, [378];
dialect, [180].
Bolars (Boyars), rise of, [230];
influence of, shaken off by Ivan IV., [236].
Bosphorus, Caucasian (Straits of Yenekale), [13].
Bretschneider, cited [139] note.
Browne, E. G., cited [133] note.
Browning, Oscar, cited [242] note.
Bukayr, [43].
Būkū Khān, [115].
Burnes, Alexander, mission to Bokhārā, [217];
cited [207] note;
passim.
Buyide (Daylamite) dynasty, increase in power, [112];
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, [129].
Buyr-Nūr, China invaded by, [153].
Caliphs, the—Abū Bekr first to assume title, [36];
rise and fall of, [36–102];
various caliphs (see their names).
Cawder (Kāwurd, Kurd, Kādurd), [131] note.
Chaghatāy dialect, [180].
Chaghatāy Khānate, [160–64];
overthrown by Tīmūr, [170].
Chakir, [125], [127], [128].
Chandra Gupta, Seleucus defeated by, [10].
Chang-Kien, [17].
Charjūy, [310], [357].
Chernaieff, Colonel, Chimkent stormed by, [246];
siege of Tashkent, [247], [248];
advance on and retreat from Jizāk, [251];
superseded by General Romanovski, [251].
Chi Hwang-ti, Tsin, [14].
Chighān, [60].
Children, custom concerning naming of, in Merv, [42].
Chimkent, stormed by Russians, [246];
burnt by Kokandis, [248].
China—Han dynasty, founder of, [16];
Chow dynasty, fall of and subsequent events, [14];
Great Wall, [15];
march against Mothé, [16];
alliance with Yué-Chi, [17];
direct commercial intercourse with West, [17];
Hans defeated by, and enrolled in empire, [19];
Umayyads aided, [85];
Buyr-Nūr invasion, [153];
partial conquest by Chingiz, [156];
Yuen dynasty, founder of, [182];
Ming dynasty, founder of, [182].
Chingiz Khān, birth and early life, [151], [152–54], [232];
war with Tāi Yāng, [155];
with Guchluk, [157];
with Khwārazm Shāh, [157–59];
Dār ul-Ākhirat destroyed by, [143];
conquests of, [159], [160], [232];
death, [160].
Chosrau I. (Anūshirawān “the Just”), [27] and note, [29–31].
Chosrau II. (Parvīz “the Victorious”), [32].
Christianity—Persecution prohibited during reign of Bahrām Gūr by truce with Rome, [24];
Christians induced to embrace Islām, [72];
Holy War against Christians of Tarāz, [109];
crusades contemporaneous with Mohammed, son of Melik, [134];
Black Mongols converted to, [152];
persecution by Nasrullah, [219];
introduction into Russia, and subsequent influence of priests upon government, [229];
authorities on Christianity in Central Asia in ancient times, [109] note.
Chupān Ātā, [176], [402], [403].
Chu Yuān Chang, founder of Ming dynasty, [182].
Cleitus, death of, [9].
Confucius (Kung-fu-tse), [14] note.
Conolly, Captain Arthur, imprisoned and killed by Nasrullah, [217–18].
Cossacks, Siberians attacked by, [238];
raiding expedition into Siberia and Khwārazm, [239];
Kokandis repulsed, [248].
Cotton, cultivation of, in valley of Zarafshān, [386].
Crusades contemporaneous with Sultan Sanjar, [134].
Ctesias, cited [4].
Cube (Ka`ba), the
Cunningham, General, cited [15], [20] notes.
Cyropolis, [4], [7].
Cyrus I., conquest of Bactria, [4].
Damascus, conquered by Parvīz, [32];
taken by Arabs, [37];
stormed by Tīmūr, [171].
Dāniyāl Bi, [205], [384] note.
Dangil Teppe, [287].
Dāneshmandja, [166].
Dār ul-Ākhirat, [143].
Darbend, building of, [31].
Dariel Pass, Roman subsidy for fortification of, [24].
Darius Hystaspes, [4].
Darius II. overthrown by Alexander the Great, [4], [5].
Dasht-i-Kipchāk, extent of empire, [182].
Dā ūd, uncle of Abū-l-`Abbās, instrumental in exterminating Umayyads, [85].
Dawlat Bi, [204], [205].
Dawlat Girāy (Bekovitch Cherkaski), expedition to Khiva, [240–42].
Dawlat Girāy, Khān, [237].
Dawlat Shāh, quo. [113] note.
Daylamite (Būyide) dynasty, increase in power, [112];
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, [129].
De Bode, cited [393] note.
De Guignes, cited [30], [137] notes, passim.
De Maynard, C. Barbier, cited [207] note.
Defile, battle of the (Ash-Shi`b), [73].
Dervishes, various orders in Samarkand, [171] note.
d’Herbelot, cited [16], [102] notes;
passim.
Dhirār ibn Haspan, [47].
Dihakān, definition, [46] note.
Dīn Mahammad, [195].
Diodotus, [11].
Direm, value of, [40] note.
Dirgham, battle in valley of, [139].
Dirham ibn Nasr, [104].
Dmitri, Prince, attempt to throw off Mongol yoke, [235].
d’Ohsson, cited [137], [146] notes; passim.
Don (Tanaïs), Jaxartes mistaken by Alexander for, [7].
Douglas, R. K., cited [149] note.
Drangiana (see [Sīstān]).
Drapsaca (Andarāb), [6].
Drouin, E., cited [11] note; passim.
Eagle, regarded as bird of ill-omen, [220] note.
Edighei, Khān, [236].
El-`Abbās el-Ash`ath, [95].
El Barm (Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm), [94].
El-Fadhl ibn Sulaymān Tūsī, [94].
El-Fadhl ibn Yahya, [95].
El-Ghatrīf ibn `Atā, [95].
El-Hādi, [94].
El-Mahdi, [91], [93], [94].
El-Mansūr (Abū Ja`far), Es-Saffāh succeeded by, [86];
enmity towards and murder of Abū Muslim, [86–88];
revolts against, [90–93];
death, [93].
England—missions to Nasrullah, [216–17];
Russia and, Siberian advance viewed with disfavour, [246];
appropriation of territory south of Merv, English indignation, [300];
appointment of joint commission to decide boundary, [301–303];
commission to demarcate spheres of influence on Pamirs, [303–305];
route of Indian overland railway, [317–19];
methods of dealing with Orientals contrasted, [410–15];
desirability of union, [414–16].
