INDEX.

Aillts and Alltuds (strangers in blood) under Cymric law, [50], [51];
kindreds of, recognised at fourth generation, [52]
Alamannic Laws, [172-178];
wergelds, [172-175];
value of animals, [178]
Alcuin uses Roman currency, [19], [184]
Alfred, K., his laws, [370-377], [392], [396];
compact with Guthrum, [352-355], [500]
Alod of land, a family holding, [508];
Lex Salica ‘de alodis,’ [151];
Ripuarian law, [170];
Lex Angliorum et Werinorum, [226]
Ancilla as currency, see ‘[Cumhal]’
Anglii and Werini, Laws of, [224-228];
Wergelds of liber 200 sol., [225];
triple wergeld of the Adaling, [225]
Anglo-Saxon Custom, [321 et seq.];
from Norman point of view, [321-336];
from Danish point of view, [337-350];
from Viking or Northmen’s point of view, [351-368];
from early custom (Alfred’s Laws), [370-377];
Archbishop Egbert’s Dialogue, [377-385];
King Ine’s Dooms, [386-439];
Kentish Laws, [441-495];
Twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, [406-416];
Gesithcund and Ceorlisc classes, [417-436];
Six-hynde stranger class, [371], [392], [396];
position of wife, [326]
Anglo-Saxon Wergelds, position of paternal and maternal parentes in payment of, [322], [323], [328], [358];
of thane or twelve-hynde man, [325];
of ‘freeman,’ Dane and English, [326], [349], [353-55];
of ‘cyrlisci vel villani,’ [328];
of ‘villanus et socheman’ in Danelaga, [331-332];
of ‘ceorl on gafol-land’ and Danish ‘lysing,’ [353], [355];
how paid, [329], [357-59]
Animals, value of as currency:
Ripuarian, [171];
Saxon, [215], [217], [221];
Alamannic, [178];
Cymric cow 3 oz., [48], [49];
Irish bo 1 oz., [97];
Frisian dog, [202]
Argenteus (silver drachma) of Roman currency.
See ‘[Currency]’
Bavarian Laws, [175-177];
wergelds, [174]
Beowulf, evidence of, as to feuds, [56-72];
as ‘sister’s son’ becomes chieftain, [68];
as to marriage, [71], [72]
Borhbryce, fine for breach of pledge or protection, like mundbryce, [347];
of various classes, [377]
Bullock as currency in Saxon Laws, [217]
Burgundian Laws, [121-125], [527];
original wergeld of 160 sol., [167];
Roman and Christian influence on, [527]
Burh-bryce (Burg-bryce) (breach of fence of precinct), of various classes, [372], [377], [387]
Cæsar, evidence of, as to Gallic wergelds, [115-120];
and on Gallic landholding, [116];
as to division of classes, [528]
Canones Hibernenses, [101]
Canones Wallici, [105-109]
Ceorl = man—husband, [482];
so man with household and flet or precinct, [371], [394], [482]—‘who sits on gafol-land’ twy-hynde, [353-355], [361];
ceorlisc class mostly gafolgeldas, and twy-hynde, [373];
once could rise to be twelve-hynde, [366], [503];
accused of theft, [388];
harbouring a fugitive, [390];
his mundbyrd in Kent, see ‘[Mundbyrd]’
Chamavi, laws of, [229-231];
wergeld of ingenuus 200 sol., [229];
triple wergeld of ‘Homo Francus,’ [229]
Charlemagne, conquest of Italy, [181];
becomes emperor, [19], [181];
and issues nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. and at 1:4 with gold, [182-194];
conquers Frisians and Saxons, [182], [195]
Cnut. His greater Scandinavia, [339];
his ore of 1/15th lb. or 16d., [341];
his smaller silver pence, [343]
Compurgation, under Frisian law, [203-205];
under Anglo-Saxon law, see ‘[Hyndens]’ and see ‘[Werborh]’
Congildones = gegildas, sureties in lieu of kinsmen, [323], [389], [415]
Cows, as currency, [1].
