SIGNS

In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the following lists.

Monetary Signs

	Dollar or dollars
cts.	Cents
Gn.	Guinea
£ (English)	Pound or pounds
/ or s	Shilling or shillings
d.	(Denarius) penny or pence
fr.	Franc or francs
c. (French)	Centime or centimes
m. (German)	Mark or marks
Pf. (German)	Pfennig or pfennigs
cr. (Austrian)	Crown or crowns
hr. (Austrian)	Heller or hellers
rub. (Russian)	Ruble or rubles
kop. (Russian)	Kopec or kopecs
kr. (Danish)	Crown or crowns
öro, öre	Oro or öre
£ (Italian)	Lira or lire
c. (Italian)	Centesimo or centesimi

Mathematical Signs

+	Plus
-	Minus
±	Plus or minus
	Minus or plus
×	Multiplied by
÷	Divided by
=	Equal to
	Not equal to
	Identical with
	Congruent to
>	Greater than
<	Less than
	The difference between
	Is equivalent to
: and ::	Proportion
	Varies as
	Approaches as a limit
∞	Infinity
	Therefore
	Because
. . .	Continuation
√	The radical sign
	Perpendicular to
	Parallel
	Arc of circle
	Degree of circle
′	Minute of circle
″	Second of circle
	Angle
	Right angle
	Square
	Rectangle
	Triangle

Medical Signs

ãã	(ava) of each		Drachm
	(Recipe) take		Scruple
, i	Ounce, one ounce	O	(Octarius) Pint
ss	Half an ounce		Fluid ounce
iss	One ounce and a half		Fluid Drachm
ij	Two ounces	m	Minim or drop

Astronomical Signs

Planets

Sun	Earth	Saturn
Mercury	Mars	Uranus
Venus	Jupiter	Neptune

Phases

	New moon		first quarter		full moon
			last quarter

Zodiacal

	Aries, the ram		Libra, the scales
	Taurus, the bull		Scorpio, scorpion
	Gemini, the twins		Sagittarius, archer
	Cancer, the crab		Capricornus, goat
	Leo, the lion		Aquarius, waterman
	Virgo, the virgin		Pisces, the fishes

Aspects and Nodes

	Conjunction		opposition
	Quadrature		or quintile
	Ascending node		sextile
	Descending node		trine

Ecclesiastical Signs

	The Maltese cross is used before their signatures bycertain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.It is also used in the service-books of that church tonotify the reader when to make the sign of the cross.The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) shouldnot be used as a substitute.

	Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign is not an entirely acceptable substitute.

	Versicle in service-books.

	indicates the words intoned by the celebrant.

Proofreader's Signs

No ¶	No new paragraph.
Run in	Let there be no break in the reading.
¶	Make a new paragraph.
	Correct uneven spacing of words.
	Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence.
	Reverse this type.
#	More space where caret is marked,
	Contract the spacing.
	Take out all spacing.
[	Move this to the left.
]	Move this to the right.
	Raise this line or letter.
	Depress this line or letter.
\|\|	Make parallel at the side with other lines.
	Indent line an em.
	Push down a space that blackens the proof.
x	Change this bruised type.
w.f.	Change this faulty type of wrong font.
tr.	Transpose words or letters underlined.
l.c.	Put in lower-case, or small letters.
s.c.	Put in small capitals.
caps.	Put in capitals.
	Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are put over an inverted caret, as, etc.; for inferior characters the caret is put in its usual position, as in .
rom.	Change from italic to roman.
ital.	Change from roman to italic.
	Insert period.
, /	Insert comma.
; /	Insert semicolon.
: /	Insert colon.
=/	Insert hyphen.
	One-em dash.
	Two-em dash.
	Take out cancelled character and close up.
Qu. or?	Is this right? See to it.
	Insert letter or word marked in margin.
\|\|\|\|	Hair-space letters as marked.
Stet	Restore crossed-out word or letter.
. . . .	Dots put below the crossed word mean: Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were.
	Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as æ, ffi.
	Straighten lines.
/////	Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square.
Out, see Copy	Here is an omission; see copy.

Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or "ringed."

Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.