Ephthalites, origin, [20];
Kushans expelled from Bactria, [20], [21];
defeated by Bahrām Gūr, [24];
Yezdijerd II. defeated, [25];
Fīrūz aided, [25];
rupture with Fīrūz, [26];
Persia overrun, [26];
Kobād received, [28];
territory divided between Turks and Persians, [30].
Erdmann, cited [149] note.
Es-Saffāh (Abū-l-`Abbās), [85–86].
Ersaris, the, [268].
Euthydemus, [11].
Fadhl ibn Sahl, [97], [98], [99], [100].
Fā´ik, [117].
Farghāna, besieged by El-Harashī, [71];
Mohammedan governor appointed to, [77];
railway to Andijān, [316] (see also [Kokand]).
Fath `Ali Shāh, [267].
Fāzil Bi, [208].
Ferengis, [115] note.
Feudalism, introduced into Russia from Germany, [231].
Forsyth, Mr., cited [119] note.
Fraser, James Baillie, quo. [264] note.
Gāndhāra (see [Kandahār]).
Gardner, quo. [11], [12] notes, passim.
Gaugamela (Arbela), battle of, [5].
Gengis, Genghiz (see [Chingiz]).
Geok Teppe, battle of, [291–97].
Gerard, Major-General M. G., [303].
Gersīwaz, [115] note.
Ghassān, [100] note, [101].
Ghazā, definition, [109].
Ghaznavides, Alptagin ruler in Ghazna, [112];
Sabuktagin, [113], [117–18];
Mahmūd of Ghazna (see that [title]);
Mas`ūd, [126–28];
truce with Seljūks, [128].
Ghujduvān, battle of, [187].
Ghuz, the, migrations of, [124];
incursions into Khorāsān, [126];
Sanjar defeated, and Merv and Khorāsān laid waste, [141–42].
Ghuzek, [60].
Gibbon, cited [37], [127] notes, passim.
Girāy, Sultan, [183].
Glukhovsky, Colonel, [251] note, [286] note.
Golden Horde, the, [182].
Gori (Aornos, Khulum) taken by Alexander the Great, [6].
Gortschakoff, Prince, circular to Great Powers, [247] and Appendix I.
Græco-Bactrian Empire (see under [Bactria]).
Grigorieff, cited [6], [8] notes, passim.
Grodekoff, cited [272] note.
Guchluk, [155].
Gūr, definition, [24] note.
Gūr Amīr, Tamerlane’s tomb, [389].
Gūr-Khān, title assumed by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Gutschmid, cited [10] note.
Guyard, S., cited [133] note.
Hāji Biklās, [166].
Hajjāj, Khorāsān, appointments by, [44];
instructions to Kutayba, [51], [52];
death, [61] note, [63].
Hakīm Bi, [211].
Haloxylon Ammodendron (Saxaul), [263].
Hamdullah Mustawfi, quo. [125] note.
Hami (Khamil), [15].
Hamza el-Khuzā`ī, [95].
Hamza Sultan, [186].
Hārith ibn Surayj, revolt against `Āsim, [75];
against Nasr, [79];
death, [79].
Harthama, despatched to Samarkand, [96];
Samarkand taken, [98].
Hasan Beg, [177].
Hasan ibn `Alī (Nizām ul-Mulk), [131].
Hasan ibn Kahtaba, [84].
Hasan ibn Sabbāh, the Assassin, [131] note.
Hāshimites (see [`Abbāsids]), [80].
Hārūn (governor of Khwārazm) revolt, [126].
Hārūn er-Raschīd, [95–97].
Hayāthila (see [Ephthalites]).
Hayyān, the Nabatæan, [54].
Hegira, the, [35] and note.
Herāt, importance of, [300];
conquered by Ya`kūb, [104];
acquired by `Abdullah II., [117];
`Alā ud-Dīn, master of, [147];
plundered by Turkomans, [176].
Hexapolis, settlement of Sakas in, [15], [17].
Hezārasp, identity with Zariaspa suggested, [8] note.
Hishām, Yezid II. succeeded by, [71];
Asad dismissed, [72];
reinforcements sent to Junayd, [74];
Junayd dismissed, [75];
`Asim dismissed, [75];
death, [78].
Hiung-nu (see [Huns]).
Holwan, [64].
Horde, derivation, [233].
Hormuz II., [23].
Hormuz III., [25].
Hormuz IV., [31].
Howorth, Sir Henry, cited [149], [155] notes, passim.
Huen-Tsang, [31].
Humayd ibn Kahtaba, [93].
Huns (see also [Ephthalites] or [White Huns]), war with Tung-nu, [15];
Kaotsu’s troops surrounded, [16];
defeated and enrolled in Chinese Empire, [19];
Slav progress impeded by, [226].
Hunter, Sir W. W., cited [315] note.
Husayn, Amīr, [169].
Husayn Khān, [211].
Husayn Mīrzā (Sultan Husayn Baykara), [184].
Hyacinth, Father, cited [149] note.
Ibn Hobayra, [84].
Ibrāhīm, [121].
Ikrān, [145] note.
Il-Arslān, [140], [144].
Ilbars, [193].
Il-Kilij, [138] note.
Ilik Khān, [117–19], [123].
Iliyās Khwāja Oghlān, [169], [170].
Iltūza Khān of Khiva, [209].
Ilyiās, [101].
Imām Kulī Khān, [195].
India—Alexander’s conquest of, date of setting out, [9];
Seleucus defeated by Chandra Gupta, [10];
Saka invasion, [17], [18];
Parthian characteristics on Saka coins, [16];
Shāh Kator, title of chief of Chitral, [20];
Kashmir lost by Kushans, [20];
Gangetic delta and Panjāb overrun by Tīmūr, [171];
invasion by Nādir Shāh, [200];
Peacock Throne, the, [201];
England in—“Permanent Settlement,” the, [406];
methods compared with Russian in Central Asia, [410–15];
fears of Russian absorption baseless, [408];
route of overland railway from England, [317–19].
Irjai, battle of, [252].
Irkutsk founded, [239].
Ishāk, [107].
Ishān Mohammad `Alī Khalīfa, [260].
Iskandar the Uzbeg, [191] note.
Iskander Kul, [9] note.
Islām—definition, [36] note;
origin and rise, [34–44];
spread of, on downfall of Sāmānides, [119];
established in Kābul, [105];
sectarian dissensions, [78];
Kutayba’s zeal for, [45], [66];
Guchluk’s intolerance of, [156];
embraced by immigrant Tibetan Turks to Balāsāghūn, [120];
Moslems subject to enemies of faith, [139];
education, [374];
influence of mullās on government, [375];
impression left by Alexander the Great, [9];
persecution of Christians (see [Christianity]).
