Le Règne Animal, 1829; Leçons d’Anatomie comparée, 2e édition, 1835-46. [Return]
J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, Paris, 1879, pp. 275 et seq.[Return]
It should perhaps be added that while the boy’s action is not consciously intelligent, it is by no means purposeless, and is therefore not quite parallel with the insect’s. By vigorously irritating the sensory nerves of the hand the boy imparts a stimulus to his muscular system. His act belongs to a large group which has been especially studied by Féré. See his Sensation et Mouvement (1887), and Pathologie des Emotions (1892). [Return]
“Étude sur l’Instinct et les Metamorphoses des Sphégiens,” Ann. Sc. Nat., iv. Série, t. 6, 1856. [Return]
P. Marchal, “Observations sur l’Ammophila affinis,” Arch. de Zool. expér. et génér., ii. Série, t. 10, 1892. [Return]
J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, pp. 225 et seq.[Return]
“Étude sur l’Instinct du Cerceris ornata,” Archives de Zoologie expérimentale, ii. Série, t. 5, 1887. [Return]
C. St. John, Wild Sports, etc., chap. xx. [Return]
Lamarck, Histoire des Animaux sans Vertèbres, 2e édition, 1835, p. 676. [Return]
See e.g. Tennent, Ceylon, vol. i. p. 252. Also Réaumur, Mémoires pour d’histoire des Insectes, t. i. p. 14, and t. vi. p. 333. [Return]
Lacepède, Histoire des Poissons, 1798-1803. [Return]
Huber, Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, t. ii. p. 291. [Return]
F. von Tschüdi, Les Alpes, Berne and Paris, 1859. [Return]
C. St. John, Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, chap. xi. [Return]
Wodzicki, “Ornithologische Miscell.,” Journ. f. Ornithol., 1856. [Return]
The combat was minutely described by Le Vaillant (Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux d’Afrique, Paris, 1798, t. i. p. 177), whose account has been confirmed by many subsequent observers. [Return]
Cuvier et Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, Paris, 1831, t. vii. p. 231. [Return]
Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds, p. 315. [Return]
For a discussion of this subject, see P. van Beneden, Commensaux et Parasites, Paris, 1875. [Return]
W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, p. 73. [Return]
Naumann, Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, etc., Stuttgart, 1846-53. [Return]
Gratien de Semur, Traité des erreurs et des préjugés, Paris, 1848, p. 70. [Return]
W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, 1892, p. 189. [Return]
L. Büchner, Aus d. Geistesleben d. Thiere, Berlin, 1879. [Return]
P. Huber, Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, Paris and Genève, 1810, chap. ix. [Return]
Belt points out that blindness is an advantage in the particular mode of hunting adopted by these ants, enabling them to keep together. Those species of Eciton which hunt singly have very well developed eyes. [Return]
Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons (edition of 1892), pp. 355-363. [Return]
See Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1888, pp. 17-29. [Return]
P. Huber, Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, chap. ix. Many of the chief observations — given in the words of the original observers — as well as a summary of the facts known regarding the social activities of ants generally, will be found in the useful volume by Romanes in the International Scientific Series, Animal Intelligence, 1882. [Return]
Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, etc. [Return]
Audubon, Ornithological Biography, New York and Edinburgh, 1831-49. [Return]
J. Gould, The Mammals of Australia, London, 1845-60. [Return]
Sammlung physiologischer Abhandlungen, Zweite Reihe, Erster Heft, 1878. [Return]
H. C. McCook, American Spiders (1889, etc.), vol. ii. pp. 437-445. Romanes has an interesting discussion of the habit of feigning death among animals, and cautiously reaches the conclusion that it is very largely due, not to kataplexy, but to intelligent action. — Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 303-316. And for some remarks on this subject by Darwin in his Essay on Instinct, see the same volume, pp. 365, 366. Also Alix, Esprit de nos Bêtes, 1890, pp. 543-548. [Return]
W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, p. 203. [Return]
Waterton, Wanderings in South America (First Journey), ch. iii. [Return]
Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxviii.), 1892, p. 64. [Return]
E. Poppig, Fragmenta zoologica itineris Chilensis, 1829-30. [Return]
Naumann, Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, etc. [Return]
Pallas, Ueber d. am Volgastrome bemerkten Wanderungen der grossen Wassermäuse (Arvicola amphibius), Nord-Beitr., vol. i., 1781, p. 335. [Return]
Centralblatt f. Bak. u. Parasitenkunde, July 1892, and Zoologist, September 1892. [Return]
Zoologist, May 1893. It may be added that the Scottish Vole, which was so destructive about the same time, does not burrow to a depth like the Thessaly Vole, but lives in shallow runs amongst the roots of herbage. Its exploits are recorded in a Report on the Plague of Field-Mice in Scotland, made by a committee appointed by the President of the Board of Agriculture, 1893. [Return]