In Cymric law, [49];
Irish, [97];
Alamannic, [178];
value of, see ‘[Animals]’;
Norse, [247-250];
Bretts and Scots, [307]
Cumhal in Irish currency, [97-98] = female slave and ‘ancilla’ of the Canones Hibernenses and Wallici, [101], [109]
Currency, in oxen: ox-unit of Professor Ridgeway, [2];
in cows, Cymric, [1], [49];
Irish, [97];
Norse, [247-250];
Bretts and Scots, [307];
in cumhals, ancillæ or female slaves, [97-98], [101], [109];
in gold torques, &c., [17];
Anglo-Saxon in silver sceatts of 28·8 w.g. or 20 to the Roman ounce, [12], [443-455];
in silver pence of 32 w.g. or 20 to the Frankish and Norman ounce, [12];
gold and silver mancus of 30d., [18], [329];
Mercian scilling of 4d., [12], [363];
Wessex scilling of 5d., [12], [325];
Kentish scilling of 20d., or two gold tremisses, [443-455];
Northumbrian thrymsa of 3d., [362-368];
Danish in marks and half-marks, [16], [353-354];
Cnut’s in ores of 16d., [306], [341], [343] (see ‘[Ore]’);
Imperial in gold solidi and tremisses of 32 w.g., [5], [6];
in silver sicli (didrachmæ) and argentei (drachmæ), [184], [382];
Merovingian in gold solidi and tremisses of 28·8 w.g., [9];
afterwards in silver tremisses, [10], [180], [443-445];
Charlemagne’s nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. of 32 w.g., [10], [11], [186, et seq.];
of Norse laws in gold and silver marks, ores and ortugs at ratio 1:8, [233-238]
Cymric tribal custom as to galanas, [30];
fiscal unit for food-rents, the tref and treffgordd, [33-42];
strangers, how treated, [50-54];
as to marriage, [32];
galanas of several classes paid in cows, [46-55].
See ‘[Gwely],’ ‘[Galanas]’
Danelaga, [331-332], [338], [522]
Ealdorman in judicial position, [387];
his burgbryce, [387];
his fightwite, [394];
his residence, [420]
Egbert, Archbishop, Dialogue of, [377 et seq.];
uses Roman currency, [20], [379];
wergeld of his monks, [382], [491];
value of their oaths, [379]
Eye, hand, and foot, payments for, [175], [222], [225], [252], [300], [465], [489]
Fightwite, fine for fighting within a person’s precinct or jurisdiction, [328-332], [359], [393];
in a ceorl’s flet, [371], [394], [482]
Firma unius noctis, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, [41], [431]
Frankish Tribal Custom.
Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., [131-146];
division of classes, [147];
triple wergeld of officials, [148];
half wergeld of strangers, [149];
the Alod or family holding of terra Salica, [150];
the ‘de alodis,’ [151], [170], [226];
edict of Chilperic, [159];
Ripuarian Law, [163-171];
wergeld of 200 sol., [163];
division of classes, [165]
Fredus, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S. mundbryce or grithbryce, [488], [489]
Freedman (libertus) under Frankish Law, [168-170], [199];
under Bavarian Law, [175];
under Kentish Law, [478], [484].
And see ‘[Læt]’ and ‘[Leysing]’
Frisian Laws, [194-212];
wergeld of 160 sol., [167], [195], [201], [210];
ordeal under, [203-5]
Frith, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, [349];
between Alfred and Guthrum, [352-355]
Frostathing Law (Ancient Norse), [238-276].
See ‘[Norse Tribal Custom]’
Gafolgeldas, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with twy-hynde wergelds, [353-355];
fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, [394].
See ‘[Twy-hynde]’
Galanas (Cymric death fine or wergeld), [30];
liability of kindred for, [30-32];
method of payment, [42-46];
amount of, [46-49];
of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, [54]
Gebur, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for house and oxen, [422-429];
fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, [394]
Gegildas (see ‘[Congildones]’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, [323], [389];
hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, [415]
Gesithcund class, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, [366];
in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, [369];
forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, [391];
in their connection with land, [417 et seq.];
sometimes evicted, [433]
Grith, Danish for frith or peace, [344-348];
grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, [346];
extent in area, [348];
in duration of time, [346];
of different moots, [345]
Gulathing Law, oldest Norse law, [238-276].