Isma`īl el-Muntazir, [118] note.
Isma`īl ibn Ahmed, sent to Bokhārā, [106];
defeat of Nasr, [107];
Nasr succeeded by, [109];
hostilities with `Amr, [110];
campaign against Turks, [111];
death, [112].
Isma`īl, Shāh, the Safavī, [185], [186].
Ispāhbād, definition, [56].
Issus, overthrow of Darius II., [4].
Istakhr, capital of Persia under Ardashīr, [23].
Istakhri, quo. [46] note.
Ivan IV. (the Terrible), [236].
Ja`far el-Ash`ath, [95].
Ja`far ibn Yahya, [95].
Jahwar ibn Marrār el-`Ijlī, [90], [91].
Jalāl-ud-Dīn, [159].
Jāmāsp, [28].
Jāni Khān, [194].
Jānībeg, Sultan, descent traced, [190];
battle with Bāber, [187];
made Kālgha, [189];
territory of, [191].
Jarrāh, [69].
Jaxartes (see [Sir Daryā]).
Jerusalem, conquered by Parvīz, [33].
Jews, condition in Bokhārā, [365].
Jighāya, [56], [57], [59].
Jizāk, [404].
Jornandes, cited [225] note.
Juday` el Kirmānī, [79], [82].
Juen-Juen, conquests, [21];
subdued by Tumen and Mokan-khān, [30].
Jūjī Khān, [158], [182].
Junayd (Jandab) ibn `Abd er-Rahmān, [72–75].
Jurjān, importance of, [67].
Justin, cited [11], [12] notes.
Juvayni, cited [115].
Jūzajān, king of, [56], [59].
Ka`ba (Cube), the, [34].
Kābul, overrun by Kushans, [19];
Islam established in, [105].
Kādir (Kadr) Khān, [120], [121].
Kahtaba ibn Shebīb, [83], [84].
Kā´im, Caliph, [130].
Kālgha, title of heir-apparent among the Uzbegs, [189].
Kamāj, [141].
Kandahār (Arachosia, Gāndhāra, Kiphin), [18], [19], [20].
Kao-tsu, Emperor, [16].
Karāchār Nuyān, ancestor of Tīmūr Leng, [168].
Kara-Khitāys—origin of empire, [137];
Transoxiana tributary to, [137];
Sanjar defeated, [139];
Khwārazm invaded, [144];
Tekish aided, [145];
rupture with Tekish and reconciliation, [145–47];
independence of, asserted by Mohammad Shāh, [147], [148];
Gūr-Khān dethroned by Guchluk, [155–56];
downfall of kingdom, [157];
urban life, [163].
Kara-Khānides (see [Uīghūrs]).
Karmā, [146].
Kāshghar—Juen-Juen masters of, [21];
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
conquered by Kutayba, [62];
by Kādir Khān, [120];
by the Tufghāj, [120];
by Ye-liu Ta-shi and made capital, [137], [138];
Seljūk suzerainty recognised, [132];
in possession of Guchluk, [156], [157];
part of Mongol Empire, [160];
dialect, [180].
Kāsim Mohammad, [197].
Kasimovski, [183] note.
Katti Tūra, [256].
Kauffman, General, appointed governor-general of Turkestān, [253];
Samarkand taken, [254];
Kokand invaded, [260];
war with Yomud Turkomans, [284].
Kavādh (see [Kobād]).
Kāwurd (Kurd, Kādurd, Cawder), [131] note.
Kay-Khosrū, [115].
Kays ibn al-Haytham, [38].
Kazāks, the, [183].
Kazān (Karān) Khān, [165].
Kazghan, Amīr, [165].
Kerbelā, battle near, [84].
Kerz, siege of, [58].
Kesh (see [Shahrisabz]).
Khadīja, [35].
Khālid, [37].
Khālid ibn `Abdullah al-Kasrī, [71].
Khālid ibn Barmek, [95] note.
Khalīfa (see [Caliphs]).
Khalīl Sultan, [173–76].
Khamil (Hami), [15].
Khanikoff, cited [207] note, passim.
Khānsālār, definition, [141] note.
Kharashar, [21].
Khārijites, [78], [80], [81].
Khātūn, Princess, [40–42].
Khātūn Turkān, [133].
Khazars, force sent against Darbend, [31].
Khāzim ibn Khuzayma, [90], [91], [93].
Khidhr Khān, [121].
Khitā´ī, [115] note.
Khitan, definition, [150] note.
Khitāys (Khitā´ī) harassed by Kara-Khānides, [115], [120].
Khiva (Khwārazm)—definition of Khwārazm, [233] note;
Persians defeated by Ibn Āmir, [38];
Mufaddhal’s expeditions against, [44];
Chighān aided by Kutayba, [60];
conquered by Mahmūd, [123];
by Seljūks, [136];
anarchy in, [138];
Khwārazm Shāhs, [136], [144–48];
tribute paid to Kara-Khitāys, [147];
conquered by Chingiz, [159];
overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, [184];
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, [184];
made an independent principality, [193];
revolt against Bokhārā, [197];
invasion of Bokhārā and subservience to, [198];
conflict with Haydar, [209];
conquered by Nādir Shāh, [202];
Nasrullah’s hostile relations with, [216];
war with Turkomans, [269];
Russian conquest, Cossack invasion, [239];
expedition against, [244];
treaty concluded, [245];
negotiations in reign of Peter the Great, [240–42];
treacherous conduct of Khivans, [241];
Bokhāran campaign joined by Khiva, [250];
final conquest, [258].
Khodāydād, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, [175].
Khojend, surrender to Nasrullah, [215], [216];
siege of, [252].
Khorāsān (Ta-hia)—conquered by Yué-Chi, [17];
Caliph suzerain over, [38–127];
rising in, [85];
massacre of inhabitants by `Abdullah, [87];
disorder in, [91];
rising under Ustādsīs, [92];
various revolts, [93], [94];
rule of Tāhirides, [102–5];
Ya`kūb master of, [105];
Ghaznavide rule, [118];
Seljūk rule, [127];
ravaged by Atsiz, [139];
laid waste by Ghuz, [142];
acquired by Khwārazm-Shāhs, [144];
overrun by Chingiz, [159], [233];
acquired by Shāh Rukh, [174];
in possession of Husayn Mīrzā, [184];
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, [185];
by Shāh Isma`īl, [185];
by `Abdullah II., [192];
incursions by Ma´sūm, [207];
overrun by Tekkes, [271], [284];
famine, [284].
