TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PREFACE[1]
INTRODUCTION[2]
THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF MIGRATION[4]
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MIGRATION[7]
Direct Observation[7]
Aural[8]
Preserved Specimens[8]
Marking[8]
Bands, Collars, Streamers[8]
Radio Tracking[10]
Radar Observation[10]
Laboratory[11]
Orientation and Navigation[11]
Physiology of Migration[11]
ADVANTAGES OF MIGRATION[13]
STIMULUS FOR MIGRATION[15]
WHEN BIRDS MIGRATE[17]
Time of Year[17]
Time of Day[20]
SPEED OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION[25]
ALTITUDE OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION[32]
SEGREGATION DURING MIGRATION[35]
By Individuals or Groups of Species[35]
By Age[36]
By Sex[38]
By Kinds of Flocks[40]
WHERE BIRDS MIGRATE[41]
Migration by Populations Within Species[41]
Fall Flights Not Far South of Breeding Range[42]
Long Distance Migration[44]
ORIENTATION AND NAVIGATION[47]
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER[51]
INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY[56]
PERILS OF MIGRATION[58]
Storms[58]
Aerial Obstructions[58]
Exhaustion[59]
ROUTES OF MIGRATION[61]
General Considerations[61]
Flyways and Corridors[62]
Narrow Routes[65]
Converging Routes[65]
Principal Routes From North America[69]
Atlantic Oceanic Route[69]
Atlantic Coast Route and Tributaries[70]
Mackenzie Valley-Great Lakes-Mississippi
Valley Route and Tributaries		[73]
Great Plains-Rocky Mountain Routes[75]
Pacific Coast Route[76]
Pacific Oceanic Route[80]
Arctic Routes[80]
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION[82]
Loops[82]
Dog-legs[87]
Pelagic Wandering[90]
Leap-frogging[90]
Vertical Migration[91]
Pre-migratory Movements[91]
Vagrant Migration[92]
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION[95]
WHERE WE STAND[100]
BIBLIOGRAPHY[102]
LIST OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED IN TEXT[115]