TURNING AND
BORING

A SPECIALIZED TREATISE FOR MACHINISTS, STUDENTS IN INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING SCHOOLS, AND APPRENTICES, ON TURNING AND BORING METHODS, INCLUDING MODERN PRACTICE WITH ENGINE LATHES, TURRET LATHES, VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINES

By FRANKLIN D. JONES

Associate Editor of MACHINERY
Author of “Planing and Milling”


FIRST EDITION
FIFTH PRINTING


NEW YORK
THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS
London: THE MACHINERY PUBLISHING CO., Ltd.
1919


Copyright, 1914
BY
THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS
NEW YORK


PREFACE


Specialization in machine-tool manufacture has been developed to such a degree that there is need also for treatises which specialize on different classes of tools and their application in modern practice. This book deals exclusively with the use of various types of turning and boring machines and their attachments, and is believed to be unusually complete. In addition to standard practice, it describes many special operations seldom or never presented in text-books. Very little space is given to mere descriptions of different types of machine tools, the principal purpose being to explain the use of the machine and the practical problems connected with its operation, rather than the constructional details. No attempt has been made to describe every machine or tool which might properly be included, but rather to deal with the more important and useful operations, especially those which illustrate general principles.

Readers of mechanical literature are familiar with Machinery's 25-cent Reference Books, of which one hundred and twenty-five different titles have been published during the past six years. Many subjects, however, cannot be adequately covered in all their phases in books of this size, and in response to a demand for more comprehensive and detailed treatments on the more important mechanical subjects, it has been deemed advisable to bring out a number of larger volumes, of which this is one. This work includes much of the material published in Machinery's Reference Books Nos. 91, 92 and 95, together with a great amount of additional information on modern boring and turning methods.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge our indebtedness to the manufacturers who generously supplied illustrations and data, including many interesting operations from actual practice. Much valuable information was also obtained from Machinery.

F. D. J.

New York, May, 1914.