Khorazmia, [4] (see also [Khwārazm] and [Khiva]).
Khorzād, [60].
Khotan, Juen-Juen masters of, [21];
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
Sultan harassed by Toghān Khān, [120];
conquest by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Khudā Yār, [220].
Khulayd ibn `Abdullah el-Hanafī, [39].
Khulum (Gori, Aornos), [6].
Khunuk-Khudāt, [51].
Khwāja Ahrār, Nakshabandi, [171] note.
Khwāja Bahā ud-Dīn, founder of the Nakshabandis, [170] note.
Khwāja Nefes, [240].
Khwārazm (see [Khiva]).
Kibitka, definition, [268] note.
Kipchāks, struggle with Tīmūr, [171];
revolt against Khudā Yār, [220], [221].
Kiphin (see [Kandahār]).
Kirghiz, origin and haunts of, [242];
characteristics, [365];
conflict with Cossacks, [239];
submission of Middle Horde to Russia, [242];
raids on caravans, [243].
Kitolo, [20].
Kizil Arvat, workshops, [342].
Klaproth, cited [116] note.
Kobād, [26–29].
Kokand—invaded by Mozaffar ud-Dīn, [221];
Kipchāk rebellion against Khudā Yār, [220–21];
Bokhārā suzerain over, [215], [216];
Russian conquest, Ak Mechet taken, [245];
Chimkent stormed, [246];
Tashkent attacked and taken, [247–49];
invasion of, and annexation, [259–61].
Ko-lo, [30].
Komaroff, General, Afghans attacked and routed, [302];
Askabad founded by, [345].
Kiphin, [21].
Koran, the, [36].
Krasnovodsk, [340].
Kubilāy Khān, founder of Yuen dynasty, [182].
Kuchunji Khān, [189];
descent, [190].
Kūhistān, Turks defeated by Arabs at, [39].
Kulchanoff, Colonel, [404] note.
Kung-fu-tse (Confucius), [14] note.
Kurapatkine, Colonel Alexis, sent with reinforcements to General Skobeleff, [290];
sketch of career, [323];
policy of Russia in Central Asia, [338] and Appendix II.
Kurd (Kāwurd, Kādurd, Cawder), [131] note.
Kur-Maghānūn, Prince, [51].
Kūrsūl, [77].
Kushans (see [Yué-Chi]).
Kutayba ibn Muslim el-Bāhili, appointed governor of Khorāsān, [44], [46];
expeditions to Bokhārā, [46–55];
Nīzek’s rebellion, [56–59];
hostages of king of Jūzajān put to death, [59];
Chighān aided, [60];
Soghdiana invaded, [60];
Shāsh, Khojend, and Kāshān reduced, [61];
first Arab leader to establish Islām in place of Zoroastrian religion, [45];
zeal for Islām, [66];
Kāshghar conquered, [62];
fall and death, [63–66].
Kutb ed-Dīn Mohammad, [136], [137].
Kutluk, [194].
Kwei-shuang (see [Yué-Chi]).
Languages spoken in Samarkand and Bokhārā, [180].
Lao-tse, [14] note.
Leignitz, battle of, [124].
Lessar, M. P., cited [265] note.
Liao-chi, [139] note.
Lohrāsp, [115].
Lomakin, General, governor of Transcaspian military district, [285];
expedition against Turkomans, [286].
Lumsden, Sir Peter, [301].
Maddāh, public entertainers, [401].
Mahmūd Bi, [208].
Mahmūd ibn Mohammad, [134], [137].
Mahmūd ibn Melik, [133].
Mahmūd Khān, [122].
Mahmūd of Ghazna, [117], [118], [125–26].
Malcolm, cited [24], [104] notes, passim.
Ma´mūn, [95], [96], [98–102].
Mangit dynasty (see under [Uzbegs]).
Mansūr el-Himyari, [95].
Mansūr I., [112].
Marcanda (see [Samarkand]).
Margiana, annexed by Cyrus I., [4];
overrun by Alexander the Great, [8];
Greeks deprived of, [18] (see also [Merv]).
Marvin, cited [270] note.
Maslama, [70].
Massagetæ, [4].
Mas`ūd ibn Mahmūd, [126–28].
Mas`ūd ibn Mohammad, [178].
Mas`ūd Khān, [121].
Ma´sūm (Shāh Murād), [205–8], [384] note.
Mausoleum of Sanjar, [142].
Mavarā-un-Nahr (see [Transoxiana]).
Maymena, [8].
Mazdak, [27], [28], [29].
Mecklenburg, Grand Dukes of, descent claimed from Wends, [226] note.
Medīna, Mohammed’s flight to, [35].
Mekka, capital of Arabia, [34];
Mohammed’s flight from, [35].
Melik Shāh, [121], [131–33].
Melik Shāh II., [134].
Mencius (Meng-tse), [14] note.
Merūchak, [8].
Merv, “Queen of the World,” origin of title, [44] note;
custom regarding naming of children, [42];
capital of Khorāsān under Arab rule, [42], [45];
Muhallab, governor of, [43], [44];
Yezīd, governor of, [44];
entry of Abū Muslim into, [82];
standard of Hārith set up in, [79];
made capital of Caliphate, [99];
laid waste by Ghuz, [142];
conquered by Ma´sūm, [206];
Russia made suzerain over, [298];
railway to Samarkand, [310–313];
branch of railway to Kushk, [317];
irrigation of, [206], [333];
general description, [265], [349–56].
Merv er-Rūd, storming of, [57].
Merwān I., [43].
Merwān, governor of Irāk, [82], [85].
Meyendorf, cited [244] note.
Mikā´īl, [125].
Miklositch, cited [226] note.
Mīr `Alī Shīr, [181].
Mīrāb, definition, [332] note.
Mīrkhwānd, cited [101] note, passim.
Mīrzā Haydar, cited [188].
Mīrzā Husayn (Husayn Mīrzā), [184].
Mirza Sikandar, cited [185] note.
Mithridates I., [12].
Mithridates II. (the Great), [13].
Mo`awiya II., [42], [80].
Modharites, war with Yemenites, [78];
divisions of, [79].
Mohammad (great-grandson of `Abbās), [81].
Mohammad `Ali, Khān of Khiva, [215].
Mohammad Amīn Khān, [269].
Mohammad Rahīm Bi, [198], [199], [200], [202], [204].
Mohammad ibn Abū Sa`īd, [178].
Mohammad ibn el-Ash`ath, [91].
Mohammad ibn Mahmūd, [126], [127].
