HERCULES
9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.'
3. óderat. Ódí is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect. 5. mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'
7. Nec tamen, 'not … however.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.
8. movébant. Contrast this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí sunt.
13. Tálí modó = hóc modó, 4, 20.
20. á pueró, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.'
exercébat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also cónsúmébat.
24. autem. See the note on 5, 8.
25. artí, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat.
10. 2. omnibus víribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner.
3. é vítá. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both with the noun and in the verb. Compare in átrium inrúpit, 7, 3.
4. neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' i.e. 'and no one.' Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences.
5. voluit, 'was willing.'
7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.
8. nómine. See the note on 5, 8.
9. vir crúdélissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the quality.
cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in scó and denote the beginning of an action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So cónsuéscó = 'I am becoming accustomed,' cónsuéví = 'I have become accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' cónsuéveram = 'I had become accustomed' or 'was accustomed.'
11. sacrifició, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.
ea. Why is diés feminine here? See the note on certam, 5, 13.
12. omnia. See the note on 5, 13.
15. capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (in + pónó).
16. iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this clause with the preceding, and the repetition of iam, which thus in a way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow.
18. alteró. Supply íctú.
19. Thébís, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in form.
21. Thébánís, dative with the adjective fínitimí.
autem, 'now.'
22. Thébás. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the place to which.
23. veniébant, postulábant, imperfect of customary action.
25. cívís suós, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10.
hóc stípendió, ablative of separation.
27. atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'
11. 11. conversa. Est and sunt are frequently not expressed with the perfect participle.
17. suós ipse suá. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of all these words repeating the same idea.
23. óráculum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6.
hóc óráculum omnium = hóc omnium óráculórum.
25. Hóc in templó. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the noun and an adjective modifying it.
12. 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How are the person and number of quí shown?
2. hominibus. See the note on 9, 2.
4. neque. See the note on 6, 8.
7. Tíryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on áera, 4, 11.
10. Duodecim annós, accusative of duration of time.
11. Eurystheó. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but servió ('be subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object.
14. quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae?
16. Prímum is chiefly used in enumeration, prímó (line 6) in contrasting an action or state with one that follows it.
19. sécum. The preposition cum follows and is joined to the reflexive and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun.
22. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.
26. respírandí, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in -ing.
13. 5. Hóc. We might expect haec referring to Hydram, but a demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the predicate noun (here mónstrum).
cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This construction is found only with sum. It is called the dative of possession.
8. rés. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most suitable English word.
13. 8. mágní perículí. We say 'one of great danger.'
9. éius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistrá?
11. hóc cónátú, ablative of separation.
14. comprehendérunt. See the note on 3, 13.
unde = ex quibus.
16. auxilió Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid (i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the double dative construction, auxilió the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested.
17. abscídit. See the note on 4, 25.
mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action.
18. tálí modó. See the note on 9, 13.
interfécit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' Interfició is the most general of these; necó (line 4) is used of killing by unusual or cruel means, as by poison; occídó (12, 23) is most commonly used of the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.
19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás for its object, but we must translate as if we had eás with reddidit.
22. ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called indirect.
23. tantae audáciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare specié horribilí, 4, 14.
autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21.
24. incrédibilí celeritáte, ablative of description.
25. vestígiís, ablative of means.
26. ipsum, contrasts cervum with vestígiís.
27. omnibus víribus. See the note on 10, 2.
14. 1. currébat, 'he kept running.'
sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated,
ad quiétem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by ad.
3. cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the lapse of time is denoted.
4. cursú, ablative of cause.
exanimátum = quí exanimátus erat. The participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.
5. rettulit. See the note on 13, 19.
8. rem. See the note on rés, 13, 8.
10. apró, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (ob + curró).
11. tímóre perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words.
13. iniécit, i.e. upon the boar.
summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with omnibus víribus, 13, 27, and notice that cum may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25.
15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask.
vívus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in line 5?
17. quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.
nárrávimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage.
18. in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from in Arcadiá?
20. appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express the reason for the action of the main verb.
23. Herculés. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.
26. quod, conjunction, not pronoun.
reliquós centaurós, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.' Compare mediá nocte, 9, 5. Notice that reliquí means about the same as céterí, and see the note on 4, 13.
28. inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with direct quotations.
15. 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to show that the time is future.
7. pervénérunt. See the note on 4, 26.
10. cónstitit, from cónsistó, not cónstó.
16. fugá. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.'
17. ex spéluncá. See the note on 10, 3.
21. locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might also have ad locum with adeó used intransitively.
16. 4. Herculí. See the note on 10, 15.
labórem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the Stymphalian birds as the fifth.
6. tria mília boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the plural mília, but the singular mílle is commonly used as an adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be mílle bovés.
7. ingentís mágnitúdinis. See the note on tantae audáciae, 13, 23.
8. neque enim umquam, 'for … never.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.
11. multae operae. See the note on mágní perículí, 13, 8.