See ‘[Norse Tribal Custom]’
Gwely (Cymric family holding of four generations), [21-30];
of non-tribesmen, [52]
Halsfang, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ [328], [329], [359]
Hide in agriculture of four yardlands, [423];
Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, [424];
in pastoral stage, [424];
= familia of Bede, also = hiwisc, [407];
also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, [381], [408];
oaths reckoned in hides, [381], [408];
the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, [411];
oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, [120];
hides, [411]
Hiwisc (family) of land = hide, [364], [381]
Homicide. Within the family unavenged, [30], [63], [66], [164], [176], [241], [336];
by a slave, [108], [202], [333], [472], [474];
of a slave, [202], [333];
between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘[Beowulf],’ or wergeld in lieu of it.
See ‘[Wergeld]’
Hyndens of oath-helpers, [409];
of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, [409-411];
of city frith-gegildas, [415]
Ine, K. Laws of, [386-439];
as to theft, [387-389];
burgbryce, [387];
ealdorman, [387-894];
gesithcund class, [388], [391];
six-hynde class, [392], [396];
gafolgeldas and geburs, [393];
ceorlisc class, [391], [396];
wealh and wylisc class, [397-405];
twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, [400-417];
gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, [417-436];
comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, [436]
Irish Tribal Custom, [73-120];
the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the coirp-dire, or body-price, of seven cumhals, [74];
in Irish and Breton canons, [101 et seq.];
(2) the eneclann, or honour-price, varies with rank, [75], [80-83], [92];
the hearths or kindreds liable, [76-80];
gradations in rank, [83-86];
grades of tenants, [86 et seq.];
currency, [97]
Kentish Laws, currency in scætts and scillings, [443-455];
scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, [450-455];
laws of Ethelbert, [455-466];
of Hlothære and Eadric, [467-476];
of Wihtræd, [477-481];
division of classes, [481-487];
Kentish wergelds, [487-492];
compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds [492-495];
Kentish sulungs and yokes, [514-515];
gavelkind holdings, [515];
Kentish læts, [463], [484-486], [502]
Kindred, solidarity of, [30], [45], [157], [276];
grades of, [22], [30], [76], [318];
disintegration of, [111], [124], [129], [162], [164];
emancipation from restraints of, [134], [158], [507];
power of, in East Anglia and Kent, [415], [416];
liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, [42], [45];
Irish, [77-80];
Breton, [109];
Burgundian and Wisigothic, [121-130];
Salic Franks, [144], [164];
Frisian, [212];
Saxon, [216];
Norse, [246-257];
Scanian, [290], and see ‘[Anglo-Saxon wergelds];’
groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, [21-30];
Alod of terra salica, [150-162], [183];
Ripuarian hereditas aviatica, [171];
Norse odal-sharers, [271-275];
Scanian family holdings, [276-288];
Anglo-Saxon family holdings, [511-516]
King’s thane, oath of, [353], [368], [390]
Læt, in Kentish Law of three grades, [463], [484-486], [502].
See ‘[Leysing]’ and ‘[Freedman]’
Leases for three successive lives, tribal reason for, [524];
St. Oswald’s tenants, [525]
Leysing in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, [240];
his wergeld, [259];
his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into freedom, [260-267]
Leysing’s son, great grandson of leysing in higher social position, [259], [268]
Litus, Ripuarian, [168];
Frisian, [199], [201-207];
Saxon, [214], [215], [219], [224];
of Chamavi, [229]
Lombardic tribal custom compared with Scanian as to family holdings, [292-296]
London, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ [337-344];
Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, [339];
‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ [415]
Lysing (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on gafol land,’ [353-355], [501].