Mohammad ibn Melik, [133] note, [134], [144].
Mohammad Khān ibn Nasr, [122].
Mohammad Khān ibn Sulaymān, [121].
Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, [145] note.
Mohammad Shaybānī (Shāhī Beg), [179], [184].
Mohammed (Prophet), [34].
Mohammedanism (see [Islām]).
Mokan-khān, [30].
Mokanna` (veiled prophet of Khorāsān), [94].
Mokhallad, [68].
Mollā Khān, [220].
Mongols—early history, [150];
divisions of, [151];
religions, [152];
civilisation of, attributed to Tatatungo, [155];
nomadic habits, [161], [162], [232];
invasion of Central Asia, [155–60];
Russia invaded, [233];
influence on Russian character and characteristics, [234];
dissensions among, [234];
Russian attempts to throw off Mongol yoke, [235];
decline of power, [236].
Moscow, rise of, [234];
Mongol attacks on, [235], [236], [237].
Moser, cited [262] note, passim.
Mostadhhir, [134].
Mothé, [15].
Mu`ayyad, governor of Nīshāpūr, [145].
Mu`ayyad ud-Dawlé, [133].
Mu`āz ibn Muslim, [94].
Mufaddhal, [44].
Mughal, first use of word, [150].
Muhallab, [42], [43].
Muir, cited [38] note, passim.
Mukīm Khān, [199].
Muktadi, Caliph, death of, [134].
Mulabbab esh-Shaybāni, [90].
Müller, cited [39] note, passim.
Murghāb, the, [333–35].
Musayyah ibn Zobayr, [94].
Muslim ibn Sa`īd, the Kilābite, [71].
Mu`tadhid, [109–10].
Mu`tamid, Caliph, [104–05].
Mutawakkil, Caliph, [103].
Muwaffak, [104], [105].
Muzaffar ud-Dīn (Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn), [219–21].
Nādir Shāh, [200–3], [267].
Nahāvend, Zoroastrians defeated by Arabs at, [37];
captured by Hāshimite troops, [84].
Nakshabandi, order of dervishes, [170] note.
Naphthalites (see [Ephthalites]).
Narshakhi, cited [41], [42], [43] notes, passim.
Nāsir, Caliph, [157].
Nasr ibn Ahmed, [105–8].
Nasr ibn Sayyār, [75], [77–83].
Nasrullah Khān, [211–19].
Nautaca, district covered by, [6].
Nawrūz Ahmed, [191] note.
Nāzir Mohammad, [196].
Nestorius, followers persecuted by Tamerlane, [397].
Ney, cited [249], [257] notes, passim.
Nicator (Seleucus I.), [10].
Nijni Novogorod, building of, [231];
a principality, [234].
Nīshāpūr, conquest ascribed to Shāpūr, [23]; passim.
Nīzak Tarkhūn, [39].
Nizām ul-Mulk (Hasan ibn `Alī), [131], [132].
Nīzek, peace concluded with Kutayba, [47];
rebellion and death, [56–59].
Nöldeke, cited [22] note, passim.
Novogorod, a republic, [230];
added to Russia by Vassili III., [236];
Vladimir of, [229].
Nūh III., [117].
Nūh, Amīr of Samarkand, [101].
Nūr Verdi Khān, [273].
Nūshtegin, [136].
O’Donovan, cited [42] note.
Ogdāy, [158], [162], [166] note.
Oliver, W. E. E., cited [161] note.
`Omar Bi, [208].
`Omar, Caliph, assassination of, [38].
`Omar ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, [69].
`Omar ibn Hobayra, [70].
`Omar Khān, [212], [213].
`Omar Khayyām, [131] note.
`Omar Shaykh, [178].
`Omāra ibn Horaym, [73].
Omsk acquired by Russia, [242].
Orenburg, founding of, and importance for caravans, [242];
defective as basis for expeditions, [245].
Orkhon inscriptions, [29] note.
Oshrūsana, [95].
`Othmān, prince of Samarkand, [147], [156].
Osmānlīs, origin of, [124].
Ossipoff, story of, [346].
`Othmān, Caliph, [37].
Oxus (see [Amū Daryā]).
Oxyartes, father of Roxana, [8].
Palestine, conquest by Arabs, [37];
Damascus and Jerusalem conquered by Parvīz, [32], [33];
Damascus stormed by Tīmūr, [171].
Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, [3];
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on, [303–5].
Panchao, [20].
Panjakand, identified with Bishkand, [187] note.
Pāpak, [22].
Paropamisus mountains, boundary of Bactria, [3].
Parthia, [11–13];
Greeks deprived of Margiana by, [18];
encounters with the Yué-Chi, [19];
overthrow of dynasty by Ardashīr, [23];
Parthians identical with Turkomans, [266];
characteristics on early Indian Saka coins, [16].
Parvīz, “the Victorious” (Chosrau II.), [32].
Pasargadæ, [5].
Perofski, Count, expedition against Khiva, [243], [244].
Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, [5].
Persia—Bactria annexed to, [4];
conquered by Alexander the Great, [4];
condition in third century, [22];
Ardashīr, king of, [23];
famine in, [25];
loss of eyesight a bar to ruling, [27];
Arab conquest, [37];
acquired by Turks, [129];
overrun by troops of Tīmūr, [171];
war with Bākī Mohammad, [195];
Nādir Shāh, [200–3];
war with Turkomans, [267], [269–72];
Persian literary language in time of Tāhirides, [180];
Parthia (see that [title]).
Peter the Great, [240–42].
Petra Oxiana, [8].
Petrofsky, M., cited [371] note.
Petrusevitch, cited [270], [271], [272] notes.
Philippus of Elymeus, [10].
Phraates, [12].
Pīr Mohammad, [173].
Pīr Mohammad, grandson of Tīmūr, the Uzbeg, [191] note.
Pīrūz, [25].
Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, [215].
Polotsk, [230].
Poole, Mr. S. Lane, cited [60] note, passim.
Powers, the Great, Russian circular to, [249], Appendix I.
Price, Major, cited [161] note, passim.
Pskov, [230].
Rabī` ibn Ziyād el-Hārithī, [39].
Rāfi` ibn Harthama, appointed governor of Khorāsān, [105];
peace between Nasr and Isma`īl, obtained by, [107];
murder of, [110].
Rāfi` ibn Layth, [96].
Rahīm Bi, [199], [202], [384] note.
Railways (see under [Russia]).
Rāmtīna, conquered by Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39].
Rapson, cited [16] note.
Rāvandis, the, [92].
Raverty, cited [120] note.
Riazan, Russian principality, [234].
