History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe

by François Guizot

INDEX.

Acts of the Oxford Parliament, [357]
Adalid Mayor, [248]
Adalides,
election and office of the, [247], [248]
Administration of Diocletian, [24]
Alaric II.,
king of the Visigoths, in Gaul, [208]
Alfaqueque,
appointment of, [249]
Alfred the Great,
influence of,
on English legislature, [30], [41];
right of, to the throne, [53]
Algila,
king of the Visigoths, [210]
Allodium,
characteristics of the, [107]
Allods, [106];
conversion of, into benefices, [125];
proprietors of, [107], [135]
Almocadene,
appointment of the, [249]
Almogavars, [248]
Alode,
origin of the term, [106]
Amalaric,
king of Spain, [209]
Ambassadors,
French, [108]
America,
elections in, [407], [408]
Anglo-Saxons, [29], [37];
resemblance of, to the Normans, [281];
subjection of the, [286];
general assemblies of the, [49];
institutions of the, [38], [46], [282], [284]
Anglo-Saxons, Saxon heretochs,
election of, [247]
Anglo-Saxons, Normans,
institutions of the, [282], [314]
Antiquity,
study of, [5-7]
Antrustions, see Leudes.
Apocrisiary, or keeper of the palace, [166]
Arianism, introduction of, into Spain, [210]
Arimanni, or Rathimburgi, [146]
Aristocracy,
origin of the, [34];
signification of the term, [56];
historical definition of, [66];
influence of the, [235]
Aristocracy,
feudal origin of the, [135], [143];
powers of the, [299]
Aristocracy, French, [97]
Aristocracy, Norman, cohesion of the, [286]
Aristocracy, Saxon, [271]
Army, privileges of the,
under the Roman Empire, [194]
Arthur, duke of Bretagne, [309];
death of, [310]
Assembly, general, of the Saxons,
see Wittenagemot
Assemblies,
Germanic, [47], [163]
Assemblies,
national, first termed Parliaments, [356]
Assemblies,
of the Franks, [163], [164];
decay of, [171];
revival of, under Charlemagne, [164];
Hincmar, on the, ib.
Assemblies, of the Normans, [298], [311]
Assemblies, of the Saxons, [291], [293]
Assemblies, of the Visigoths, [210]
Assessors,
appointment and duties of, [44], [158], [239]

Assizes, first appointed, [315]
Athanogild, [210]
Austrasia,
kingdom of, [88];
queen of, [89], [210]
Authority,
judicial, institution of, [239]
Authority,
parental, legitimacy of, [345]
Authority,
regal, progress of, in England, [499], [500], [521]
B.
Ballot, origin of the scheme, [408]
Barbarianism, epoch of, [258]
Barons,
original qualifications of, [294];
tyranny of the, [358];
wealth of the, [457];
struggles of, with the Commons, [497-501]
Barons,
Council of, [423]
Barons,
factions of the, [518], [519]
Barons, Norman,
coalition of the, [300], [303], [309], [311];
increasing powers of the, [306];
contests of,
with King John, [311-318];
with Henry III., [322];
with Edward I., [327];
with Edward II., [456]
Barons, French, powers of the, [101]
Basques, see Vascons.
Becket, Thomas,
rise of, [275];
fall of, [278]
Belgium, settlement of the Franks in, [84]
Benefices, [112];
tenure of, [114], [115], [120], [135];
transference of, [116];
conditions attached to, [124];
character of, [125]
Benefices, Montesquieu on, [117]
Benefices,hereditary, [119]
Beneficiaries, [135], [160]
Benevolences, substitution of, for taxes, [520]
Bills,
parliamentary, origin of, [514];
amendments to, first permitted, [515]
Bills, of attainder, [517]
Bishops,
powers of, in Gaul, [143];
nomination of, [144];
position of, in the Roman Empire, [200], [205];
political preponderance of, [221]
Black Prince, the, [489], [490]
Borough representation, corruption of, [386]
Boroughs,
progress of the liberties of, [28];
deputies of, first called to Parliament, [361];
forms of elections for, [387]
Boroughs, representatives of, [384], [385]
Bracton, on "Sovereign power," [267]
Breviarium Aniani, [209], [241], [245];
abolition of the, [244]
Britain, a Roman colony, [25];
first inhabitants of, [270]
Britons, origin of the, [270]
Brunehaut,
queen of Austrasia, [89] ancestors of, [210]
C.
Cambridge, University of,
first represented in Parliament, [373]
Capacity,
electoral, [395], [396];
legal signs of, [397]
Capitularies, [168]
Carlovingians,
wealth of the, [113];
dissolution of the kingdom under the, [95];
monarchy of the, [157];
fall of the, [160], [171]
Catalonia, origin of the name, [207]
Castile, ancient customs of, [246]
Centralization,
origin of, [39];
object of, [201]
Centralization,
progress of, in England, [268], [275], [289], [316], [364]
Centralization,
tendency to, in France, [94], [158];
progress of, [160], [170], [201]
Centralization, in Rome, [184], [201]
Centralization, monarchical, [158]
Centralization,
of power opposed to representative government, [520];
origin of, [289];
tendency to, in England, [364], [497];
tendency to, in France, [100], [289]
Ceorls, history of the, [33-37]

