The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz, Volume II / Being the Observations He Made in His Late Travels from Prussia Thro' Germany, Italy, France, Flanders, Holland, England, &c. in Letters to His Friend. Discovering Not Only the Present State of the Chief Cities and Towns; but the Characters of the Principal Persons at the Several Courts.

by Freiherr von Karl Ludwig Pöllnitz

LETTER LIV.

SIR,London, May 4, 1733.

The last brought us to the Royal Family, and what relates to the Court. The latter is more numerous than brilliant, if it be certain that Pleasures form the Splendor of a Court. Of these their Majesties don’t seem to be fond, at least of those noisy Pleasures, that instead of unbending the Mind, which ought to be the Aim of all Pleasures, only serve to fatigue it.

’Tis very easy to obtain the Honour of being introduced to their Majesties, and the Royal Family, nothing more being necessary, than to send in one’s Name to the Duke of Grafton, his Majesty’s Lord Chamberlain, and my Lord Grantham, the Queen’s Master of the Horse. People go to the King’s Levee, and the Queen’s Drawing-Room, as they do in France. Their Majesties dine in Public only upon Sundays, when none eat with ’em but their Children. The Table is in Form of an oblong Square, in the Middle of which sit the King and Queen, with the Prince of Wales on the Right, and the three eldest Princesses on the Left. The Service here is performed in the same Manner as it is in France. The Table is plac’d in the midst of a Hall, surrounded with Benches to the very Cieling, which are fill’d with an infinite Number of Spectators. The same Room serves also for the Balls, when there are any at Court.

Three times a Week there’s an Apartment here, called the Drawing-Room, which is open’d at Ten o’Clock at Night. About this Hour the Ladies repair to the said Apartment, which consists of three great Salons, made by the Direction of Queen Anne, which are the only tolerable Rooms in all St. James’s Palace. The King comes to it attended not only by the Queen, who is led by the Prince of Wales, but by the Princesses her Daughters. Their Majesties converse there for a few Moments with such Persons as they are pleased to distinguish; after which the Queen makes a profound Curtsy to the King, and goes to play for about an Hour with the Princess-Royal, and two Ladies, whom her Majesty singles out of the Company, and a little before Midnight their Majesties retire. Upon those Days that there’s no Drawing-Room, the King and Queen are generally at the Opera, or the Play-house. In fine Weather they take the Air in St. James’s Park, or the Suburbs of London. In Summer-time their Majesties are for the most part at Kensington, Windsor, or Hampton-Court, the two last of which Palaces are beautiful. The first of these was built by the famous Cardinal Wolsey, the Favourite of King Henry VIII. and before Lewis XIV. began to build; was reckon’d the finest Palace in Europe.

The King does not hunt much, but employs most of his Time with his Ministers, consulting the Welfare of his Dominions. Of these Sir Robert Walpole is the Principal, and he is the only Commoner in Great Britain that is honoured with the Order of the Garter. This Minister, who is not less applauded by the Court Party, than he is censured by the contrary Faction, has the general Veneration and Esteem of all the Courts of Europe; where ’tis confess’d to be owing to his Direction that the Cabinet of St. James’s gives Motion at this Time to all

Europe, and that he is the Soul of all Councils, all Deliberations, and all Resolutions. Sir Robert Walpole seems, in my Opinion, to be attended with the Fate of my Lord Duke of Marlborough, who, tho’ admir’d by the whole World, and even by those to whom he did most Mischief, was hardly valued in his own Country, which he crown’d with Glory and Prosperity. I shall say nothing to you at present of this Gentleman’s private Character, because I am not yet well enough acquainted with it. As I have no Business with him, I see him pass along; and that’s all. I want some Neutral Man (that is to say, one who is neither for nor against this Minister) that knows him well, and will let me into the Knowledge of him too. If I am so fortunate as to find out such a Person, I will impart to you such Lights as he shall give me. Mean time I hear him talk’d of in Public as one that understands the Constitution of the Kingdom better than any Man in it, who thoroughly knows the Strength and Weakness of the State, and one whom nothing terrifies, nothing astonishes: And I may add, there’s no Man more bold and enterprizing. He perfectly knows his Countrymen, and has the true Art of Government: And no Body speaks with more Eloquence in Parliament; where whatever he proposes seldom fails of being pass’d; and the Lower-house is, as one may say, determined by him.