Risālachi, public entertainers, [401].
Romanovski, General, General Chernaieff superseded by, [251];
battle of Irjai, [252].
Romans, struggle with Mithridates, [13];
Kushan Empire recognised by, [19];
Shāpūr I. at war with, [23];
war with Bahrām Gūr, and truce, [24];
rupture between Pīrūz and Ephthalites attributed to, [26];
hostilities with Kobād, [28];
war with Hormuz IV., [31], [32];
alliance between Turks and Persians regarded with apprehension by, [31];
defeated by Arabs, [37];
first Turkish invasion of Rome, [131].
Roxana, [8].
Russia—ethnological origin of Russians, [225];
influence of physical surroundings, [227];
growth of cities, [227];
origin of serfs, [228];
origin, customs, and territory of Slavs, [225], [226];
growth of princely rule, [228–31];
introduction of Christianity and influence of priests upon government, [229];
feudalism introduced from Germany, [231];
Mongol invasion and results, [233–34];
Mongolian yoke thrown off by Vassili the Great, [235];
growth of Moscow, [234];
Cossack invasion of Siberia, [238–39];
Khiva, Bekovitch expedition, [240–42];
Perofski expedition, [244];
treaty, [245];
conquest, [257–59];
Kokand, invasion of, [245];
Tashkent taken, [247–49];
action with Khān of Bokhārā, [250];
annexation, [259–61];
Bokhārā, mission to, [217];
conquest, [250–57];
general description, [357–85];
Samarkand, annexation, [255];
general description, [386–407];
Turkomania, conquest of, [285–97];
battle of Geok Teppe, [292–97];
Merv acquired, [298];
administration in Transcaspia, [325–39];
Afghanistān, joint commission with England to demarcate northern boundary, [301];
skirmish with Afghans, [302];
result of deliberations, [303];
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on Pamirs, [303–5];
condition of roads in Central Asia, [345];
methods of dealing with Orientals compared with English, [410–15];
desirability of union with England, [414–16];
Railways, used by military transport between Caspian and Amū Daryā, [289];
overland route to India, [317–19];
Transcaspian Railway, construction, [307–13];
branch lines, [261], [316–17];
importance of and effect on Central Asian commerce, [313–15];
journey described, [341], [349], [357], [386].
Sabuktagin, [113], [117], [118].
Sacæ (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sadr-i-sharī`at, influence of, in towns of Transoxiana, [163].
Sāghir Beg, [122].
Sa`īd ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, [70].
Sa`īd ibn `Amr el-Harashī, [71].
Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, [40].
Sālih ibn Nasr, [103].
Salm ibn Ziyād, [41].
Salors, the, territory of, [266], [268];
settlement at Zarābād, [270].
Sāmān, [101].
Sāmānides, the, [109–18];
Transoxiana wrested from, and territory subsequently owned by, [119].
Samarkand (Marcanda)—besieged by Spitamenes and relieved, [7–8];
stormed by Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, [40], [41];
taken by Harthama, [98];
besieged and taken by Chingiz, [159];
taken by Khān of Jatah, [169];
improvement under Tīmūr, [171];
capital transferred to, [166];
throne seized by Khalīl Sultan, [174];
plundered by Uzbegs, [176];
beautifying of, [176], [178];
fall of Tīmūr’s dynasty and accession of Mohammad Khān Shaybāni, [179];
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [184];
sub-dynasty abolished, [191];
surrender to Russians, [254];
citadel defended against Sarts, [255];
incorporated with Turkestān, [255];
railways from Merv, [310–13];
to Tashkent, [316];
height above sea, [388];
the Rīgistān, [391];
mosques and tombs, [391–95];
Urda, [395];
Russian quarter, [396];
mineral wealth, [398];
trade and industries, [398–401];
professional story-tellers and legends, [401–3];
administration, [404–7];
summary of history, [389];
dialect, [180].
Sanjar, Sultan, parentage, [133] note;
governor of Khorāsān, [134];
Mahmūd succeeded by, [135];
revolt of Atsiz, [138–40];
defeat of Kara-Khitāys, [139];
by Turkomans, [266];
irrigation of Merv, work of, [206];
fall and death, [140–42];
tomb, [354].
Sarakhs, [269].
Sardār, definition, [274] note.
Sārikhs, the, [268].
Saripul, established by Alexander, [8].
Sarkār, definition, [333] note.
Sarts, definition, [245] note, [364].
Sāsānides, the, [22–33];
death of Yezdijerd, [37].
Satuk Boghrā Khān, [119].
Saura ibn el-Hurr, [73].
Saxaul (haloxylon ammodendron), [263].
Sayyid `Abdul Ahad, [384].
Sayyid el-Harashī, [94].
Sayyid Haydar Tūra, [208–10], [384] note.
Sayyid Mīr `Alīm, [384].
Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn, [219];
expedition against and submission to Russia, [250–56].
Schefer, Ed., cited [50] note, passim.
Schuyler, cited [254] note.
Scythians—Arsaces (see that [title]), defeated by Alexander, [8];
Thogari, the, [13];
Sakas, Phraates slain by, [12];
portion of Bactria wrested from, [13];
settlement in Hexapolis, [15];
expulsion from Soghdiana and subsequent fate, [16], [17];
settlement in Bactria and subsequent expulsion, [18];
driven from Kiphin by Kushans, [19].
Sé (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sefīd-Jāmegān, followers of Mokanna`, [94].
Seljūks, the, districts invaded by, [124];
origin of, and founders, [125];
Mahmūd’s expedition against, [126];
rise of, [127];
treaty with Ibrāhīm;
Khwārazm conquered, [136];
division into various branches, and downfall of authority, [144], [146];
various rules (see their names).
Seleucus I. (Nicator), [10].
Semirechensk, extent of, [253].
Serikūl, settlement of Sakas in, [17].
Shāba, [31].
Shaburgān, [8].
Shād Mulkh, [174].
Shāh Isma`īl, the Safavī, [185], [186].
Shāh Kator, [20].
Shāh Mahmūd Sultan, [145].
Shāh Murād (Ma´sūm), [205–8], [384] note.
Shāh Rukh, [174–76], [180].
Shāhī Beg (Mohammad Shaybānī), [184].
Shahrisabz, `Abdullah (son of Amīr Kazghan) defeated at, [166];
attacked by Nasrullah, [214];
conquered, [219];
revolt, [220];
subdued by General Abramoff, [256].
Shāpūr (brother of Ardashīr), [22].
Shāpūr I., [23].
Shāpūr, conquest of, ascribed to Shāpūr I., [23].
