FOOTNOTES:
[320] Rameau, Notes historiques sur la Colonie Canadienne du Detroit.
[321] See "La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West," 315.
[322] "Ce poste, le premier de tous par droit d'antiquité."—Journal historique, 403 (ed. 1744).
[323] The old parish registers of Kaskaskia are full of records of these mixed marriages. See Edward G. Mason, Illinois in the Eighteenth Century.
[324] The two other members were La Loire des Ursins, director of the Mississippi Company, and Michel Chassin, its commissary,—he who wrote the curious letter to Ponchartrain, asking for a wife, quoted in the last chapter, pp. 317-318.
[325] Vaudreuil au Ministre, 16 Septembre, 1714.
[326] Idem, 2 Octobre, 1723.
[327] N. Y. Col. Docs., v. 65.
[328] Mémoire présenté au Comte de Ponchartrain par M. d'Auteuil, procureur-général du Roy, 1708.
[329] Marest à Vaudreuil, 21 Janvier, 1712.
[330] Vaudreuil et Bégon au Ministre, 15 Novembre, 1713.
[331] Vaudreuil au Ministre, 16 Septembre, 1714.
[332] "Les Renards [Outagamies] sont placez sur une rivière qui tombe dans la Baye des Puants [Green Bay]."—Registre du Conseil de la Marine, 28 Mars, 1716.
[333] "Où il y a des François et des sauvages, c'est un enfer ouvert."—Registre du Conseil de Marine, 28 Mars, 1716.
[334] Le Page du Pratz.
[335] Louvigny au Ministre, 14 Octobre, 1716. Louvigny's account of the Outagamie defences is short, and not very clear. La Mothe-Cadillac, describing similar works at Michilimackinac, says that the palisades of the innermost row alone were set close together, those of the two other rows being separated by spaces of six inches or more, through which the defenders fired from their loopholes. The plan seems borrowed from the Iroquois.
[336] Dépêche de Vaudreuil, 14 Octobre, 1716.
[337] Vaudreuil au Conseil de Marine, 28 Octobre, 1719.
[338] Paroles des Renards [Outagamies] dans un Conseil tenu le 6 Septembre, 1722.
[339] Réponse du Ministre à la lettre du Marquis de Vaudreuil du 11 Octobre, 1723.
[340] Mémoire sur les Renards, 27 Avril, 1727.
[341] Mémoire concernant la Paix que M. de Lignery a faite avec les Chefs des Renards, Sakis [Sacs], et Puants [Winnebagoes], 7 Juin, 1726.
[342] Mémoire sur les Renards, 27 Avril, 1727.
[343] Ibid.
[344] Mémoire du Roy, 29 Avril, 1727.
[345] Beauharnois et Dupuy au Ministre, 25 Octobre, 1727.
[346] Mémoire de Dupuy, 1728.
[347] Desliettes came to meet them, by way of Chicago, with five hundred Illinois warriors and twenty Frenchmen. La Perrière et La Fresnière à Beauharnois, 10 Septembre, 1728.
[348] Guignas à Beauharnois, 29 Mai, 1728.
[349] Dépêche de Beauharnois, 1 Septembre, 1728.
[350] The best account of this expedition is that of Père Emanuel Crespel. Lignery made a report which seems to be lost, as it does not appear in the Archives.
[351] Beauharnois au Ministre, 15 Mai, 1729; Ibid., 21 Juillet, 1729.
[352] Beauharnois et Hocquart au Ministre, 2 Novembre, 1730. An Indian tradition says that about this time there was a great battle between the Outagamies and the French, aided by their Indian allies, at the place called Little Butte des Morts, on the Fox River. According to the story, the Outagamies were nearly destroyed. Perhaps this is a perverted version of the Villiers affair. (See Wisconsin Historical Collections, viii, 207.) Beauharnois also reports, under date of 6 May, 1730, that a party of Outagamies, returning from a buffalo hunt, were surprised by two hundred Ottawas, Ojibwas, Menominies, and Winnebagoes, who killed eighty warriors and three hundred women and children.
[353] Some particulars of this affair are given by Ferland, Cours d'Histoire du Canada, ii. 437; but he does not give his authority. I have found no report of it by those engaged.
[354] Relation de la Défaite des Renards par les Sauvages Hurons et Iroquois, le 28 Février, 1732. (Archives de la Marine.)
[355] The story is told in Snelling, Tales of the Northwest (1830), under the title of La Butte des Morts, and afterwards, with variations, by the aged Augustus Grignon, in his Recollections, printed in the Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society, iii.; also by Judge M. L. Martin and others. Grignon, like all the rest, was not born till after the time of the alleged event. The nearest approach to substantial evidence touching it is in a letter of Beauharnois, who writes in 1730 that the Sieur Dubuisson was to attack the Outagamies with fifty Frenchmen and five hundred and fifty Indians, and that Marin, commander at Green Bay, was to join him. Beauharnois au Ministre, 25 Juin, 1730.
[356] Mémoire sur le Canada, 1736.
[357] Charles Bodmer was the artist who accompanied Prince Maximilian of Wied in his travels in the interior of North America.
The name Outagamie is Algonquin for a fox. Hence the French called the tribe Renards, and the Americans, Foxes. They called themselves Musquawkies, which is said to mean "red earth," and to be derived from the color of the soil near one of their villages.