12. duodévígintí pedum, i.e. in width.
dúxit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall or ditch from one end of it to the other.
15. opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. Labor is used of heavy or exhausting labor, opera of voluntary exertion or effort, opus of that upon which one labors or of the completed work.
17. imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a clause introduced by ut and used as the object of imperó (ut necáret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to kill.' Compare now the construction with iubeó, 13, 22, with which the command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (Herculem referre).
19. carne. Véscor is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative.
22. appropinquandí. See the note on 12, 26.
23. cónstitit, from cónstó. Compare 15, 10.
pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.'
25. consúmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note.
26. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.
27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose.
17. 3. ávolárent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as is indicated by tam.
6. ex. Compare this with ab, 16, 21, and dé, 16, 13. We commonly translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'down from' respectively.
Crétá. See the note on 3, 12.
7. esset. See the note on 14, 20.
8. ínsulae, dative with the compound verb (ad + propinquó).
appropinquáret. See the note on 16, 25.
9. tanta … ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected with a demonstrative word in the main clause.
12. návigandí imperítus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.
21. cum, the conjunction.
ingentí labóre. See the note on summá cum difficultáte, 14, 13.
25. ut redúceret. See the note on 16, 27.
26. carne. See the note on 16, 19.
véscébantur, imperfect of customary action.
18. 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that postuló, like imperó, takes an object-clause introduced by ut and having its verb in the subjunctive.
sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22.
4. írá … interfécit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,' literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently best rendered by a finite verb.
18. 4. cadáver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.
6. míra rérum commútátió. When a noun has both an adjective and a genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.
7. cum cruciátú, ablative of manner.
necáverat. See the note on interfécit, 13, 18.
10. referébant. See the note on 6, 16.
modo. This is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative singular of which would be modó. Make a practice of carefully observing the quantity of vowels.
11. órábant. Notice that this verb, like imperó and postuló, takes ut and the subjunctive.
14. ad návigandum. See the note on ad quiétem, 14, 1.
16. post, here an adverb of time.
18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').
19. reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.'
25. mandávit. See the note on 16, 17.
26. Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb.
19. 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction that we have already found used with imperó and mandó.
2. sécum. See the note on 12, 19.
5. appulit. Supply návem.
6. docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. Translate like the ut-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'
14. mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference.
16. nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'
neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be neuter.
17. volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.
22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.
23. Virí. Compare this with hominibus, 12, 2.
24. praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21.
27. neu. As neque or nec is used for 'and not,' so néve or neu for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.
20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.
ita … ut. See the note on 17, 9.
2. essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon which it depends.
4. púgnátum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as púgnátum est = púgna púgnáta est.
11. aestátis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.
13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.
24. specié horribilí. See the note on 4, 14.
26. timóre perterrití. See the note on 14, 11.
continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon itself.
pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of single animals, especially sheep.
28. commótus cónsuluit. See the note on 18, 4.
21. 3. líberáret. See the note on 16, 27.
óráculó. Notice that párére is intransitive and has the dative of indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as páreó by intransitives, here 'to submit to.'
4. sacrifició. See the note on 10, 11.
5. ipsó temporis punctó quó, 'at the very moment when.'
8. égressus. See the note on 20, 13.
dé rébus … factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each.
11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are quoted indirectly. He said sí potes, 'if you can.'
19. Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates.
20. inter sé, 'to one another.'
22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be Quantum perículum est? ('How great is the danger?'). multás terrás, just as we say 'many lands,'
23. Európae. Compare Thébánís, 10, 21.
24. in utróque lítore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'
25. columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar set up by Hercules on the European side.
22. 4. tantum, an adverb.
5. dederit. See the note on 19, 22.
9. quó in locó. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22.
10. sibi, the indirect reflexive.
12. et … et, 'both … and.'
18. prógredí, 'from proceeding.'
19. prohibébant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in present time, has the same special uses.
20. barbarí. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves.
24. cecidérunt. Let the quantity of the i tell you whether this comes from cadó or caedó. Is occíderint a compound of cadó or caedó?
25. in tálibus rébus, i.e. when a god intervenes in behalf of his favorite.
26. nihil incommodí, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommodí is partitive genitive.
23. 2. quam celerrimé, 'as rapidly as possible.' Quam with the superlative expresses the highest possible degree.
3. Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being hás tránsíre.
5. citerióre. The Romans called upper Italy Gallia Citerior, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes.
6. perenní. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation,
téctí, used as predicate adjective.
9. cópiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have we found the plural cópiae used?
10. rébus, 'preparations.' See the note on rés, 13, 8.
cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.
11. omnium opíniónem. Hitherto we have had opíniónem omnium, but here omnium is made emphatic by being placed first.
15. itinere, ablative of cause.
fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle must often be expanded into a clause in the translation.
16. Haud = nón. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.
19. modo. See the note on 18, 10.
ingentí mágnitúdine. Compare ingentis mágnitúdinis, 16, 7.
23. boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary.
24. né. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by né.
24. 2. omnibus locís. Locus modified by an adjective is often used without in in the ablative of place.
3. núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to combine the negative with another word.
6. reliquís. See the note on reliquós centaurós, 14, 26.
7. é bóbus. Compare boum, 23, 23. With únus the ablative with ex or dé is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive.
16. neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4.
21. móre suó, 'according to his custom.'
turbátus, 'was confused … and.' See the note on íra … interfécit, 18, 4.
22. in. See the note on in átrium, 7, 3.
25. respírandí. See the note on 12, 26.
25. 2. quam quós, for quam eós quós.
11. cui. See the note on cui erant, 13, 5.
12. Herculí imperáverat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.'
17. Eurystheó. See the note on óráculó, 21, 3.
19. quaesíverat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked is expressed in the ablative with ab, dé, or ex.
23. orbis terrárum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.'
26. umerís suís, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.'
né. See the note on 23, 24.
décideret. Notice the force of the prefix dé.
27. mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered into English by a present participle.
26. 3. Herculí, dative with pródesse.
ille. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.
4. certó, the adverb.
6. vénisset. What would the form be in the direct question?
inquit. See the note on 14, 28.
7. fíliábus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of deus and fílius, the dative and ablative plural of dea and fília sometimes end in ábus.
sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in prose usually with meá, tuá, or suá, 'of my, your, his own accord.'
9. posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was sí potest.
11. abesset. This also is indirect, quoting absum.
12. umerís. See the note on 25, 26.
17. pauca mília. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by the accusative,
passuum. See the note on 16, 6.
21. ita ut, 'as'
accépissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; the Hesperides said quod accépimus.
28. grátiás égit. See the note on 6, 16.
27. 2. é labóribus. See the note on 24, 7.
3. Herculí praecéperat = Herculí imperáverat, 25, 12.
5. posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, poterit.
6. ut … traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in apposition with the object (Negótium).
7. omnium, partitive genitive.
11. nárrámus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1.
aliénum, predicate adjective, the subject of vidétur being pauca … própónere. In the passive videó may mean 'be seen,' but it usually means 'seem.'
13. qui ídem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.'
14. Ut, 'when.'
15. dédúcébantur, customary action.
19. Stygis flúminis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'
quó, ablative of means.
20. necesse. See the note on 23, 3.
possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action is expected or intended.
21. in. We say 'over.'
25. prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the comparative because only two actions are spoken of.
dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said nisi dederis (future perfect), nón tránsveham, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'
28. 1. mortuí, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.'
eó cónsilió, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut … posset is in apposition with cónsilió.
6. Ut. Compare 27, 14.
8. quod cum fécissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on quibus, 20, 1.
13. Stábant, 'there stood.' What is its subject?
15. mortuís, dative of indirect object.
et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these connectives, et connects two ideas that are independent of each other and of equal importance; -que denotes a close connection, often of two words that together express a single idea; while ac or atque (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.
18. et. Multí is often joined by et to another adjective modifying the same noun.
24. ex. Compare 25, 18.
27. sé sociós, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.
29. 3. né. After verbs of fearing né must be rendered 'that,' ut, 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by né that we have met, for Charon wishes that the thing may not happen.
13. fécisset, indirect for féceris.
18. refúgerit. See the note on 19, 22.
23. quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since which things were so.'
24. líberátus. See the note on írá … interfécit, 18, 4.
25. quae, object of perscríbere, which is the subject of est; longum is predicate adjective.
26. est. We say 'would be.'
aetáte, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in age' (i.e. 'late in life'), and see the note on fessus, 23, 15.
30. 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for their subject a clause of result (ut … occíderit).
3. ut … íret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, mós being predicate.
quis. After sí, nisi, né, and num, this is not the interrogative, but an indefinite pronoun ('any one'),
occídisset, indirect for occíderit, which would be the form used in the laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to íret.
7. tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be _tránseámus ('How in the world are we to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.
10. prógressus, 'after advancing.'
11. revertébátur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and future.
16. humí, locative, 'on the ground.'
né. See the note on 23, 24.
suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (sé ulcíscendí). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.
17. morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare mortuí, 28, 1.
18. vís, from voló.
20. sí … vénerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main clause.
21. inficiés. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative.
22. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.
suspicáta. See the note on 25, 27.
25. Iolén, fíliam, captívam, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.
26. domum. See the note on ad domum, 3, 15.
31. 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6.
2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.
gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as mós est may have as subject either an infinitive or a clause of result.
3. verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present,
né. See the note on 29, 3.
4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear that it is the object of ínfécit as well as of dedit.
5. suspicáns. This does not differ appreciably in force from suspicáta, 30, 22.
8. exanimátus, 'beside himself.'
14. succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix sub in this word and in subdidit below.
15. inductus, 'moved.'