Shāsh, king of, [61].
Shaybānī Khān (Shāhī Beg), [184];
Shaybānides (see [Uzbegs]).
Shaykh Nūr-ed-Dīn, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, [175].
Shen-Yü, title borne by Juen-Juen chiefs, [21] note.
Shi`ites, origin of, [81];
revolt in Khorāsān, [91];
in Daylam, [95];
[Ma´mūn], [Shāh Isma`īl], etc. (see those titles).
Shugnān, Sakas established in, [17].
Shukovski, Prof., cited [141] note.
Sibir captured, [239].
Sīhūn (see [Sir Daryā]).
Sinbad, [90].
Sir Daryā, northern boundary of Turkestān, [3];
chain of Russian forts on, [245].
Sīstān (Drangiana), occupied by Sakas, [18];
Pīrūz made governor, [25];
Arab expedition, [38];
conquered by Shāh Rukh, [174].
Siyāwush, [115] note.
Skobeleff, Michael Dmitriavitch, governor of Kokand, [260];
Russian policy in Central Asia, [339] note;
anecdote, [344], note;
exploits, [288].
Smolensk, [230].
Soghd, assistance rendered to Bokhārā, [42];
war with Kutayba, and treaty, [51], [54];
revolt against chief, [60];
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [184].
Soghdiana—annexation by Cyrus I., [4];
revolt against Alexander, [7];
subdued by Alexander, [9];
loss of Grecian power in, [18];
expulsion of Sakas by Yué-Chi, and re-occupation, [16], [17], [18];
revolt in, and invasion by Kutayba, [60];
retreats of Asad, [72].
Spitamenes, Bessus betrayed by, [6];
rebellion against Alexander the Great, [7–8];
death, [9].
Stadium, definition, [7] note.
Stasanor, [10].
Stewart, Colonel C., cited [315] note.
Stoddart, Colonel, mission to Bokhārā, and death, [217–18].
Stolietoff, General, Krasnovodsk founded by, [262].
Strabo, cited [13] note.
Strogonoff, [238].
Stumm, Hugo, cited [238], [244] notes, passim.
Stylites, Joseph, cited [26].
Su (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sū, definition, [332].
Subhān Kulī Khān, [196], [197], [198].
Sukhrā (Zermihr), [26].
Sulaymān Shāh (governor of Khwārazm), [138].
Sulaymān (son of `Abd ul-Melik), accession to Caliphate, [61];
Kutayba’s letters to, [61];
death, [64].
Sultan `Ali, [178].
Sultan Girāy, [183].
Sultan Hamza, [186].
Sultan Husayn Baykara (Husayn Mīrzā), [184].
Sultan Jānībeg (see [Jānībeg]).
Sultan Khalīl, [173–76].
Sultan Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, [145] note.
Sultan Shāh Mahmūd, [145].
Suyunjik, [189].
Suzdal, [234].
Syria, conquered by Arabs, [37].
Tabari, cited [25] note, passim.
Tabaristān, [67], [68].
Tāhir ibn `Amr, [111].
Tāhirides, the, Tāhir, [99], [100];
Talha and `Abdullah, [100];
Tāhir II., [103];
defeated by Ya`kūb, [105];
length of rule, [102];
Persian literary language in time of, [180].
Taigir, Ye-liu Ta-shi, also known as, [137].
T’ai-tsu (Apaoki), [137] note.
Tāi Yāng, Khān, [155].
Tājiki dialect, [181].
Tājiks, the, origin and characteristics, [364];
Iranian branch of Aryans represented by, [3].
Talha, [100], [101].
Tālikān, battle at, [57].
Tanaïs (Don), Sir Daryā, mistaken for, by Alexander the Great, [7].
Tanap, definition, [362] note.
Tandar, [47].
Tanga, value of, [212] note.
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, cited [116], [119], passim.
Tashkent, siege and storming of, by Colonel Chernaieff, [247], [248];
made capital of Turkestān, [249];
railway to, [316].
Tatatungo, [155].
Tchinghiz (see [Chingiz]).
Tea, importation of, to Bokhārā, [372];
Chāy Kabūd, [401].
Tekish, [145–47].
Tekkes (see [Turkomans]).
Temūchin (see [Chingiz]).
Thogari, the, [13].
Thomson, E. C. Ringler, cited [324] note.
Tīmūr Leng (Tamerlane), [168–72];
conquests, [235];
brilliancy of age, [179–82];
fall of dynasty, [179].
Tīmūr Shāh Oghlān, [166].
Tiridates, [12].
Tiu-ping, [30].
Tobolsk, building of, [239].
Toghān Khān, [119].
Toghrul Beg, parentage, [125];
Mas`ūd defeated by, [127];
conquests and death, [129–30].
Toghrul, Khān of the Keraits, [153].
Toghrul III., overthrown by Tekish, [146].
Tokhāristān, Yué-Chi settlement in, [18];
Persians masters of, [30];
occupied by Al-Hakam, [39];
incorporated with Transoxiana, [192].
Tokhtamish Khān, [171], [183] note, [235].
Transcaspia—boundaries and physical features, [321];
productions and industries, [322];
administration, [325];
taxation, [336];
transport, [337];
irrigation methods, [331–34];
education, [335];
drunkenness, [329];
statistics of crime, [327–28];
epidemics, [330];
Turkomans (see that [title]).
Transoxiana—Yué-Chi powerful in, [17];
Ephthalites in, [21];
tribes defeated by Bahrām Gūr, [24];
Turks masters of, [30];
suggested conquest by Anūshirawān, [30] note;
Kutayba’s expeditions to, [47–55];
Turks driven out, [75];
revolt of Nīzek, [56];
reduced by `Omāra ibn Horaym, [73];
Rāfi` master of, [97];
governorship held by Sāmānides, [105–13];
fall of Sāmānides, [119];
Melik Shāh master of, [132];
Kara-Khitāys in possession of, [137], [139];
inherited by Chaghatāy, [160];
Amīr Kazghan master of, [166];
Bayān Seldūz and Hāji Birlās rulers of, [167];
invaded by Khān of Jatah, [167], [169];
Sultan Khalīl in possession of, [174];
Ulugh Beg governor of, [175];
invasion by `Abd ul-Latīf, [177];
Abū Sa`īd master of, [177];
condition under Sultan Ahmad, [178];
Uzbeg rule in, [184–92];
Bāber master of, [186];
Tokhāristān and Badakshān incorporated with, [192];
Astrakhan dynasty in, [192–203];
dialect in, [180] (see also [Bokhārā], [Samarkand], etc.).