His greatest Opponents in Parliament are Mr. P——y in the House of Commons, and my Lord St——d in the House of Peers. This Lord, you know, was for a long time Ambassador from Queen Anne to the Court of Berlin, and afterwards to the States General; and that it was he that sign’d the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht: He was a Member of the Privy Council when the Queen died; but King

George I. did not think fit continue him; at which his Lordship being disgusted, absented from Court, and became in Parliament the Censor of the Ministers. After the Death of King George I. the Earl paid his Respects to their present Majesties, who received him with very great Marks of Distinction; which however did not hinder his constant Opposition to the Measures of the Court: Yet it cannot be deny’d that his Lordship behav’d with very great Prudence in the Changes that happened upon the Accession of the Brunswic Family to the Throne. This Lord, speaking to me one Day of those Alterations, in the Voyage which I made hither in 1728, told me, that if he had been rul’d by the Duke of Ormond, he would have been in the same miserable Circumstances as that Duke. “He did all he could, said he, to persuade me to quit the Kingdom with him; but he was so far from decoying me away, that I made use of all the Rhetoric I was Master of, to persuade him to stay at home, because we had neither of us done any thing but by Order of the Queen our Mistress; that therefore we had nothing to fear, and that the worst that could happen to us would be a Censure. But the Duke had such a Terror upon him, that all these Arguments were not powerful enough to encourage him; and but a few Hours before he went off, he came and conjured me to leave the Kingdom with him. I made him this Answer: I have nothing to reproach myself with, my Lord, I have obeyed the Queen, and I have too high an Opinion of the Justice of my Country, and too great a Confidence in the Equity of the King, to fear any Thing. The Answer which the Duke made me was, Well then, my Lord, I must take the same Farewel of you as the Prince of Orange did of Count Egmont. Farewel,

Count without a Head. To which I replied, Farewel, Duke without a Duchy. The Event has shewn, that I was a better Prophet than the Duke of Ormond: For I enjoy my Estate in Peace, whereas what he had is taken from him.” In the same Conversation the Earl talked a great deal to me of their Majesties, and in Terms of the profoundest Respect. He expressed an infinite Value for the King, who when Prince of Wales, said he, always treated him with very great Regard and Goodness. Nevertheless this Lord seldom appears at Court: He spends the Summer in the Country, and the Winter at London, where once a Week he has an Assembly; but in other respects he lives very retired, and at no great Expence.

The Duke of Newcastle is Secretary of State. This Nobleman is extremely civil, very rich, and lives grand. He has the Province of foreign Affairs, in Conjunction with my Lord Harrington, who, when he was only Colonel Stanhope, gain’d Reputation as Ambassador in Spain, and at the Congress of Soissons. I knew this Minister at Madrid in 1719, and can vouch for him, that he is one of the worthiest and soberest Men in the World. He is good-natur’d, modest, generous, and mighty sincere. He is shy of new Acquaintance, but when once a Man knows him, the better he will like him.

I don’t think that the Ministers of this Country, or the Nobility, are so haughty as they are represented in our Country; and have Reason to think, that they who say the English are not civil to Foreigners, have not been very conversant with ’em. ’Tis true, they are not so engaging as the French; but when a Man is known among them, gives into their Ways, and courts their Favour,

in short, they are, methinks, as courteous and civil as any other People in the World. An Englishman won’t be saying at every Turn, That he has the Honour to be your most humble Servant; that he has the Honour to say, to hear, and so of the rest. He will say it perhaps once in a Conversation, and that’s all; nor, on the other hand, does he want to be loaded with Compliments, Acknowledgments, and impertinent Bows. As he is above Trifles, he looks upon all those frothy Expressions as frivolous; and this it is that makes our young Travellers think, that the English are not polite. Such far-fetcht and bombast Phrases are commonly all that those Sparks have learnt at a great deal of Expence in their Travels to France, and they are perfectly astonished, when they come into a Land of good Sense, and see so little Notice taken of what they have paid for so dear, and what has cost them so much Pains to acquire.