Chamberlain, office of, [166]
Champs de Mars,
assemblies of, [80], [163-169]
Champs de Mai, [171]
Chancery, courts of, [297]
Charlemagne,
political aspect of the reign of, [96] [98];
attempt of, to establish monarchy, [149], [158];
government of, [154], [157], [170]
Charles the Bald,
reign of, in France, [99];
government of, [158], [171];
laws of tenure under, [120]
Charles the Fat, reign of, [100]
Charters,
origin of, [300]
Charters, English,
history of, [302-306];
general character of, [319];
statute in confirmation of, [330]
Charters, of Edward I., [328]
Charters, of Henry I., [273], [304]
Charters, of Henry II., [306]
Charters, of Henry III., [320];
violation of the, [321];
revocation of, [322];
confirmation of, [323], [324]
Charters, of John, [309], [311], [316]
Charters, Magna, or the great, [313-317]
Charters,
relating to forests, [316], [321];
confirmation of, [493]
Charters, of Stephen, [305]
Charters, of William the Conqueror, [303] n.
Charters, of manumission, [498]
Charters, granted to the clergy, [311]
Chartularii, [147]
Chiefs, Frankish, [83]
Childeric, [83]
Chindasuinth, [212]
Chintila, reign of, [212]
Christianity,
dawn and growth of, in Rome, [187], [189];
effects of, on society, [162], [190]
Chronicles, European, [259]
Church,
early endowment of the, [144];
first union of, with the state, [144]
Church,
property, seizure of, [118]
Cinq Ports,
political importance of the, [365]
Cities, defenders of,
appointed, [199];
duties of, [242]
Citizenship, Roman,
terms of admission to, [182], [185]
Civil list,
origin of the, [496]
Civil courts, powers of the, established, [276]
Civilization,
effects of, on society, [32], [33];
its aid to power, [39];
progress of, [155];
chief aim of, [161]
Civilization,
in England, [282]
Civilization,
European, unity of, [257]
Clarendon, constitution of, [276-278], [292]
Clarissimi, [193], [194]
Classification of persons,
principles of, [134], [135], [137], [138], [193]
Classification of members, [421], [422],
Classification of governments, [61], [75]
Clement V.,
bull of, [332], [333];
letter of, to Edward I., [332]
Clergy,
influence of the, [98], [162], [177], [190], [205], [212];
privileges of the, [194];
political predominance of, [220];
incompetency of, for government, [232];
powers of the, [276], [310];
decline of, in England, [282], [491];
contests of, with royalty, [310];
charters granted to, [311];
statutes in favour of, [499]
Clovis,
wars of, [84];
death of, [85];
successors of, [86]
Code of English laws, [286]
Code of the Visigoths, [177]
Colonies,
Roman, [25];
state of the, [179]
Comitia, the, in Rome, [184], [185]
Commons,
admission of the, to Parliament, [370-373], [451];
formation of the, [422];
intervention of, in matters of peace or war, [485];
political influence of, [452], [487], [495];
progressive rights of the, [400], [476], [480], [488], [496], [516];
resistance of, to regal power, [477], [499], [501];
power of, in government, [495], [497];
annihilation of the, [521]

Commons, House of, [268], [418-423], [437]
Commons, House of, a secret assembly, [81]
Commons, House of, in France,
enfranchisement of the, [424]
Committees, parliamentary, first formed, [492], [497]
Compurgation, [250-252]
Concilium, attributes of the, [290], [448], [449]
Concilium, Regni, [290]
Confiscation, [286]
Conquest, Norman, [271];
effects of the, [281], [283], [285];
results of, [287], [288]
Conquest, of England by Louis of France, [318]
Conquest, of Gaul, [84], [91]
Constitutions of Clarendon, [276-278], [292]
Constitutions of English, basis of the, [309]
Convocation, writs of, [371], [373]
Corporation, municipal, right of, to elect members, [385]
Cortes, acts of the, [246]
Councils of Clarendon, [276]
Councils of barons, [315], [320], [423]
Councils of kings,
various names of the, [291], [292], [448];
increase of the, [489]
Councils of State, [165]
Council, national,
of England, [448], [449];
dispersion of the, [459]
Council of Northampton, [292]
Councillors,
election of, [165];
duties of, [167]
Counts,
institution of, [152];
jurisdiction of, [152];
rise of, [158]
Counties,
deputies of, called to Parliament, [351], [362]
Counties, progress of the representation of, [363]
County courts,
origin and laws of, [43], [150];
effects of, on feudalism, [287];
members of, [352];
functions of, [379]
Courts,
civil powers of, established, [276]
Courts, of Chancery, [297]
Courts, of Exchequer, [297]
Courts, of kings, [291], [294]
Courts, of law, established in England, [297]
Cromwell, Parliament under, [6], [7]
Crusades, [279]
Curator, [198]
Curatores, [199]
Curfew, laws of, [271]
Curia,
attributes of the, [183], [188], [197];
importance of the, [243];
abolishment of, [204]
Curia, de more, [290], [291]
Curia,
regis, [291];
constitution of the, [293]
Curials of the Roman Empire, [183], [193];
functions and charges of, [195]
D.
Danegeld, the, [296], [305]
Danes,
establishment of, in England, [270];
affinity of, to the Normans, [271]
David Bruce, [486]
Debt, national, progress of the, [507]
Debates, parliamentary, order of, [515]
Decurio, origin of the term, [183]
Defensores,
appointment of, [199];
result of the, [200];
duties of, [242]
Democracy,
principles of, [70]
Democracy,
compared with representative government, [73], [445]
Denariales, [146]
Deputies of boroughs,
first called to Parliament, [361]
Deputies of counties,
admitted to Parliament, [351], [363];
relation of, to the great barons, [354];
election of, [381];
union of, with borough members, [422]
Deputies of towns,
first admitted to Parliament, [365]