Tsin Chi Hwang-ti, [14].
Tufghāj, the, [121].
Tūghluk Tīmūr Khān, [167].
Tūkā Tīmūr, [183] note.
Tu-kiué, [29].
Tukta, [155].
Tūlī, [158].
Tulun, [21].
Tumen, [29].
Tung-nu (Eastern Tartars), war with Hiung-nu, [15];
Yué-Chi (see that [title]).
Turkān, Queen, [142–45].
Turkestān—boundaries and earliest references, [3];
Turkish migration to, [124];
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137];
social conditions under successors of Chaghatāy, [162];
partly overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, [184];
attacked by Kokandis, [248];
made frontier district, [249];
governor-general appointed to, [253];
Samarkand incorporated with, [255];
Kokand incorporated, [260];
dialect, [180].
Turkī dialect, [180].
Turkomans—derivation, [266];
branch of Western Turks, [124], [265];
migration, [265];
various tribes, [266–68];
government of, [272];
growth of hereditary principle, [273];
raids, [274–76];
slavery, [276];
horses of, [276];
appearance and dress, [279];
characteristics, [280];
weaving, [282];
extent and physical features of territory, [262–65];
defeat by Uzbegs, [188];
conflicts with Persia, [267–68], [269–70], [272];
conflict with Khiva, [269];
Merv occupied by, [269–72];
Russian conquest, war of extermination by General Kauffman, [284];
expedition of Lomakin, [286–87];
of Skobeleff, [289–99];
battle of Geok Teppe, [291–97];
Transcaspia (see that [title]).
Turks—divisions of, [29], [123];
migrations, [124], [129];
relations with Persians, [30–32];
defeated by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, [39];
Islām embraced by Turks in Balāsāghūn, [120];
[Kirghiz], [Turkomans], [Uzbegs], etc. (see those titles).
Tver, [234].
`Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39].
`Ubaydullah (son of Subhān Kulī Khān), [199].
`Ubaydullah, Sultan, [186], [189], [190], [191] note.
Uīghūrs (Kara-Khānides), [114–22];
first mention of name, [116];
Sakas intermixed with, [17];
urban life, [163].
Ujfalvy, cited [17] note, passim.
Ulugh Beg, governor of Transoxiana, [175];
proclaimed emperor, [176];
murdered by son, [177];
arithmetician and astronomer, [180].
Umayya ibn `Abdullah ibn Khālid, [43].
Umayyads, the, various Caliphs (see their titles);
descent of Umayya traced, [80];
origin of dispute with `Abbāsids, [80];
downfall, [85].
Urdu Bālik, [115].
Ustādsīs, [93].
Usuns, territory of, [15].
Uzbegī dialect, [180].
Uzbegs, the, [183–93];
Kazaks, [183];
characteristics, [365];
Samarkand plundered by, [176];
mastery gained over Sultan Ahmad, [178];
Mangit dynasty, [204–21], [365].
Valerian, Emperor, captured by Shāpūr I., [23].
Vāli Mahammad, [195].
Vambéry, cited [39] note, passim.
Vardān, battle of, [52–54].
Vardān-Khudāt, the, king of Bokhārā, [51], [52].
Varkā, [49] note.
Vassili I., [236].
Vassili III., [236].
Vassilief, Prof., cited [149] note.
“Veiled Prophet of Khorāsān” (Mokanna`), [94].
Veliaminof-Zernof, M., cited [183], [185] seq.
Veneti, plains of Eastern Europe invaded by, [225].
Vine cultivation in Samarkand, [399–401].
Vladimir, building of, [231].
Vladimir of Novogorod, [229].
Von Hammer, J., cited [133] note.
Von Struve, Colonel, [251] note.
Wakī`, [67].
Weaving, tradition concerning, [399].
Weil, quo. [87] note, passim.
Wei-wu-rh, Kara-Khānides known to Chinese as, [116].
Welīd, Caliph, [46], [61].
Wends, the, [225].
Wheeled traffic on Persian roads, [27] note.
White Horde, the, [182].
White Huns (see [Ephthalites]).
Wolff, cited [170] note, passim.
Wu-ti, Emperor, alliance with Yué-Chi, [17].
Yādgār Mīrzā, [177].
Yahya, Amīr of Shāsh, [101].
Ya`kūb ibn Layth, [103–5].
Yamuds, the, [268].
Yani Kurgān, conquered by Russians, [252].
Yār Mohammad Khān, [194].
Yarkand, occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137];
dialect of, [180].
Yarkand Daryā, Sakas driven to upper valleys of, [17].
Yaroslav the Wise, [230].
Yatīmatu ’d-Dahr, cited [111] note.
Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137], [138].
Yemenites, war with Modharites, [78].
Yenekale, Straits of (Caucasian Bosphorus), [13].
Yetha (see [Ephthalites]).
Yezdijerd II., [25].
Yezdijerd III., [37].
Yezīd ibn Mazyad, [94].
Yezīd ibn Merwān, [41], [42].
Yezīd ibn Muhallab, [44], [63], [64–70].
Yezīd II., [69–71].
Yissugāy, [150], [152].
Y-li, [139] note.
Yué-Chi—extent of empire, [15];
divisions of, [16];
alliance with China, [17];
Bactria in possession of, [18], [19];
encounters with Parthians, [19];
Kushan clan, sovereignty of, recognised, [19], [20];
founder of Little Yué-Chi, [20];
fall of, [20].
Yule, Colonel, cited [19] note.
Yūsuf, Alp Arslān killed by, [131] note.
Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm (El-Barm), [94].
Zāb, battle of the, [84].
Zafar-Nāmé, Life of Tamerlane, two works of that name, [168] note.
Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [179], [180];
war with Uzbegs, [184], [186], [187].
Zarafshān, Bokhārā watered by, [360];
cultivation of cotton on banks of, [386].
Zariaspa, identification of, [8].
Zelenoi, General, [301].
Zermihr (Sukhrā), [26], [27].
Zernof, Veliaminof, M., cited [183], [185] notes.
Zingis (see [Chingiz]).
Ziyād (brother of Caliph Mo`awiya), [38], [39].
Ziyād, governor of Samarkand, [85], [86].
Zoroastrianism, toleration of, provided in truce between Rome and Bahrām Gūr, [24];
supplanted by Islām, [45];
revolt of Sinbad, [90].
Zotenberg’s translation of Tabari, cited [67] notes, passim.
Zulkarnayn, or Two Horned, title of Alexander, [9].
Zungaria, Sakas driven to, [16].