There are some English People, who upon certain Occasions seem to forget the Persons they were great with but the Day before. In my former Voyage to this Country, I was at first surprised at this sort of Behaviour, and ascribed the Cause of it to the Pride of the English; but I was convinced afterwards, that it was owing much more to a melancholy Temper, which is general to almost the whole Nation. An Englishman of this Cast is not the less a Friend upon that Account, and if one does not take Notice of that Unevenness of Temper, he will naturally come to himself, and they readily forgive their Friend for any Absence of Thought. In short, the English have their Failings, because they are but Men; but I shall always pay very great Credit to an Englishman, when he tells me, that he is my Friend. In order to acquire the Friendship of these People, ’tis absolutely necessary to speak

their Language. Many of them understand French and Italian, but they don’t care to speak foreign Languages; and when they do, ’tis either from Necessity or Constraint. Now Constraint is what the English don’t at all like; for as they enjoy the greatest Liberty of any People in the World, they have an Aversion to every Thing which cramps it.

Their Manners differ extremely from those of the French, which is what the latter are at a Loss to account for; because they have been always so much imitated by all other Nations, that they think themselves the Directors of Mankind, and that the English do them an Injustice in not following their Copies. To give you my Judgment as to the Manners of these two Nations, is what I shall not undertake, being restrained from it by several Considerations, especially the Fear of doing Wrong either to the one or the other, and that I should not give a right Judgment in so great a Cause. They are both perhaps not exempt from very great Failings; but it seems to me, that the English are not the Slaves of that Tyrant, Custom, and chuse to follow their Genius and good Sense. They don’t surfeit themselves with those Nothings which the French call Politeness, and which seem to be invented only to pass away the Time. In fine, to speak my Mind plainly, if I was but twenty Years of Age, I could like to be a complete Frenchman; but now that I am forty, I am perfectly reconciled to the Manners and Customs of the English.

A Zeal for Religion seems to me to be the only Point in which there is a Conformity of Temper between the two Nations: And tho’ they differ widely in Principles, yet they both cry out loudly for the Privileges of their Church, and both have equally their Fanatics. For tho’ London has not

such as are Devotees to St. Paris, it has other Sectaries, who are as senseless. For the rest, the two Nations may boast of having produced a great Number of good Men, as appears from the many good Books of Devotion and Morality, for which we are obliged to them. And as for Libertines, I think neither Nation has reason to reproach the other, and that there are as many at London as at Paris.

The English are run down for their Cruelty, but I know not for what Reason, unless it be, that in a Battle they do not readily give Quarter, and are apt to pursue their Advantage too far. I fansy it would be easy to prove, that other Nations, who charge the English with this Vice, are more cruel than they. For in short, the Barbarities committed in the Conquest of Mexico, the burning of the Palatinate, the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, the Sicilian Vespers, the Assassinations of the best of Kings, are Cruelties that are not to be matched in the History of England. We don’t hear of those Assassinations in this Country, that are committed elsewhere; and even the Highwaymen seem to be more humane here than Abroad; for they generally content themselves with what is given them, without shedding of Blood; and some of them are so generous, as to give Money to People whom other Highwaymen had stripped. ’Tis inconceiveable how many Stratagems these Rogues make use of to carry their Points. I have been told a great many Stories upon this Head, of which I give you the following, because I think ’twas very well contrived.

As a Nobleman was travelling in his Coach, the Roads were so extremely bad, that his Servants who were on Horseback, were forced to turn out of the High-Road into a By-Way. His Lordship came by Degrees into a Vale, where he met

with a Man on Horseback, who putting a Gun into the Coach, said to him, My Lord, this is a good Gun; ’tis worth a hundred Pieces between Friends; I would advise you to buy it. The Nobleman understood his Meaning, but being defenceless, he drew a hundred Guineas out of his Purse, which the Highwayman took, and gave him the Gun. The first Thing that my Lord did, was to present it at the Highwayman; but he told him, that he was not afraid of him; for, in short, the Gun was not charged, so that my Lord could not recover his Money.