Despotism,
origin of, [156], [158], [341];
tests of, [170], [187];
union of, with privilege, [194];
forms of, [444]
Despotism,
Roman, [161], [199];
effects of, in the west, [180];
dangers of, [187];
principles of, [204]
Diocletian, administration of, [24]
Dissolution,
tendency to, in early states, [95], [101];
phenomena of, [102]
Districts, electoral, [404]
Donors of benefices, [124]
Doomsday-book,
compilation of, [286];
tythes granted by, [326] n.
Dukes,
appointment and jurisdiction of, [152]
Duty on wool, first imposed, [326]
Duumvir, [198]
E.
Edward I.,
reign of, [325-330];
exactions of, [326];
quarrels of, with the nobles, [327], [329];
statute of, [330];
character of, [368];
Parliaments of, [368], [370], [371], [374]
Edward II.,
reign of, [454-461];
Parliaments of, [455];
deposition of, [457]
Edward III.,
reign of, [476], [484-489];
death of, [490];
Parliaments of, [495-498]
Egica, succession of, [214]
Eginhard,
on the "Tenure of Benefices," [117], [124]
Election,
direct advantages of, [408];
necessity of, [411]
Election,
indirect evils of, [412], [413];
source of, [416]
Elections,
an element in representative government, [80], [409];
evils of, [407]
Elections,
American, forms of, [407]
Elections,
of borough members, [387]
Elections,
of councillors, [166]
Elections,
of county members, [381]
Elections,
English, [404-407]
Elections,
French, [408]
Elections,
of kings, [222]
Elections,
of knights, [380], [419];
by the sheriff, [354]
Elections,
under the Merovingians, [159]
Elections,
by vote, limited power of, [339]
Elections,
character and power of, [63];
introduction of, [80];
forms of, [387];
necessity for, [265];
effects of, on feudalism, [422];
advantages of, [408];
fundamental law of,

[405];
influence of kings upon, [492] n.;
abuses of, first repressed, [491];
parliamentary interference in, [507]
Electors,
original qualification of, [377], [381], [385];
two classes of, [393];
rights of, [406], [407]
Emperors, powers of the, [28]
Empire, Roman,
political sterility of the, [24];
social condition of, in the 5th century, [193-203];
fall of the, [187], [205];
position of bishops under the, [200], [205];
Honorati of the, [243]
Enfranchisement,
modes of, [146], [147];
progress of, [173];
effects of, on the continent, [424]
Enfranchisement,
general, [498]
England,
early history of, [29-31], [270];
division of the soil, [42];
representative government in, [56], [69], [258], [263], [266], [268], [519];
progress of feudalism in, [274], [280];
civilization of, [282];
conquest of, by Louis of France, [318];
facts which decided the political destiny of, [423];
modern state of, [448];
political aspect of, in the reign of Edward III., [477];
institutions of, [30], [149], [284], [494]
Enquiry,
right of, [473]
Enquiry,
commissions of, instituted, [487]
Epochs of European history, [258]
Error, sources of, [4]

Error of the Whigs and Tories, [293], [462]
Erwig, usurpation of, [213]
Escuage,
establishment of, [306];
laws of, [313]
Euric, king of the Visigoths, [208]
Evesham, battle of, [362]
Evil, conflicts of, [68]
Exchequer, court of, instituted, [297]
Excommunication, [310]
F.
Fact, philosophy of, [426]
Favourites, empire of, in England, [455], [500], [502]
Feudalism,
characteristics of, [14], [35], [104], [120], [173];
first principles of, [41];
importance of, to the formation of society, [130];
rapid extension of, [146], [158], [171];
origin of, [148];
conflicts of, [149];
rudiments of, [151];
influence of, [175];
epoch of, [258];
establishment of, in England, [271], [280];
decline of, in England, [437]
Feudalism,
in France, [95], [285];
effects of, [102];
progress of, [110], [111], [113];
predominance of, [153];
attacks on, [173];
source of, [284].
Feudalism,
effects of, on the Saxons, [286]
Fidelity, oaths of, [123]
Fiefs, book of, [117]
Forests, charters relating to, [316], [321], [493]
Formation and dissolution, phenomena of, [102]
Fortescue, on "Sovereign Power," [267]
Forty-shilling freeholders, origin of, [381]
Forum Judicium,
laws of the, [216], [224], [226], [237];
study of the, [255]
France,
historical position of, [3];
absolute monarchy in, [56];
representative government in, [62], [175], [519];
early settlements of, [84];
partition of the realm, [87], [92];
national assemblies established in, [163] [169];
centralization of power in, [289]
Franks,
origin of the, [82];
countries first inhabited by, [88];
institutions of the, [83], [103], [149];
first habitations of, [111];
condition of, under the Romans, [134];
national assemblies of the, [163], [174];
results of their settlement in Gaul, [172]
Franks,
under Charlemagne, [97]
Fredegonde, queen of Neustria, [89]
Free-men,
various classes of, [136];
rank of, [143];
signification of the term, [145]
Free-men,
in Rome, [193]
Freeholders,
origin of, [295], [378]
Freeholders,
court of, [353], [379]
Freeholders,
rights of, [380], [381], [385]
Fueros, or ancient customs of Castile, [246], [247]
G.
Gaul,
invasion of, by the Germans, [26];
conquest of, by Clovis, [84];
by Pepin, [91], [93];
territorial division of, [103], [150];
settlement of the Franks in, [172];
Visigothic monarchy in, [208]
Germany,
Franks in, [84];
primitive state of society in, [148];
institutions of, [148]
Gibbon, history by, [259], [260]
Goths,
character of the, [236];
laws of the, [246]
Government,
forms and principles of, [56], [58], [443];
co-existence of, with society, [57];
true laws of, [60];
problem of, [78];
twofold object of, [155];
theories of, [341]
Government,
aristocratic, [66], [70];
consequences of, [68], [457]
Government,
central, rise of, [289];
principal organ of, [452]