See ‘[Leysing]’
Manbot, payment for value of a man to his lord, [328-332], [359];
of freeman and of slave compared, [334-335];
of various classes, [392]
Mancus, weight of 30 dwts., [18], [329]
Mark, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, [234-237];
used in Frisia, [207];
half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, [353];
27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, [256]
Marriage, how regarded, [498];
under Cymric custom, [32];
in Beowulf, [69-72];
in Lex Salica, [146];
under Alamannic law, [177];
under Lex Saxonum, [216];
under Scanian law, [276-281];
under Lombardic law, [294];
under Laws of Bretts and Scots, [318];
under Kentish custom, [465-466]
Mercian law, fragments of, [360-369];
Mercian oaths, [360];
wergelds, [361];
rise of ceorl into thane, [366]
Merovingian kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see ‘[Currency]’
Mina, gold value of normal wergeld, [4];
ancient Eastern of 100 staters, [2], [7];
of 200 gold solidi, [6];
Italica of 20 Roman ounces, [14], [491];
Attica of 16 Roman ounces, [16], [233]
Mundbryce or mundbyrd of king, [346], [377], [451];
of various classes, [377];
in Kent, [346], [452], [460], [476], [481], [488]
Norse tribal custom, [238-276];
personal rett, [240];
wergelds how reckoned and paid, [242-258];
wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, [96];
cows = 200 sol., [259];
gradations in rank, [260-270];
the leysing or freedman, [261-267];
odal-sharers of odal land, [271-276], [284], [504], [508]
North peoples law, fragments of, [360-369];
wergelds in thrymsas (of 3d.), [363];
wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, [363]
Nova Moneta of Charlemagne, [11], [179-193], and see ‘[Currency]’
Ordeal in absence of oaths of kinsmen, [166], [403], [413], [499];
under Frisian law, [203-205]
Ore or ounce of 20d.;
Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), [10];
and so also Kentish scilling, [443-455];
Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of 32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), [11-13]
Ore, Cnut’s of 16d. (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), [306], [341];
divided by him into 20 smaller pence, [343];
used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, [306]
Ore, Norse, of three ortugs = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., [234-237]
Ortug, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, [233].
See ‘[Ore]’
Ox as currency, [1], [2];
value of, see ‘[Animals]’
Parage, tenancy in, [513], [525]
Pound, Roman of 6912 w.g., [8], [11], [18];
Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., [11], [18];
Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., [12];
Northern lb. of two marks, [234]
Ratio between gold and silver:
Norse of 1:8, [238];
Merovingian 1:10, [185];
Imperial, 1:12, [11];
Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, [11], [189];
restored Frankish, 1:12, [11], [191];
Cymric, 1:12, [49];
Irish, [98];
Bretts and Scots, 1:8, [307]
Romanus possessor, half wergeld of, [149], [167];
his res propria, [158], [162]
Saxon Laws (Lex Saxonum), [213-228];
wergeld of liber 160 sol., [214];
wergeld stated in silver, [214];
gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, [217]
Scæt.
See ‘[Currency]’
Scanian tribal custom. The lex Scania antiqua, family holdings, [276-288];
Scanian wergeld, [291];
Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, [292-296]
Scilling.
See ‘[Currency]’
Scotland, tribal custom in ancient laws of, [297-302];
the Regiam Majestatem, [302-307];
Leges inter Brettos et Scotos, [307-318];
wergeld of thane 100 cows, [314];
rules of kindred, [318], [320]
Siclus, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘[Currency]’
Six-hynde class, [371], [392], [397]
Soc and sac, [330], [348]
Sochemen in Danelaga, [331-332], [522];
their services, [332 note]
Solidus (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, [7], [9];
of Merovingian kings, [10];
of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), [197];
of Saxon (2 tremisses), [217];
(silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘[Currency]’
Strangers in blood, how treated under Cymric custom, [50-54];
under Irish custom, [90];
their rights increase with growth of kindred, [51], [90];
their half wergeld, [401-403];
galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, [54], [478];
ordeal instead of oaths, [166], [403]
Thane = twelve-hyndeman, [325];
might rise to be an eorl, [368].
See ‘[King’s Thane]’
Thrymsa, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3d., [362-366]
Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde, [406-416];
hyndens of oath-helpers, [409];
full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, [409-411];
twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, [412], [500];
steps to higher grade, [365-369], [502]
Werborh (wereplegium), [328], [358], and see ‘[Hyndens]’
Wergeld, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds, see ‘[Beowulf],’ and [150];
liability of kindred for, see ‘[Kindred];’
normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, [3];
of 200 gold solidi, [6], [49], [163], [171], [225], [229], [231], [233], [314];
of 160 gold solidi, [1], [167], [172], [214], [232];
Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental wergelds, [436-439];
of various tribes, see names of tribes;
of clergy, [170], [177], [382]
Wife, see ‘[Marriage]’
Wilisc, Wealisc, Wealh, non-Anglo-Saxon people, [364-5];
with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, [397];
Gallo-Roman Wala, [398];
Wallerwente of Yorkshire, [399];
with half wergelds, [401-403];
wealh gafolgelda, [404];
Servus Waliscus [333];
Wilisc witetheow, [404];
theow-wealh, [405]
Wisigothic Laws, [126-130];
Roman influence on, [527]
Yardlands of gafolgeldas and geburs, [393], [422 et seq.];
single succession to, [517-521]

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