CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I.Racial Prejudices[1]
Racial achievement and aptitude, [1].—The white race, having achieved the highest civilization, represents the highest physical type, [2].
Does cultural achievement depend upon hereditary aptitude alone? [5].—Many races have contributed to the origin of civilization, [5].—Early civilization in America, [7].—Interpretation of rapidity of development, [8].—The spread of civilization, [10].—Summary, [16].
Are anatomical characteristics of foreign races expressions of inferiority? [17].—Lower characteristics of various parts of the body, [18].—Development in different races of traits differentiating man from animal, [21].—Significance of these traits for discussion of mental character, [22].—Size of brain, [24].—Lack of correlation between size of brain and ability, [28].—Structure of brain, [29].—Summary, [29].
II.Influence of Environment upon Human Types[30]
Problems of racial and social characteristics, [30].—Definition and description of variability of types, [31].
Differences between civilized and primitive members of the same race, [39].—Problem of stability of type of the human species, [41].—Evolution of human species, [41].—Problem of stability of races, [44].—Variations due to changes in rate of growth, [45].—Arrest of growth, [49].—Variations not due to growth, [50].—Differences between rural and urban types, [50].—Influence of selection, [53].—Changes in bodily form of American immigrants, [53].—Explanation of changes, [57].—Range of changes, [63].—Changes of mental traits, [64].
Domestication, [65].—Changes due to environment, [70].—Changes due to selection, [72].—Changes due to crossing, [73].
III.Influence of Heredity upon Human Types[76]
Importance of heredity, [76].—Alternating and mid-parental heredity, [77].—Heredity in race-mixture, [78].—Intra-racial heredity, [80].—Regression to ancestral types, [81].—Similarity of brothers and sisters, [83].—Mendelian inheritance, [84].
Origin of local types, [84].—Descent in large and in small communities, [84].—Johannsen’s observations on plants, [89].—Mixture of local types, [90].—Variability in local types and in races, [91].
IV.The Mental Traits of Primitive Man and of Civilized Man[95]
Method of approach, [95].—Animal and man, [96].—Primitive man and civilized man, [97].—Historical notes, [99].—Racial and social problem, [101].
Mental characteristics of primitive man regardless of race, [104].—Inhibition, [106].—Improvidence, [109]. Attention, [110].—Originality of thought, [111].—Quantitative character of racial differences, [114].—Differences between closely related groups of people, [116].—Effects of malnutrition, [117].—Experimental method, [117].
Influence of continued civilization, [118].—Relapse of individuals into primitive life, [120].—Influence of early habits, [121].—Summary, [122].
V.Race and Language[124]
Is language an expression of the mental development of a race? [124].
Relations between type, language, and culture, [125].—Classifications from these three points of view irreconcilable, [126].—Permanence of type and change of language, [127].—Permanence of language and change of type, [129].—Permanence of type and language and change of culture, [132].—Hypothesis of original correlation between type, language, and culture, [134].
Are there “lower” and “higher” languages? [140].—Phonetics, [140].—Classification of ideas, [142].—Examples, [145].—Holophrasis, [147].—Necessity of formal elements, [147].—Relations between language and thought, [148].—Abstract terms, [149].—Numeral systems, [152].
VI.The Universality of Cultural Traits[155]
Similarities of cultural traits, [155].—Explained as due to the influence of environment, [159].—Cases of lack of adjustment to environment, [162].—Influence of former environment, [163].—Similarities explained as survivals of times antedating dispersion of human species, [164].—Dissemination, [166].—Areas of dissemination, [169].—Similarities explained as due to sameness of elementary ideas, [171].—Psychological explanation, [173].
VII.The Evolutionary Viewpoint[174]
Does human culture represent an evolutionary series? [174].—Examples: Social organization, [176].—Inventions, [177].—Agriculture, [178].—Art, [179].—Religion, [180].—Parallelism of cultural development, [181].—Dissimilarity of sequence in industrial development, [182].
Convergent development, [184].—Lack of comparability of data, [188].—Examples: Life after death, [189].—Totemism, [190].—Ethics, [191].
Types of development from simple to complex forms, and vice versâ, [193].
VIII.Some Traits of Primitive Culture[197]
Mental re-actions of primitive and of civilized man, [197].—Classification of phenomena, [198].—With the advance of civilization, principles of classification rise into consciousness, [201].—Effect of traditional material upon thought, [203].—Example of development of ethical concepts, [206].
Types of association in civilized society, [209].—Associations due to customary re-actions, and their emotional value, [211].—Secondary explanations, [214].
Types of association in primitive society, [220].—Their unconscious origin, [221].—Their rise into consciousness, [224].—Secondary explanations, [225].—Associations peculiar to primitive life, [228].—Ritual, [229].—Myth, [230].—Decorative art, [231].—Totemism, [235].—Origin of associations, [237].—Importance of emotional elements in establishing associations, [237].
IX.Summary[244]
X.Race Problems in the United States[251]
Origins of the American nation, [252].—Characteristics of race-mixture in the United States and in Europe, [254].—Amalgamation of distinct types, [258].—Effects of change of environment and of mixture, [261].—The negro problem, [268].
Notes [279]

THE MIND OF PRIMITIVE MAN