Government,
ecclesiastical, [51], [234]
Government,
free, progress towards, [302]
Government,
English, sources of, [283];
fundamental principles of, [369]
Government,
local, [240]
Government,
monarchical, sources of, [444];
encroachments upon, [487]
Government, parliamentary,
struggles of, with absolute power, [495-501]
Government, representative,
origin of, [12];
distinct features of, [47], [61];
principles of, [55], [71], [77], [264], [265], [267], [440], [441];
aim of, [62], [64];
requirements of, [67];
forms of, [77], [266];
characteristics of, [265];
formation of, [302];
nature of, [340], [348], [440]
Government, representative, in England,
causes which led to the establishment of, [267], [289], [521];
first development of, [354], [355];
necessity for the perfecting of, [474], [475];
decadence of, [520]
Government, representative,
in France, [62], [175], [519] opposed to absolute power, [441]
Government, representative,
under the feudal system, [175]
Government, representative,
the government of the majority, [72] Motesquieu on, [56]
Governments,
classification of, [61], [75]
Governments,
free, [449]
Grants, parliamentary, [419], [420]
Gregory VII., Pope,
contests of, with William the Norman, [272]
Gundemar, reign of, [211]
H.
Harold, usurpation and death of, [271]
Henry I.,
usurpation of, [272];
reign of, [273];
death of, [274];
charters of, [304]
Henry II.,
reign of, [275];
charters of, [306];
negotiations of, with Rome, [278];
Parliaments of, [292]
Henry III.,
reign of, [319];
charters of, [320], [321], [323];
struggles of, with the barons, [355], [356], [359];
Parliaments convoked by, [360], [362];
political character of, [368]
Henry IV., reign of, [518]
Henry V.,
parliamentary character of the reign of, [518]
Hierarchy of feudalism, [175]
Hincmar, Archbishop,
letter of, on national assemblies, [164]
History,
simultaneous development of, [1], [2], [11];
aspects of, [259], [260];
adoption of, to the present age, [261]
History, of the Anglo-Saxons, [29], [37]
History, of England,
sketch of, [270];
remarkable fact in the, [494]
History, of English towns, [364]
History, European, epochs of, [13], [258]
History, of free nations, [260]
History, philosophic, [260]
History, poetical, [259]
History, political, [262]
History, practical, [260]
Honorati, the,
under the Roman empire, [243]
Honorius III.,
decrees of, [321]
House of Commons,
origin of the, [268], [419-423], [437];
early importance of, [424];
rights of the, [480];
participation of, in the legislature, [481]
House of Commons,
in the 14th century, [388]
House of Commons,
in the reign of Henry III., [484]
House of Commons,
in the reign of Edward II., [458]
House of Commons,
speaker of the, first chosen, [478]

House of Lords,
origin of the, [419-423], [435];
results of the establishment of the, [437];
increasing powers of, [486];
struggles of, with the Commons, [498]
House of Lords, in the 15th century, [515]
Houses of Parliament,
origin of the separation of the, [314], [418];
distinct characters of, [372], [478]
Hubert de Burgh, [322]
Hugh Capet, [101], [160];
succession of, [171]
Hullman, Dr.,
views of, on the social state, [104]
Hume, history by, [259], [260]
I.
Independence under the feudal system, [130]
Independence, individual, [156]
Industry, national, protection of, [491]
Inequality, tendency of society to, [440]
Influence, political, [231]
Initiative,
right of, [464], [467], [483];
abuse of, [471];
introduction of the present form of, [507]
Innocent III., Pope, [311], [317]
Institutions,
points necessary to the study of, [32];
three systems of, [148]
Institutions,
ancient, study of, [4], [7]
Institutions, Anglo-Norman, [282];
political estimation of the, [283], [314], [328]
Institutions, Anglo-Saxon, [38], [46], [282], [284];
political estimation of, [283]
Institutions,
central, [46], [52], [159], [229], [282]
Institutions, English,
foundations of the, [30], [284]
Institutions, European, [3], [13];
general character of, [23];
origin of, [281]
Institutions, feudal, establishment of, [172]
Institutions,
Frankish, [82];
difficulties relating to, [103], [104], [149]
Institutions,
free, birth of, [254];
establishment of, in England, [28], [284];
circumstances favourable to, [494];
decline of, [149], [172]
Institutions,
of liberty in Germany, [148]
Institutions,
local, [1], [150];
results of, [45], [150]
Institutions,
of the Visigoths, [237]
Institutions,
monarchical, decline of, [158], [172]
Institutions,
political, study of, [11]
Institutions,
Roman, [235]
Insurrections in England, [323], [355], [360]
Ireland, conquest of, [279]
Irenarchæ, [199]
J.
Jews, treatment of, by the Visigoths, [211];
massacre of the, [271]
John, reign of, [308-318];
character of, [301];
excommunication of, [310]
Judges, laws referring to, [239], [240];
appointment of, [315]
Jurisdiction, seignorial, extension of, [153]
Jurisdiction,
of counts, [158]
Jurisdiction,
of dukes, [152]
Jurisdiction,
Norman, [296]
Juries, Gothic, in Spain, [247]
Jury,
origin of the, [44];
election of officers by, [249]
Justice,
character, and power of, [33];
administration of, according to Magna Charta, [314]
Justices,
itinerant, [297]
Justinian,
laws of, [199];
possessions of, [210]
K.
Kingdom of the Franks,
division of the, [92], [95]

