QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by a “compound”?
2. What is the purpose of a compound?
3. In what three forms do compounds appear?
4. Where should we expect to find guidance in the choice of these forms?
5. Do we so find it, and why?
6. What tendency is observable in usage regarding compounds?
7. What can the printer do?
8. Give Teall’s rules, and show the application of each.
9. What is the influence of accent in compounding?
10. What is the rule about two nouns used together to form a name?
11. What is the rule about names composed of a plain noun and a verbal noun?
12. How are possessive phrases used as specific names treated?
13. What is the rule about phrases used as specific names?
14. How do you write a pair of words used as a name when the second word is a noun and the first not really an adjective?
15. How do you treat two words, not nouns, arbitrarily used as a name?
16. How do you treat a compound consisting of a suffix and a compound proper name?
17. How do you treat words so associated that their joint sense is different from their separate sense?
18. How may compounds having the force of nouns be made up?
19. How may compounds having the force of adjectives be made up?
20. How may compounds having the force of verbs be made up?
21. How may compounds having the force of adverbs be made up?
22. How are compound nouns written when one of the components is derived from a transitive verb?
23. How is a compound of a present participle and a noun written?
24. How is a compound of a present participle and a preposition treated?
25. What is the usage in compounds of book, house, will, room, shop, and work?
26. How are compounds of maker and dealer written?
27. What is done when nouns are combined in a descriptive phrase before a name of a person?
28. How are compounds of store treated?
29. How are compounds of fellow treated?
30. How are compounds of father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, parent, and foster treated?
31. What compounds of great are hyphenated?
32. How are compounds of life and world treated?
33. What is the rule about compounds of skin?
34. How are compounds of master treated?
35. What is the rule about compounds of god?
36. Give fifteen common prefixes and tell how they are used, stating exceptions.
37. What are the negative prefixes and how are they used?
38. What is the rule about the prefixes quasi, extra, supra, ultra, and pan?
39. What is the rule about over and under?
40. What is the rule about compounds of self and by?
41. How are compounds of fold treated?
42. What is the rule about compounds of a noun followed by like?
43. How are titles treated when compounded with vice, elect, ex, general, and lieutenant?
44. How do you write three familiar compounds denoting time?
45. How should you treat fractional numbers spelled out?
46. What is done when two or more compound words with a common component occur in succession?
47. How do you write compounds of ordinal numbers and nouns?
48. What rule is given about numerals of one syllable?
49. What rule is given about numerals compounded with nouns?
50. How do you treat a compound of two nouns one in the possessive case?
51. How are compounds of tree treated?
52. What is the rule about compounds of two adjectives?
53. What is the rule about points of the compass?
54. What should you do with compounds ending in man or woman?
55. Give certain common typical phrases which omit the hyphen.
56. How do you treat compounds ending in holder and monger?
57. How do you treat compounds beginning with eye?
58. What is said of compounds beginning with deutero, electro, pseudo, sulpho, thermo, and the like?
59. Give some common compounds which are always run solid.
60. How are compounds of color treated?
61. Are these rules universally followed?
62. What is the duty of the compositor in these cases, especially when doubtful?
In this volume, as in so many in this section, much depends upon practice drills. The memorizing of rules is difficult and is of very little use unless accompanied by a great deal of practice so that the apprentice will become so thoroughly familiar with them that he will apply them at once without conscious thought. He should no more think of the rule when he writes fellow-man, than he thinks of the multiplication table when he says seven times eight are fifty-six. This drill may be given in several ways, by asking the student to explain the use or omission of hyphens in printed matter, by giving written matter purposely incorrect in parts and asking him to set it correctly, or by giving dictations and having the apprentice write out the matter and then set it up. Later, when it will not be too wasteful of time, the apprentice can be given the ordinary run of copy as customers send it in and told to set it in correct form. He will probably find enough errors in it to test his knowledge of compounding and of many other things.
TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES
FOR APPRENTICES
The following list of publications, comprising the Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States—employers, journeymen, and apprentices—with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 x 8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list.
Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.
In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.
These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
Address all orders and inquiries to Committee on Education, United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A.