As the Highwaymen are so artful in committing Robberies, they are much more so in escaping Justice. A Highwayman, who had also committed a Murder near London, some Years ago, rode fifty French Leagues that Day, upon the same Horse. When he came to the Place where he thought himself safe, he took out his Watch; and shewing it to the People of the Inn where he sat up, I call you to witness, said he, that at such an Hour I came hither, and I desire you to give me a Certificate of it in Writing. They gave him one accordingly, which Piece of Paper saved his Life; for when he was apprehended, his Judges being assured that he was the Murderer, were just going to condemn him, when he ask’d them, At what o’Clock the Murder was committed? The Judges having told him the Hour, How come you to think, said he, that ’twas possible for me so be guilty of the Crime of which you accuse me, when I was that very Day fifty Leagues from the Place where ’twas committed? The Judges, thinking it out of the Power of Man to be there, and so far off too, in that Time, set the Culprit at Liberty. Mean time, the President being persuaded that he was guilty, ask’d him privately how it was; and the Highwayman,

after having made him promise to keep the Secret, confessed the Fact.

I could tell you a Number of such Stories, not so much to convince you, that the English are not cruel, as to prove to you, that their Highwaymen are cunning. All the Laws here are mild, and not severe. There are no Tortures, nor are such made use of, even in Conspiracies. Nobody is condemned to die, if he be not found guilty before two Tribunals or Juries, composed of Persons who are, as near as can be, Men of equal Rank with the Party accused. The first Tribunal must consist of more than twelve Persons, but twelve is the Number by whom the Bill must be found. The second Tribunal consists precisely of twelve Jurymen, who must all be agreed in their Verdict, and be shut up together, without being allowed Victuals or Drink, till they are all of the same Opinion. There are but two Sorts of Execution known here, viz. Hanging and Beheading, of which the last is reserved only for such as are Peers of the Realm.

It seems to me, by what I have now told you, that the English are as humane, and more so, than we are, who refine upon Tortures and Executions; as if ’twere nothing to make a Man suffer, and that ’twas not enough to take that Life from him, which no Monarch in the World can prolong one Moment, much less restore to him from whom he has once taken it.

The Execution of Criminals here is a perfect Shew to the People, by Reason of the Courage with which most of ’em go to the fatal Tree. I lately saw five carried to the Gallows, who were dressed, and seemed to be as well pleased, as if they were going to a Feast. The Executions here are not performed with that terrible Apparatus as they are elsewhere. There is not that Number of

Halbardiers, nor all that Gravity, which sometimes strikes a greater Awe than the Execution itself. A Criminal goes to the Gallows here in a Cart. When he is directly under it, he is fastened to the Top of it, when a Smack of a Whip makes the Horses draw away the Cart, and the Criminal remains hanging. I am told, that his Friends or Neighbours pull him by the Feet, in order to dispatch him the sooner. They who die without Fainting, are always extolled to the Skies by the Populace, and the least of their Characters are, that they died like brave Gentlemen.

’Tis one of the distinguishing Characters of an Englishman, to be intrepid in the Article of Death. We are forbid by Religion, to approve of that Contempt of Life; yet we can’t help admiring it in the Romans, from whom the English have, no doubt, derived the Practice of putting an End to their Days, when Life is a Burden to them. These Self-Murders are but too frequent here, and are committed by Persons of good Families, as well as by the Dregs of the People. I gave you an Instance in one of my Letters from Paris, of a certain Bookbinder and his Wife, who hang’d themselves at London, for fear of that Misery in Life which they thought unavoidable. I could give you other Instances as tragical, if I were not apprehensive, that such melancholy Catastrophes would give you Horror. Mean time you must agree with me in the Impossibility of accounting for such a strange odd Turn of Mind in these People; for in short, other Nations don’t seem by their Actions to have any more Religion than the English, and they are all equally sensible of Misfortunes; yet one rarely hears of a Foreigner makeing an Attempt upon himself. How come the English then to be so free with Life? Does it proceed

from a greater Sense of Courage, or of Cowardice?