Kingdoms,
barbarian foundation of, [27],[86], [87]
King's court, [291], [294]
King's ministers, appointment of, [488]
Kings,
origin of the appointment, [53];
private domains of, [113];
progress of the power of, [151], [486];
duties of, [169], [225];
election of, [222]
Kings,
Anglo-Saxon, [53]
Kings,
Frankish, [113]
Kings, of France,
maintenance of, [108]
Kings, Norman,
wealth of, [295];
government of, [290], [298]
Kings,
of the Visigoths, [207-214]
Knights of shires,
appointment of, [351], [353], [354];
admission of, to Parliament, [353];
influence of, [358], [359];
election of, [380], [419]
L.
Lands,
distribution of, in France, [111];
condition of, a symbol of the condition of persons, [105]
Lands,
allodial, [106];
division of, [106];
taxation of, [108]
Lands,
beneficiary, [112]
Lands,
salic, [106], [107]
Lands,
tributary, [126]
Lands,
waste, [128]
Landowners,
power of, [47], [377];
benefices conceded by, [124]
Language, changes in,
connected with the changes in society, [65]
Law,
theory of, [217], [218]
Law,
courts, established in England, [297]
Law,
of the inviolability of members, [511];
infringement of the, [512]
Law,
Divine, the true law of man, [60], [347]
Law,
man, subject to, [60], [349]
Laws, barbarian, [137], [215]
Law,
of compurgation, [250], [251]
Law,
criminal, principles of, [226]
Laws of Henry I., [273]
Laws relating to judges, [239], [240], [315]
Laws relating to slaves, [227]
Laws, Saxon, [286]
Laws, of tenure, [1], [14], [117], [120], [135]
Laws of the Visigoths, [119], [125], [177], [208], [215], [229], [236]
Laws of William the Norman, [271]
Leicester, Earl of,
result of the insurrection headed by, [323], [355], [360];
government of, [361];
death of, [362]
Legislation, theory of, [216]
Legislation, Anglo-Saxon, [36], [41]
Legislation, according to Magna Charta, [314]
Legislation, parliamentary, [480], [481]
Legislation, under William the Norman, [45], [272]
Legislation,
of the Visigoths, [215], [228];
defects of the, [229]
Legislature,
division of the, into three branches, [514]
Legislature,
English, [30], [41]
Leovigild, reign of, [210]
Leudes,
appointment of, [141];
offices held by, ib.;
duties and emoluments of, [142];
rise of the, [160]
Liberalism, progress of, [369]
Liberty,
demands of, on society, [133];
character of, in the early ages, [135];
aspects of, [154], [155];
principles of, [201], [205];
guarantees of,

[240];
sources of, [269];
theory of, [335]
Liberty, natural, [155]
Liberty, moral, [155]
Liberty, municipal, [241-244]
Liberty, personal, two meanings of, [154]
Liberty,
political, origin of, [283];
secret of, [443];
principles of, [450]
Liberty, of the press,
advantages arising from the, [64], [81], [264]
Liberty, social, [155]

Liberties, English, causes of the, [283], [424]
Liberties, of the Franks, Mannert on the, [143]
Liuva I., reign of, [210]
Liuva. II., death of, [211]
London, early political importance of, [365]
Lords, committee of, appointed, [501]
Lords, struggles of the,
with royalty, [502];
with the Commons, [496], [498]
Lords,
House of, [419-423], [435];
results of the establishment of, [437]
Lords,
ordainers, institution of, [456],
measures of the, [477]
Louis the Debonnair, reign of, [98], [99], [158], [171]
Louis the Prince,
conquest of England by, [318];
his resignation of the kingdom, [320]
Louis, St.,
arbitration of, between Henry III. and his barons, [360]
Loyalty,
general requirements of, [123]
M.
Magistrates,
appointment of, [45], [361];
various kinds of, [238]
Magistrates,
municipal, [198], [199]
Magistrates,
local, [238]
Magna Charta, [309];
analysis of, [313-316];
violation of, [317];
confirmation of, [493]
Magnum Concilium, [290]
Magnum commune consilium regni, [448]
Majority, sovereignty of the, [340]
Man, a free agent, [427]
Mannert, on "the liberties of the Franks," [143]
Mariana, Abbé, on Councils of Toledo, [241]
Marshals of England appointed, [327]
Martel, Charles, [91], [92];
seizure of church property by, [118];
despotism of, [157]
Matilda, queen of Henry I., [273]
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., coronation of, [274]
Mayors of the palace,
institution of, [90];
authority of, [164]
Members of Parliament, [383];
nomination of, [377];
election of, [385];
classification of, [421-422];
inviolability of, [511];
salaries paid to, [383], [461]
Merovingians,
fall of the, [91], [160];
tendency of events under the, [94]
Might and right, amalgamation of, [431]
Ministers of State, responsibility of, [488]
Monarchy,
issue of, from feudalism, [174];
progress of, under Charlemagne, [15], [157]
Monarchy,
absolute, in France, [56], [149]
Monarchy,
absolute, in England, [519]
Monarchy,
Anglo-Saxon, [48]
Monarchy, English, [266];
character of the, [267];
increasing powers of, [451]
Monarchy, Frankish, [89];
decline of, [158]
Monarchy, French, [86];
extension of, [148], [149]
Monarchy, of the Visigoths, [208-214], [221];
destruction of the, by the Arabs, and consequent results, [254]
Montesquieu, on "Representative government," [56]
Montesquieu, on the "Tenure of Benefices," [116]
Montesquieu, on the "Origin of Nobility," [142]
Montfort, Simon de,
rebellion of, [355], [360];
death of, [362]
Municipia, [181];
constitution of the, [184];
growing importance of, [186];
burdens of the, [188];
decay of the, [191]
Murder, punishment of,
under the feudal system, [137], [138]