PART I—Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials
| 1. Type: a Primer of Information | By A. A. Stewart |
Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
| 2. Compositors’ Tools and Materials | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.
| 3. Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.
| 4. Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances | By A. A. Stewart |
Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
| 5. Proof Presses | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers’ proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary.
| 6. Platen Printing Presses | By Daniel Baker |
A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.
| 7. Cylinder Printing Presses | By Herbert L. Baker |
Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; glossary.
| 8. Mechanical Feeders and Folders | By William E. Spurrier |
The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 9. Power for Machinery in Printing Houses | By Carl F. Scott |
A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
| 10. Paper Cutting Machines | By Niel Gray, Jr. |
A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
| 11. Printers’ Rollers | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.
| 12. Printing Inks | By Philip Ruxton |
Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.
| 13. How Paper is Made | By William Bond Wheelwright |
A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions; glossary.
| 14. Relief Engravings | By Joseph P. Donovan |
Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 15. Electrotyping and Stereotyping | By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.
PART II—Hand and Machine Composition
| 16. Typesetting | By A. A. Stewart |
A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 17. Printers’ Proofs | By A. A. Stewart |
The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 18. First Steps in Job Composition | By Camille DeVéze |
Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.
| 19. General Job Composition |
How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 20. Book Composition | By J. W. Bothwell |
Chapters from DeVinne’s “Modern Methods of Book Composition,” revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary.
| 21. Tabular Composition | By Robert Seaver |
A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.
| 22. Applied Arithmetic | By E. E. Sheldon |
Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises. 159 pp.
| 23. Typecasting and Composing Machines | A. W. Finlay, Editor |
| Section I—The Linotype | By L. A. Hornstein |
| Section II—The Monotype | By Joseph Hays |
| Section III—The Intertype | By Henry W. Cozzens |
| Section IV—Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines | By Frank H. Smith |
A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; reviewquestions; glossary.
PART III—Imposition and Stonework
| 24. Locking Forms for the Job Press | By Frank S. Henry |
Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 25. Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press | By Frank S. Henry |
Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
PART IV—Presswork
| 26. Making Ready on Platen Presses | By T. G. McGrew |
The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 27. Cylinder Presswork | By T. G. McGrew |
Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 28. Pressroom Hints and Helps | By Charles L. Dunton |
Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
| 29. Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts | By A. W. Elson |
A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
PART V—Pamphlet and Book Binding
| 30. Pamphlet Binding | By Bancroft L. Goodwin |
A primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 31. Book Binding | By John J. Pleger |
Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
PART VI—Correct Literary Composition
| 32. Word Study and English Grammar | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
| 33. Punctuation | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; glossary.
| 34. Capitals | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; glossary.
| 35. Division of Words | By F. W. Hamilton |
Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.
| 36. Compound Words | By F. W. Hamilton |
A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
| 37. Abbreviations and Signs | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.
| 38. The Uses of Italic | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.
| 39. Proofreading | By Arnold Levitas |
The technical phases of the proofreader’s work; reading, marking, revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
| 40. Preparation of Printers’ Copy | By F. W. Hamilton |
Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
| 41. Printers’ Manual of Style |
A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.
| 42. The Printer’s Dictionary | By A. A. Stewart |
A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained. Illustrated.
PART VII—Design, Color, and Lettering
| 43. Applied Design for Printers | By Harry L. Gage |
A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 44. Elements of Typographic Design | By Harry L. Gage |
Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions, glossary; bibliography.
| 45. Rudiments of Color in Printing | By Harry L. Gage |
Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 46. Lettering in Typography | By Harry L. Gage |
Printer’s use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 47. Typographic Design in Advertising | By Harry L. Gage |
The printer’s function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising is based. Printer’s analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 48. Making Dummies and Layouts | By Harry L. Gage |
A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
PART VIII—History of Printing
| 49. Books Before Typography | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; illustrated; 64 review questions.
| 50. The Invention of Typography | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 pp.; 62 review questions.
| 51. History of Printing—Part I | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development of the book, the development of printers’ materials, and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
| 52. History of Printing—Part II | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.
| 53. Printing in England | By F. W. Hamilton |
A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.
| 54. Printing in America | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review questions.
| 55. Type and Presses in America | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.
PART IX—Cost Finding and Accounting
| 56. Elements of Cost in Printing | By Henry P. Porter |
The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.
| 57. Use of a Cost System | By Henry P. Porter |
The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.
| 58. The Printer as a Merchant | By Henry P. Porter |
The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product. Review questions. Glossary.
| 59. Fundamental Principles of Estimating | By Henry P. Porter |
The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating. Review questions. Glossary.
| 60. Estimating and Selling | By Henry P. Porter |
An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.
| 61. Accounting for Printers | By Henry P. Porter |
A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.
PART X—Miscellaneous
| 62. Health, Sanitation, and Safety | By Henry P. Porter |
Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules for safety.
| 63. Topical Index | By F. W. Hamilton |
A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.
| 64. Courses of Study | By F. W. Hamilton |
A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work.