A great many of ’em hang themselves purely for Love. I own to you, that if I were so forsaken by God, as to commit such a foolish Prank, it should be for an English Woman. They have, in my Opinion, such an Air of Modesty and Good-nature, and withal, such a bashful Simplicity, as charm me, and such tender languishing Eyes too, as tho’ not universally pleasing, yet captivate me to such a Degree, that if I was but twenty Years of Age, I should have gone very much astray. Most of the English Women are handsome; they have the finest Hair in the World, and are only obliged to pure Nature for the Beauty of their Complexions. ’Tis a Pleasure to see them blush. The frankest of ’em retain an Air of Modesty, which would persuade one, that they don’t affect to be wicked. They are commonly very richly dressed, but not altogether in the Taste of the French Ladies, which is the only Fault that I find with ’em. They seem to affect Dressing to their Disadvantage. Their Gowns so close before, with strait Sleeves, which don’t reach beyond the Elbow, make them look as if they had no Shoulders nor Breasts. And what is worse than all, they have broad flat Rumps to their Gowns, and Hoop-Petticoats, narrow at the Top, and monstrously wide at the Bottom. They are always laced, and ’tis as rare to see a Woman here without her Stays on, as it is to see one at Paris in a full Dress. I wish the English Ladies would take Pattern by the French a little more in their Dress; for in my Judgment, the Knots of Ribban in their Cornets, and a thousand Trinkets with which the latter set themselves off, are very becoming to the Sex. On the other hand, I should be glad, if the young Gentlemen did not imitate the French Air and

Dress so much as they do; but kept to the Manners of their own Country, which are more suitable to the Men. They say, that among the good Qualities of the Women here, they are equally susceptible themselves of the Passion of Love, which they are so apt to kindle in the Men. This is very good, and perfectly natural; for in my Opinion, nothing is so ill becoming to the Fair Sex as Hard-heartedness, the rather, because I believe ’tis possible for a Woman to be in Love, without abandoning Virtue.

The Ladies here have little to employ them; their Amusement being to give and receive Visits, to go often to Court, to have the Pleasure of being seen, which really is of all Pleasures that which they seem to take most Delight in. This is the Motive that carries them to the public Walks, Concerts, and Theatres; in all which Places they are mightily reserved, have but little Talk, and their chief Conversation is the Flutter of their Fans. I was one Day paying a Visit at a House where there was an Assembly of twenty Women, and not one Man besides myself: They look’d upon one another, but did not speak a Word. I may defy you to shew me any other Place where there’s a Score of Women in Company, and not one Tongue stirring. As for the rest, the Women here enjoy great Liberty. They turn out in a Morning, with a black velvet Mask on their Faces, a Coif on, in form of a Hat, with the Brims down, a round Gown, and a white Apron; and in this Trim they go to the Park, or whithersoever they please. They take the Air very much on Horseback. In short, they do what they have a Mind to. Mean time the Husbands are seldom of their Parties, and trouble themselves very little whither they go, being too much Philosophers, and of too good Sense,

to make their Honour dependent on the Virtue of their Wives, which at the same time, I verily believe, to be in less Danger here than elsewhere, it being not the Genius of the English, to take a great deal of Pains for an Amour; and I am persuaded, that Hercules’s Love for Omphale will never be equalled in this Country.

The Pleasures of this great City are of many and various Kinds; yet I have known Englishmen, at their Return from Paris, say, they thought London too dull a Place for ’em to live in. Others would argue with me, that there’s more Diversion at Rome. You know, Sir, what I have related to you, of the Pleasures both of Rome and Paris; and after I have given you an Account of those of London, such as they are, or may be taken, you shall be the Judge betwixt those Frenchify’d or Italianized Englishmen, and me.

A Man of Sense, a Scholar, a Devotee; in one Word, a Man, is never at a Loss here for suitable Company, and I defy him to meet with better on the other Side of the Herring-Pond: The irregular Man, or rather the Deboshee, has here his full Swing: And the fine Gentleman, whom I place in a Medium betwixt the two Extremes, has enough to regale his Appetite. As the Species of the latter, is the most prevailing, we will shew how he passes his Time: He rises late, puts on a Frock, (which is a close-body’d Coat, without Pockets or Plaits, and with strait Sleeves) and leaving his Sword at home, takes his Cane, and goes where he pleases. The Park is commonly the Place he walks to, because ’tis the Exchange for Men of Quality. There he has it at his Choice to make any Engagement whatsoever. Then he goes home to dress, and afterwards saunters to some Coffee-house, or Chocolate-house, frequented by the Person he would see; for ’tis a