CONTENTS


Pages
[Chapter I]
[THE ENGINE LATHE—TURNING AND BORING OPERATIONS]
[General Description of an Engine Lathe][Example of CylindricalTurning][Facing the Ends Square with a Side-tool][TurningTool—Turning Work Cylindrical][Roughing and Finishing Cuts][Filingand Finishing][Aligning Centers for Cylindrical Turning][Applicationof Drivers or Dogs][Lathe Arbors or Mandrels][Different Types ofLathe Arbors][Mandrel or Arbor Press][Steadyrest for SupportingFlexible Parts][Application of Steadyrest when Boring][TheFollow-rest][Centering Parts to be Turned][CenteringMachine][Different Forms of Centers][Precaution When Centering ToolSteel][Facing the Ends of Centered Stock][Truing LatheCenters][Universal, Independent and Combination Chucks][Applicationof Chucks][Example of Boring][Measuring BoredHoles][Setting Work in the Chuck][Inaccuracy from Pressure of ChuckJaws][Drilling and Reaming][Holding Work onFaceplate][Application of Angle-plate to Faceplate][Supporting OuterEnd of Chucked Work][Boring Large Castings in the Lathe][Boring Holesto a Given Center Distance][Turning Brass, Bronze and Copper][MachiningAluminum] [1-53]
[Chapter II]
[LATHE TURNING TOOLS AND CUTTING SPEEDS]
[Turning Tools for General Work][Tool-holders with InsertedCutters][The Position of Turning Tools][ToolGrinding][Shape or Contour of Cutting Edge][Direction of Top Slope forTurning Tools][Clearance for the Cutting Edge][Angle of Tool-point andAmount of Top Slope][Grinding a Lathe Tool][Cutting Speeds andFeeds][Average Cutting Speeds for Turning][Factors which Limit theCutting Speed][Rules for Calculating Cutting Speeds][Feed of Tool andDepth of Cut][Effect of Lubricant on Cutting Speed][Lubricants Used forTurning][Lard Oil as a Cutting Lubricant] [54-79]
[Chapter III]
[TAPER TURNING—SPECIAL OPERATIONS—FITTING]
[Setting Tailstock Center for Taper Turning][Example of TaperTurning][Setting the Tailstock Center with a Caliper Tool][Setting theTailstock Center with a Square][The Taper Attachment][Application ofTaper Attachment][Height of Tool when Turning Tapers][Taper Turning withthe Compound Rest][Accurate Measurement of Angles and Tapers][To FindCenter Distance for a Given Taper][To Find Center Distance for a GivenAngle][To Find Angle for Given Taper per Foot][To Find Angle for GivenDisk Dimensions][Use of the Center Indicator][Locating Work by the ButtonMethod][Eccentric Turning][Turning a Crankshaft in aLathe][Special Crankshaft Lathe][Operation of Special CrankshaftLathe][Spherical Turning][Spherical Turning Attachments][Turning with Front and Rear Tools][A Multiple-tool Lathe][Examples of Multiple Turning][Knurling in the Lathe][Relieving Attachment][Application of Relieving Attachment][Relieving Hobs or Taps Having Spiral Flutes][Classes of Fits Used in MachineConstruction][Forced Fits][Allowance for Forced Fits][Pressure for Forced Fits][Allowance for Given Pressure][Shrinkage Fits] [80-134]
[Chapter IV]
[THREAD CUTTING IN THE LATHE]
[Selecting the Change Gears for Thread Cutting][The Thread Tool][Cutting the Thread][Indicator or Chasing Dial for Catching Threads][Principle of the Thread Indicator][Replacing Sharpened Thread Tool][Use of Compound Rest for Thread Cutting][Threads Commonly Used][Multiple Threads][Cutting a U. S. Standard Thread][Cutting a Left-hand Thread][Cutting a Square Thread][Cutting Multiple Threads][Setting Tool When Cutting Multiple Threads][Taper Threading][Internal Threading][Stop for ThreadTools][The Acme Standard Thread][The Whitworth Thread][Worm Threads][Coarse Threading Attachment][Testingthe Size of a Thread][The Thread Micrometer][Three-wire System ofMeasuring Threads][Rivett-Dock Threading Tool][Cutting Screws toCompensate for Shrinkage][Calculating Change Gears for Thread Cutting][Lathes with Compound Gearing][Fractional Threads][Change Gears for Metric Pitches][Quick Change-gear Type of Lathe] [135-177]
[Chapter V]
[TURRET LATHE PRACTICE]
[General Description of a Turret Lathe][Example of Turret Lathe Work][Machining Flywheels in Turret Lathe][Finishing a Flywheel at One Setting in TurretLathe][Finishing a Webbed Flywheel in Two Settings][Tools for TurretLathes][Box-tools][Examples of Box-tool Turning][Hollow Mills][Releasing Die and Tap Holders][Self-opening Die Heads][Collapsing Taps][MiscellaneousTurret Lathe Tools][Turning Gasoline Engine Pistons in Turret Lathe][Turning Piston Rings in Turret Lathe][Piston Turning in Pratt and Whitney TurretLathe][Attachment for Turning Piston Rings][Turning Worm-gear Blanks inTurret Lathe][Turning Bevel Gear Blanks][Shell Turning Operation in FlatTurret Lathe][Chuck Work in Flat Turret Lathe][Double-spindle Flat TurretLathe][Automatic Chucking and Turning Machine][Example of Work onAutomatic Turning Machine][Determining Speed and Feed Changes][Setting theTurret Slide][Setting the Cross-slide Cam][Setting the Boring Tool forRecessing][Adjustments for Automatic Feed and Speed Changes][TurningFlywheel in Automatic Chucking and Turning Machine][Automatic Multiple-spindle ChuckingMachine][Selecting Type of Turning Machine] [178-241]
[Chapter VI]
[VERTICAL BORING MILL PRACTICE]
[Boring and Turning in a Vertical Boring Mill][Holding and Setting Work on Boring MillTable][Turning in a Boring Mill][Boring Operations][Turning Tools for the Vertical Boring Mill][Turning a Flywheel on a VerticalMill][Convex Turning Attachment for Boring Mills][Turning Taper or ConicalSurfaces][Turret-lathe Type of Vertical Boring Mill][Examples of VerticalTurret Lathe Work][Floating Reamer Holders][Multiple Cylinder BoringMachine] [242-274]
[Chapter VII]
[HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINES]
[Horizontal Boring Machine with Vertical Table Adjustment][Drilling andBoring—Cutters Used][Cutter-heads for Boring Large Holes][CylinderBoring][Boring a Duplex Gasoline Engine Cylinder][Examples of Boring, RadialFacing and Milling][Fixture for Cylinder Lining or Bushing][HorizontalBoring Machine of Floor Type] [275-297]
[Index][299]