See, for instance, Nature, 20th July 1871; also A. L. Heermann, “Notes on the Birds of California,” Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 2nd Series, vol. ii., 1853, p. 259. [Return]
Henri de Saussure, “Observations sur les mœurs de divers oiseaux du Mexique,” Arch. Sci. phys. et natur., 1859, pp. 21-41. [Return]
H. C. McCook, The Honey Ants of the Garden of the Gods, and the Ants of the American Plains, Philadelphia, 1882. [Return]
J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, 1879. [Return]
In captivity also, as Mrs. Brightwen found, the Scarabæus always attempts to bury its ball in the earth. [Return]
See chapter on “The Ancient Belief in Harvesting Ants,” in McCook’s Agricultural Ants. [Return]
J. Treherne Moggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders, London, 1873, pp. 16-60. [Return]
Lincecum’s most important published paper on the habits of the Myrmica molefaciens appeared in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xviii., 1866, p. 323-331. See also Darwin, Proceedings of the Linnæan Soc., 1861. [Return]
H. C. McCook, Natural History of the Agricultural Ants of Texas, Philadelphia, 1879, pp. 33-39. [Return]
McCook, Agricultural Ants of Texas, pp. 105-107. [Return]
Nature, 11th June 1874. And see Appendix. [Return]
Naturalist in Nicaragua, 2nd edition, 1888, pp. 71-84. [Return]
For a brief discussion of the relation of ants to plants generally, see Lubbock’s Ants, Bees, and Wasps, 1882, chap. iii. [Return]
Ph. W. J. Müller, “Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Gattung Claviger,” Germer u. Zincken’s Magaz. d. Entomol., iii., 1881, pp. 69-112. [Return]
There is little doubt, however, that some species of Aphides and allied Coccidæ would be liable to extermination if not protected by their ant masters. See, for instance, Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud., 1876. Mr. Cockerell in Jamaica has noted an interesting Coccid, Icerya rosæ, which is protected by ants; “at the present moment some of these Iceryæ are enjoying life, which would certainly have perished at my hands but for the inconvenience presented by the numbers of stinging ants.” — Nature, 27th April 1893. Mr. Romanes (Nature, 18th May 1893) quotes as follows from a letter addressed to him by the Rev. W. G. Proudfoot: — “On looking up I noticed that hundreds of large black ants were going up and down the tree, and then I saw the aphides…. But what struck me most was that the aphides showered down their excretions independently of the ants’ solicitations, while at other times I noticed that an ant would approach an aphis without getting anything, and would then go to another. I was struck with this, because I remembered Mr. Darwin’s inability to make the aphides yield their secretion after many experiments. A large number of hornets were flying about the tree, but seemed afraid of the ants; for when they attempted to alight, an ant would at once rush to the spot, and the hornet would get out of its way.” [Return]
“Recherches sur quelques Coleoptères aveugles,” Ann. Sc. Nat., v. Série, t. ix., 1868, p. 71. [Return]
P. Huber, Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, pp. 176-200. [Return]
In Central America, Belt has described how the Leaf-hoppers are milked for their honey by various species of Ants, and also by a Wasp. He considered that some species of Leaf-hopper would be exterminated if it were not for the protection they received from Ants. — Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1888, pp. 227-230. [Return]
P. Huber, Recherches, etc., pp. 210-250; Lubbock, “On the Habits of Ants,” Wiltshire Arch. and Nat. Hist. Mag., 1879, pp. 49-62. [Return]
Lubbock has a brief discussion on the relations of Ants to their domestic animals and to their slaves, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, chap. iv. [Return]
“Hypermetamorphoses et Mœurs des Meloïdes,” Ann. Sc. Nat., iv. Série, t. 7, 1857, p. 299; also “Nouvelles observations sur l’hypermetamorphose et les Mœurs des Meloïdes,” ibid., t. 9, 1858, p. 265. [Return]
“Étude sur l’instinct et les metamorphoses des Sphégiens,” Ann. Sci. Nat., 1856. [Return]
For some remarks on the action of the Sphex, and for Darwin’s opinion on the matter, see Romanes’ Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 299-303. [Return]
Paul Marchal, “Observations sur l’Ammophila affinis,” Arch. de Zool. exp. et génér., ii. Série, t. x., 1892. [Return]
Réaumur, Memoires pour servir à l’histoire des Insectes, Paris, 1742, t. vi., pp. 282-284. [Return]
“Histoire des Cerceris,” Ann. Sc. Nat., ii. Série, t. xv., 1841, pp. 353-370. [Return]
Souvenirs entomologiques, 1879, pp. 225 et seq.[Return]
A Wasp found in La Plata, the Monedula punctata, as described by Hudson (Naturalist in La Plata, pp. 162-164), is an adroit fly-catcher, and thus supplies her grub with fresh food, carefully covering the mouth of the hole with loose earth after each visit; as many as six or seven freshly-killed insects may be found for the use of one grub. [Return]