sort of Rule with the English, to go, once a Day at least, to Houses of this Sort, where they talk of Business and News, read the Papers, and often look at one another, without opening their Lips; and ’tis very well they are so mute; for if they were as talkative as the People of many other Nations, the Coffee-houses would be intolerable, and there would be no hearing what one Man said, where there are so many. The Chocolate-house in St. James’s-street, whither I go every Morning, to pass away the Time, is always so full that a Man can scarce turn about in it. Here are Dukes, and other Peers, mixed with Gentlemen; and to be admitted, there needs nothing more than to dress like a Gentleman. At one o’Clock, they go to Court, to the King’s Levee, and from thence to the Queen’s Apartment, where is commonly a great Number of Ladies, very well dressed. At three o’Clock they all retire to their several Appointments. Dinners here are very expensive, and parties at Taverns very much in Fashion. At private Houses the Ladies retire as soon as Dinner is over, and the Men remain at the Table; upon which, the Cloth being taken off, the Footmen place a Bottle of Wine, or more, if all the Guests don’t drink the same Sort, with Glasses well rinsed, and then they withdraw, only one waits at the Beaufet. The Bottle now goes round; every one fills his Glass as he pleases, and drinks as much, or as little as he will; but they always drink too much, because they sit too long at it.

When the Company breaks up from Table, if it be fine Weather, they go out again for the Air, either in a Coach to Hide Park, where the Ring is, or else on Foot to St. James’s Park. In the Winter they make Visits till the Plays begin; but these Representations really deserve a separate Article, and you shall have it by-and-by at large. After

the Opera’s or Plays are over, the Company goes to the Assemblies, which are alternative, sometimes at one Lord’s House, and sometimes at another’s, or else they repair to the Drawing-room. At Midnight they go to Supper. The Companies formed at the Taverns are the merriest, and Bacchus is commonly seconded by Venus. At Day light the jolly Carousers retire home. Judge, after what I have now said, whether a young Gentleman has not as much to amuse himself at London, as at Paris and Rome. Believe me, that they who say that this City is too melancholy for ’em, only say so to give themselves an Air.

At private Houses the Tables are served with as much Neatness and Delicacy as in any Country in the World. There are three Dishes commonly at each Course, and Plates are often laid two or three deep, which is the Reason that People always eat more than they would otherwise, and that Abundance of Time is spent at Table. There is excellent Beef here; and I am in Love with their Puddings, which are made of Flour, Eggs, Crumbs of Bread, and in short, a thousand Ingredients that I know nothing of, but all together make very good Fare. There’s one Custom established in these Houses, which to be sure you would not dislike, viz. That at the first Time of a Man’s Introduction to a Family, he salutes the Mistress of the House with a Kiss, which tho’ but a very modest one, ’tis a Pleasure to see a Colour come into the Lady’s Cheeks, as if they had committed a Fault. A second Custom, which is not so agreeable as the former, is, that after a Man has been entertained, something must be given to the Servants of the House: And this Gift must be proportioned to the Rank of the Master of the House at whose Table you have sat; so that if a Duke gives me a Dinner four times a

Week, his Footmen would pocket as much of my Money, as would serve my Expences at the Tavern for a Week. I wonder why the English keep up this Custom, those especially who live so magnificently, and pay their Domestics so handsomely, that I believe they are as happy as any of their Class in the World.

The Tavern Reckonings run excessive high, but then there’s the best of Attendance and Accommodation; in which respect I prefer them to the Cabarets of Paris, where the Table Linen is generally very course and dirty.

The Assemblies here are so throng’d, that there’s hardly any stirring. Nevertheless, there are seldom more than three or four Gaming-Tables. Almost every body is standing. They are in perpetual Motion, like a Swarm of Ants; they jostle and squeeze by one another, then ask Pardon, pass mutual Compliments, and just inquire after one another’s Health; but ’tis in a manner impossible to hold a Conversation.