N.
Nations, free, history of, [260]
Nature, law of, [8], [129]
Neustria, kingdom of, [88], [89]
Nobles, functions of the, in early Parliaments, [292]
Nobility, origin of the, [142], [143]
Nobility, Montesquieu on, [142]
Normandy,
union of, to the British crown, [273];
reunion of, to the crown of France, [310]
Normandy,
feudalism in, [285]
Normans, the, [100];
resemblance of, to the Anglo-Saxons, [281];
national assemblies of the, [290]
Norway, election of the kings of, [298], [311]
O.
Oath of the Adalid, [248]
Oaths of fidelity, [123]
Office of kings appointed, [53]
Offices held by Leudes, [141]
Officers, municipal, [183], [198]
Officium palatinum, [234]
Omnipotence, great question of, [441]
Oppression, primary cause of, [133], [134]
Ordeal, trials by, [249], [251], [252]
Ordinances, nature of, [482]
Organization, monarchical, [158]
Ostrogoths, in Italy, [236]
Oxford, Parliament of, [356];
acts of the, [357]
P.
Palace, keeper of the, [166]
Palace, mayors of the, [90], [164]
Palatines, appointment of, [167]
Parliament, English,
a secret assembly, [81];
origin of the, [266], [268];
formation of, [350-354], [366], [388];
progress of, [326], [360], [370], [372], [453];
final establishment of the, [372];
composition of, [374], [376];
original constitution of, [419];
sittings of, [421];
present constitution of, [423];
object of, [442];
first name of, [448];
power and attributes of, [449];
vicissitudes of, [452];
development of, [467];
prorogations of, [479], [499];
reaction against, [503];
climax of the power of, [518];
suspension of, [520];
admission of the Commons to, [370]
Parliament, Anglo-Norman, [290]
Parliament, two Houses of,
necessity for the, [265];
origin of the division, [418-421], [434]
Parliament, the Good, [490]
Parliament, of Oxford, [356], [367];
acts of the, [357]
Parliament, the Wonderful, [502]
Parliaments,
annual, [496];
statutes relating to, [477]
Parliament, of Edward II., [370], [371], [374], [454], [455]
Parliament, of Edward III., [455], [477]
Parliament, of Henry II., [292]
Parliament, of Henry III., [360], [362]
Parliament, of Richard II., [494-507]
Party influence, action of, [406]
Peers, origin of the House of, [52];
functions of the, [435];
advantages of, [436]
Pembroke, Earl of, [320]
People, sovereignty of the, [69]
Pepin, ancestors of, [90], [91]
Pepin the Short, [96];
despotism of, [157], [160]
Perers, or Pierce, Alice, influence of, [488]
Persons, classification of, [132];
principles of, [134], [193]
Peter de Roches, [322]
Petition, right of, [463], [465], [469];
abuse of the, [470];
right of, superseded, [515]
Petitions, practice regarding, [459];
presentation of, [464], [468], [482];
discussions of, [472];
usage of, exchanged for bills, [513]

Phenomena of nature and of mind, [102]
Philosophy of fact, [426]
Philosophy of will, [337], [338], [344]
Philosophy school of, [426], [427], [430], [432]
Plurality, definition of, by Pascal, [62]
Police regulations, [42], [271]
Poll-tax levied, [497], [498]
Politics, art of, [443]
Popes, origin of the right of, to make and unmake kings, [96];
powers of the, [311], [317], [321];
resistance of the Commons to the, [490]
Power, derivation of, [346];
legitimacy of, [349] absolute, characteristics of, [58], [59], [233], [299], [346];
fallibility of, [77];
theory of, [341];
causes which led to the establishment of, in France, [424];
bulwarks against, [442];
struggles of, in England, [495-502]
Power, administrative, division of, in England, [289]
Power, central, division of, [444];
relation of, to representative government, [445]
Power, ecclesiastical, [275], [276];
decline of, in England, [282]
Power, electoral, [264];
division of, in England, [266]
Power, executive, [288];
tendency of, [289];
theory of, [340]
Power, judicial, [288], [441];
division of, [289], [517];
concentration of, in the person of Henry II., [296]
Power, legislative, [288];
division of, in England, [418-424];
effects of, [446]
Power, monarchical, progress of, [15]
Power, regal,
extension of, [148], [151];
causes of the, [160], [276];
theory of, [218], [446];
origin of, [219];
struggles of, with feudal powers, [308-325];
restrictions to, [361];
resistance of the Commons to, [477]
Powers, division of, essential to government, [79], [289];
results of, in England, [268]
Powers, emancipation of, in France, [289]
Powers, which rule society, [288]
Precaria, origin of the, [117]
Prerogative, royal origin of, [300];
maintenance of, [503]
Problem of government, [78]
Progress, the law of nature, [129]
Property, territorial, [126-129]
Proprietors, isolation of, [130] allodial, [135] beneficiary, [135]
Prorogation of Parliament, [499];
right of, [478], [479]
Publicity,
an essential characteristic of representative government, [80], [265]
Publicity, in England, [81]
R.
Reason, unity of, [79];
sovereignty of, [343], [346]
Reason, the source of power, [346]
Recared I., reign of, [211]
Recared II., reign of, [212]
Recesuinth, accession of, [213];
laws of, [244]
Reconciliation, theory of, [338]
Recommendation, feudal system of, [125], [126]
Reformation, causes which led to the, [491]
Regent, title of, first adopted, [320]
Régime, feudal, in France, [97]
Relations, social, rule of, [428]
Religion, influence of, on royal power, [161], [162]
Rentals, origin of, [127]
Representation,
political meaning of the term, [334], [348];
theories of, [335], [336], [341];
doctrine of, [347];
first development of, in English government, [354], [355];
progress of, [363], [367]

