MIGRATION of BIRDS

By FREDERICK C. LINCOLN

Biologist

Illustrated by BOB HINES

CIRCULAR 16

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Albert M. Day, Director

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1950
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price 30 cents

	Page
The mystery of migration	[4]
Advantages of migration	[6]
The origin of migration	[7]
Northern ancestral home theory	[8]
Southern ancestral home theory	[8]
Theory of photoperiodism	[9]
Theory of continental drift	[11]
When birds migrate	[11]
Movements of species and groups	[12]
Nocturnal and diurnal migration	[15]
How birds migrate	[18]
Speed of flight and speed of migration	[18]
Altitude at which birds travel	[26]
Orientation	[28]
Segregation during migration	[31]
Where birds migrate	[34]
Short and undetermined migrations	[34]
Variable migrations within species	[35]
Fall flights not far south of breeding ranges	[37]
Long-distance migrations	[38]
Routes of migration	[41]
Wide and narrow migration lanes	[42]
The fly ways	[46]
Atlantic oceanic route	[48]
Atlantic coast route and tributaries	[53]
Mackenzie Valley—Great Lakes—Mississippi Valley Route and tributaries	[60]
Great Plains—Rocky Mountain routes	[62]
Pacific coast route	[63]
Pacific oceanic route	[66]
Arctic routes	[68]
Evolution of migration routes	[70]
Vertical migration	[72]
Vagrant migration	[73]
Perils of migration	[75]
Storms	[75]
Aerial obstructions	[76]
Exhaustion	[78]
Influence of the weather on migration	[80]
Problems of migration	[81]
Banding studies	[81]
Movements of residents	[82]
Migration of the white-throated sparrow	[84]
Migration of the yellow-billed loon	[84]
Conclusions	[85]
Appendix I—List of birds mentioned in the text	[87]
Appendix II—Bird banding	[92]
Bibliography	[94]
Index	[99]