“Observations pour servir à l’histoire de quelques Insectes,” Ann. Soc. entomol. de France, t. 8, 1839, p. 541. [Return]
P. L. Sclater and W. H. Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, 1888, vol. i. pp. 72-86. A brief summary of the facts regarding parasitism among birds will be found in Girod’s Les Sociétés chez les Animaux, 1891, pp. 287-294. [Return]
The Trap-door Spiders of various parts of the world have been carefully studied, and the gradual development of their skill traced through various species, by Eugène Simon; see, for example, Actes de la Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, 1888. [Return]
The Vizcacha has been carefully studied by Mr. W. H. Hudson, whose account has here been closely followed, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1872, and Naturalist in La Plata, 1892, pp. 289-313. [Return]
Réaumur, Memoires pour servir à l’histoire des Insectes, pp. 97 et seq.[Return]
Brehm, édition Française, Crustacés, p. 738. [Return]
Réaumur, Memoires pour servir à l’histoire des Insectes, pp. 97 et seq.[Return]
Life Histories of North American Birds, 1892, p. 265. [Return]
Life Histories of American Birds, p. 275. [Return]
Savage, “Observations on the External Characters and Habits of the Troglodytes niger,” Boston Journal Nat. Hist., 1843, pp. 362-376. [Return]
Gould first accurately described the habits of the Bower-birds, Proceed. Zool. Soc.;London, 1840, p. 94; also Handbook to the Birds of Australia (1865), vol. i. pp. 444-461. See also Darwin’s Descent of Man (1881), pp. 381 and 413-414. [Return]
Gould, Introduction to the Trochilidæ, 1861, p. 19. [Return]
Baldamus, Beiträge zur Oologie und Nidologie, 1853, pp. 419-445. [Return]
H. O. Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago, 1885, pp. 56-58. [Return]
An early description of this bird is to be found in W. Paterson’s Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots, 1789; also in Le Vaillant’s Second Voyage dans l’intérieur de l’Afrique, 1803, t. iii., p. 322. [Return]
Tristram, “On the Ornithology of Northern Africa,” Isis, 1859-60. [Return]
McCook describes, and gives good illustrations of, these nests in various stages of progress, American Spiders, vol i. p. 302. [Return]
Latreille, “Observations sur l’abeille parietine (Anthophora parietina),” Annales du Muséum d’Hist. Nat., t. iii., 1804, p. 257. [Return]
P. L. Sclater and W. H. Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, 1888, vol. i. pp. 168, 169. See also Burmeister, “Ueber die Eier und Nester einiger brasilianischen Vögel,” Cabani’s Journal für Ornith., 1853, pp. 161-177. [Return]
The earliest comprehensive account of the Termites and their industries was by Smeathman in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. lxxi., 1781, pp. 139-192. Later they were studied by Lespès: “Recherches sur l’organisation et les mœurs du Termite lucifuge,” Ann. des Sci. Nat., 4me Série, t. v., fasc. 4 and 5, Paris, 1856. For a description of the South American Termitarium see also Bates’s Naturalist on the Amazons (unabridged edition, 1892), pp. 208-214; and for the African Termites of Victoria Nyanza, a chapter in H. Drummond’s Tropical Africa, 1888, pp. 123-158; while Forbes has briefly described them in Java, Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago, pp. 73, 74. [Return]
For a discussion of the methods of communication among Ants, tending to the conclusion that these methods “almost amount to language,” see Lubbock’s Ants, Bees, and Wasps, chap. vi. And for a general discussion of language among animals, see Alix, L’esprit de nos Bêtes, pp. 331-367. [Return]
Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, pp. 47, 48. [Return]
Ebrard, Études de Mœurs, Genève, 1864, p. 3. [Return]
L. H. Morgan, The American Beaver and his Works, Philadelphia, 1868, pp. 82-86. [Return]
The Beaver has been fully studied by Lewis H. Morgan, The American Beaver, 1868. See also Horace T. Martin’s recent work, Castorologia, or the History and Traditions of the Canadian Beaver, 1892; in an appendix to this work will be found Samuel Hearne’s classical account of the Beaver, written nearly two hundred years ago, and free from the many exaggerations and superstitions which have grown up around this animal. [Return]
Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds, 1892, p. 301. [Return]
Bernstein, “Ueber Nester und Eier einiger Javaschen Vögel,” Cabani’s Journ. f. Ornith., 1859. [Return]
H. C. McCook, Agricultural Ants of Texas, 1879, chapter on “Toilet, Sleeping, and Funeral Habits,” p. 125. [Return]
Huber, Nouvelles observations sur les Abeilles. [Return]
These facts have recently been observed and recorded afresh by Mr. Clifford in Nature Notes, January 1893. [Return]
“Notes on the Indian Glow-fly,” Nature, 23rd June 1881. [Return]
Science et Nature, t. iv. (1885), No. 94, p. 232. [Return]
P. Dutertre, Hist. des Antilles française, 1667. [Return]