The gayest and most numerous Assembly in Europe is upon the Ball-Days at the Grand Theatre in the Hay Market. I can safely say, that I never saw a finer Sight in my Life. Sometimes there are no less than three thousand in Company. Every Person pays a Guinea, for which they are accommodated with all manner of Refreshments, and all the Sorts of Wines imaginable, besides a stately Desert of Fruit and Sweetmeats. All this numerous Assembly parades in several Rooms richly adorned, and completely illuminated. In several of these they dance, and in others there’s Play. The Entertainment opens with a Concert perform’d by the ablest Musicians in London. Then the Ball begins, and holds till next Morning. At these Balls the Company are often mask’d, and then the King and the Prince of Wales honour

them with their Presence; but the Queen and the Princesses are never there. At all these Entertainments, every body appears very well dressed, and the Ladies especially are stuck all over with Jewels; for there is no Country in the World where there are finer Diamonds. The English Dances are Country-dances, which require several Couples at a time; and all that perform in them, close in by Turns, which gives Opportunities of making an Acquaintance. The Tunes to which they dance are so brisk, that I fansy they would be more agreeable to the Vivacity of the French, than the Sedateness of the English.

As to Plays, the English are fond of them, and have more of ’em than any other Nation. They have an Italian Opera, which is the best and most magnificent in Europe. They pay a Guinea for the Boxes, half a Guinea for the Pit, and a Crown for the Gallery. But though ’tis always crouded, yet it won’t defray the Expences of Acting; so that several of the Nobility contribute to the Salaries of the Actors, which are extravagant; but then they have the best Voices of Italy. An Actor, whose Name is Senesino, has one thousand five hundred Pounds a Year, besides Presents in Abundance. The Music of these Operas is generally composed by one Handel, who is esteemed by a great many People beyond all Expression, but others reckon him no extraordinary Man; and for my own part, I think his Music not so affecting as ’tis elegant. The Decorations are very fine, and the Room is very large, and much more beautiful than that at Paris. The Company sit for most part in the Pit, where the Ladies form Semi-Circles, so that all their Faces are seen, which makes a very good Effect. I forgot to tell you, that the whole is well illuminated with Wax candles. There’s

Dancing between the Acts, when there is no burlesque Interlude.

Besides the Italian Opera, there’s an English one, where they sing only the Tunes, the rest being recited. This, I think, is more just, than when the whole is sung; at least a Man does not sing when he is killing or beating himself.

The English Comedy is no less esteemed by the English, than it has been severely criticiz’d by the French, who say, ’tis not comparable to theirs. The Wits of both Nations have treated this important Subject very gravely, and have alike shewn their Presumption. I am far from giving my Judgment betwixt them; but I must say, that it seems to me, that the French are too much cramp’d by their Rules, and the English not enough. Thus do the two Nations discover the Difference of their Taste, the one for Obedience, the other for Liberty. Tho’ the English are not such nice Observers of the Simplicity of the Subject, and the Unity of Place, yet they seem to me to abound in happy Sentiments: And how much prejudiced soever they may be said to be in Favour of their own Productions, yet they do not want an Esteem for such French Pieces, where they meet with Sentiments that are agreeable. The Tragedy of Brutus by Voltaire is just translated here, which is a Piece that has had a better Run even at London, than at Paris; and as it was composed by the Author in England, he was so intirely captivated with the Freedom of Thinking among the English, that he had in some measure forgot he was a Frenchman, and speaks in it of Kings as if they were but Men.

The Plays lead me to give you an Account of the rest of those Pleasures in which the English seem to take Delight. They hunt much, but in a Manner very different from us. They ride exceeding

hard, and hunt a poor Hare with as much Eagerness as they pursue a routed Enemy. Their Hounds, and their Horses too, encourage their Keenness for the Sport, there being not the like in the World for Speed; so that England furnishes almost all the Nobility in Europe with Horses and Dogs, as the King of Denmark does with Falcons.