Representation of counties, [363]
Representation of boroughs, [364-366]
Representation of universities, [373]
Representation of will, [339]
Representatives of counties,
election of, [381];
payment of, [383], [461];
number of, [405];
coalition of, with members for boroughs, [422];
qualifications of, [410]
Representatives of boroughs, election of, [384], [385];
assembly of, [419]
Republic, Venetian, result of the, [69]
Requirements, historic, of the present age, [261]
Revenue, public employment of the, [499]
Revenues of the Norman kings, [296]
Revolutions,
general effects of, on society, [2], [10];
epochs of, [187]
Revolutions, French, effects of the, [40]
Richard Cœur de Lion, [279];
death of, [280];
reign of, [306]
Richard II.,
reign of, [494-506];
government of, [500];
deposition of, [505], [506], [509];
political character of, [507], [508]
Right,
impossibility of defining, [429];
philosophy of, [426], [437], [430];
legitimacy of, [431]
Right and might, amalgamation of, [431]
Right, derived from capacity, [394]
Right, Divine, theory of, [213], [446]
Right, of enquiry, [473], [487]
Right, hereditary, [435]
Right,
initiative, [464], [471];
completion of the, [514]
Right, of petition, [463], [469]
Right, of prorogation, [478], [479]
Rights, electoral, [406], [407]
Rights, municipal, [200], [385], [386]
Rights, national, [63]
Rights, political, [63];
separation of, from municipal rights, [200]
Rights, public, combination of, [391];
independence of, [392]
Robert, duke of Normandy, [273]
Robertson, history by, [259], [260];
Rochester, siege of, [317]
Rome,
political institutions of, [184];
classification of the inhabitants of, [193], [200];
centralization of power in, [202]
Rousseau,
his hypothesis of society, [57];
his theory of representation, [335], [337], [339]
Royalty, theory of, [218];
struggles with feudal aristocracy, [311], [317], [322], [327]
Royalty, among the Franks, [159]
Royalty,
Anglo-Norman, [295];
wealth and power of, [296-299]
Runnymede, conference at, [312]
S.
Salic lands, [107]
Salic law, [107]
Salisbury, Parliament at, [373]
Savigny, M. de,
on the laws of the Visigoths, [241], [244]
Saxons,
enmity of, to the Danes, [270];
analogy of, with the Normans, [282];
national assemblies of the, [291-293]
School, philosophic,
fundamental principles of, [426];
errors of the, [427], [429], [430], [432]
School,
historic principles of the, [426];
errors of the, [433]
Science, political, [389]
Scribæ, [199]
Scotland,
early independence of, [484];
wars of, [486]
Senators, Roman, [194]
Serfs, see Slaves.
Service, military,
origin of, [109];
limits of, [110];
exaction of, [326]

Siesbut, reign of, [211]
Sisenand, usurpation of, [212]
Slaves, [33], [38];
causes of the condition of, [136];
laws regarding, [227]
Socialism, first law of, [57]
Society,
classification of, [33];
origin of, [57];
philosophy of, [57];
desire and tendency of, [66], [438], [439];
earliest condition of, [133];
tests of the social condition of, [137];
meaning and object of, [441];
government of, [288];
parliamentary classification of, [420], [422];
great aim of, [432], [438]
Society, Anglo-Saxon, [34-37]
Society, Christian,
influence of, on the fallen powers of Rome, [187];
growth of, [189]
Sovereignty,
right of, [58];
effects of, [67];
theories of, [263], [264];
opinions of Bracton and Fortescue on, [267]
Sovereignty, individual,
theory of, [336-338], [242];
results of, [443];
division of, [445]
Sovereignty, of the majority, [340]
Sovereignty, of reason, [343]
Sovereignty, of will, [341], [344]
Spain,
under the Roman Empire, [206];
invasion of, [209];
monarchy in, [210];
fall of the, [214];
division of, into dioceses, [213];
Gothic laws of, [246], [247];
institutions of, [235]
Speaker of the House of Commons,
first appointed, [478];
functions of the,

[511]
Speech, liberty of, secured, [510]
State,
councils of, [165];
revenues of the, [487]
States, barbarian, [232], [281]
States,
modern, [201], [448];
comparison of, with the Roman Empire, [113], [201]
Statute of Acton Burnel, [420]
Statute in confirmation of charters, [330]
Statute granted to the clergy, [499]
Statutes, formation of, [461], [482]
Stephen,
wars of, [274];
regal power of, [300];
charters of, [305]
Sub-enfeoffment, origin of, [124]
Subsidies,
conditions attached to, [461], [497], [498];
appropriation of, [480]
Succession, hereditary, [101], [158], [159], [209], [212]
Suffolk, earl of, [501]
Suffrage, universal, origin of, [339]
Suffrage, right of, [381], [385]
Suffrage, Roman, [181]
Suinthila, king of the Visigoths, [212]
Susceptor, [199]
Suzerainty, [172], [173]
System, electoral, of England, [377-388], [408], [517]
System, feudal, [14], [35], [126], [173], [146], [158], [171], [175];
establishment of, in Normandy, [103], [283];
origin of the, [112]
System, municipal, [200];
decay of, [202], [204]
System, municipal, Roman, [178];
effects of the, [180], [181];
extension of the, [186];
results of the, [189];
abolition of the, [192]
System, philosophical, [343]
System, representative,
nature of the, [348];
object of, [440];
principle of, [440], [449]
Systems, judicial, of France and England, [287]
T.
Tabularii, [147]
Talliage, [364]
Taxes levied by Edward I., [326]
Taxes levied by Edward III., [479], [498]
Taxes levied by Henry III., [323]
Taxes levied by the Norman kings, [296], [305], [306]
Taxes levied by Richard II., [497]
Taxes, right of imposing, [364], [480], [495]
Taxes, voting of, [400], [481]

Taxes, distinction between, and the civil list, [496]
Taxes, imposition of, in France, [110]
Tenchebray, battle of, [273]
Tenure, laws of, [114], [117], [120], [124], [135]
Tenure, Montesquieu on, [116]
Tenure, of national assemblies, [293]
Territory, divisions of, under the Anglo-Saxons, [42]
Territory, divisions of, by the Frankish kings, [86], [92]
Thanes, history of the, [33-35]
Theodosius the Great, [24]
Theodoric,
dominions of, [86] invasion of Spain by, [207];
death of, [208]
Theodoric II., [208]
Theory of law, [217]
Theory of power, [219], [220]
Theory of reconciliation, [338]
Theory of royalty, [218]
Theories of representation, [335], [336];
consequences of, [337]
Theories of government, [341]
Theudegisil, king of the Visigoths, [210]
Thorismund, [208]
Time,
past, importance of the study of, [5];
present characteristics of the, [21]
Toledo, general councils of, [211-213], [221], [230];
political influence of the, [231], [233];
Abbé Mariana on the, [241]
Tories,
their estimation of Saxon and Norman institutions, [283];
opinions of, on national assemblies, [290];
on electors, [377];
theories of, refuted, [382]
Towns, English,
importance of, [268], [306], [362], [364];
liberties of, [265], [280];
effects of the Norman conquest on, [294];
deputies of, called to Parliament, [362];
representation of, [366]
Towns, conquered, treatment of, by the Romans, [181]
Trial, by ordeal, [249], [251]
Trial by jury, [250], [252]
Tribute, laws of, [108]
Truth,
difficulty of attaining the, [19];
characteristics of, [68]
Tyranny,
local, effects of, [174];
origin of; [340], [341]
Tythes,
institution of, [326];
continuation of, [372]
U.
Unity,
definition of, [62], [265];
power of, in government, [72]
University of Oxford first represented in Parliament, [373]
Usurpation, frequency of, [223]
V.
Vascons or Basques, defeat of the, [210]
Vassals,
etymology of the term, [122];
condition of, [175]
Vassals, royal, duties of, [296]
Vassalage, [122], [126]
Visigoth legislation, character of, [215]
Visigoths,
laws of the, [119], [125], [177], [208], [215];
national assemblies of, [211];
institutions of, [237]
Visigoths, monarchy of the, in Gaul, [207], [208]
Visigoths, monarchy in Spain, [207], [210]
Visigoths,
bishops of the, [232];
character of, [236]
Visigoths,
kings of the, [207-214];
duties of the, [225]
Votes, classification of, [420]
W.
Wallia, king of the Visigoths, [207]
Wamba, [213]
Wars, civil, [274], [275], [280], [311], [519];
results of, [301], [520]

Wars of Clovis, [34]
Wars of Edward II., [456]
Wars of Henry III., [323]
Wars of Stephen, [274]
Wars regulated by Parliament, [486]
Wars of York and Lancaster, [519];
effects of, on the representative form of government, [520]
Wealth, stationary condition of, [131]
Wealth, of the Norman kings, [295]
Wehrgeld, or classified value of life, [137], [138]
Whigs, opinions of the,
on Saxon and Norman institutions, [283];
on national assemblies, [291];
on the election of members, [377]
Will, philosophy of, [337], [338], [344];
representation of, [339];
province of the, [344]
Will representation, [343]
William the Norman,
changes in the legislature instituted by, [45], [272];
conquest of England by, [211];
charters of, [303]
William Rufus, political character of the reign of, [272]
Wittenagemot,
composition of the, [46];
powers of, [49], [51];
character of the, [52];
assemblies of the, [284], [292], [449]
Withema, [211]
Witiza, reign of, [214]
Writs of Chancery, [297]
Writs of convocation, [371], [373], [374]
Writs of election, [386]
Y.
Yeomanry, English, origin of the, [36]

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End of Main Text

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[Transcriber's note: The prices listed use the £sd system (or Lsd), "pounds, shillings and pence," from

librae, solidi

, and

denarii

. 12

d

(pence) is a shilling. 20

s

(shillings), or 240

d

(pence), is a pound. The purchasing power of one pence is 1852 is about US$.58 in 2020. A common price of 3

s

. 6

d

. is about $40.]