The Swiftness of the English Horses is the Reason that there are Horse-Races every Year at a Place called Newmarket; and this really is what Travellers may say is worth seeing. These Races continue for several Days successively, and infinitely surpass those which are seen in Italy. They are run round a large Plain. Two Horses mounted by Jockeys contend which shall run fastest. The Riders are weighed, and to the lightest of them they give that Weight which he wants of the other. They ride without a Saddle, and with such Velocity, that the Eye can scarce keep Pace with ’em. Upon these Occasions, Wagers are laid of several thousand Pounds Sterling: And it seems to be a Festival celebrated to the Honour of Plutus, the God of Riches; for the Jockey that wins the Prize is sure to be refreshed with a Shower of Guineas, every one crouding to reward him. Such is the Custom of the English, who not only pay those handsomely who contribute to their Pleasures, but load them with Presents. This is to be seen at all the Prize-sightings, Rope-dancings, Tumblings, and such Diversions, where every one throws down Money upon the Stage to them that play their Part best. The Actors at the Opera and the Play-houses have also Gratuities, besides their Salaries; for once a Year, every Performer has a Benefit-Night, as they call it, which is the Surplus Money then taken, over and above the Charges of the House; and if the Person be a Favourite of the Town, as

Notice is given by Play-Bills pasted up, for whose Benefit the Play is to be acted, People send for more Tickets than they shall make use of, for the Party’s Encouragement. This Generosity of the English towards those who give them Pleasure, extends in a particular Manner towards their Mistresses, for whom they think nothing too fine, nor too dear. Thus, ’tis not to Assiduity that they are willing to be obliged for the Favours which they receive, but to their Money, and their Presents; wherein they differ widely from certain Abbés of Rome, of whom no less than five or six club for the keeping of one Mistress.

These Abbés put me in mind of a numerous Tribe here, called Chaplains, whose bonny Countenances are a pretty evident Proof, that at the Reformation of the Church of England, their Revenues were not very much impaired. Whether these Gentlemen are more sober than our Clergy, I know not; but by Appearances I am almost tempted to think, that they have the same Thirst for Honour and Wealth, the same Cares and Uneasiness; in fine, that they are Men alike. The Difference is, that the English are subject to the Laws, that their Passions are kept within Bounds, and that the Laity are not so superstitious as to take them for Oracles. ’Tis said that they make admirable Sermons, the constant Tenor of which is to reform Mankind, and to guide them in the Path of Virtue. They read them instead of pronouncing them by Heart, which prevents them from falling into that extravagant Gesticulation, and those mad Rants and Enthusiasm, which commonly irritate more than edify. But I think I have said enough to you of the Clergy, when I had undertaken to give you a farther Account of the English Diversions. Those of the Vulgar are, the Battles of Animals, Prize-fighters, Wrestlers,

and in a Word, all Manner of Diversions that contribute to the shedding of Blood; for here, Wounds go for nothing, and Death itself is but little dreaded. I fansy the English are descended from Mutius Scævola, because, like that Roman, they despise Pain. Among the Pleasures of the Populace there are some too that are mixed with Insolence; of which I saw an Instance a few Days ago in St. James’s Park. A Man had laid a Wager, that he would run round the Park in so many Minutes; and that he might be the less incumbered in his Race, he stripped himself stark naked, so that his Hand served him for a Fig-leaf. In this State of Nature he travers’d along the Mall, thro’ an infinite Concourse of People. The Ladies, astonish’d at such a Sight, knew not how to keep their Countenances: Some turned their Heads aside, others hid their Faces with their Fans, but they all made a Row, as well as the Men, to let him pass by. After he had finished his Race, he gravely put on his Cloaths, near Whitehall, where he left ’em; and as he had won the Wager, abundance of People, instead of checking him for his Insolence, threw him Money. Judge by this, if any People are so good-natur’d and happy as the English.

Among the Pleasures of this Nation, I must not forget to mention the Parties they make for the Country. This the English set a great Value upon, and really well they may; for indeed their Country is very beautiful. It produces them every thing but Wine. Their Fields have always a fresh Verdure, the Gentlemens Country-Seats are superb, and in the Country the English live with the Grandeur of Noblemen, whereas at London they live for most part like mere private Men.

Nothing can be more agreeable to the Eye, than the Suburbs of London, particularly along

the Thames. I cannot conceive how a Native of England, and one too that has a Fortune to depend on, can resolve to leave these Regions, as a great many English nevertheless do, who prefer Countries to which Nature has not been so kind, before their own. I confess, that if I had one thousand Pounds Sterling a Year in England, I would renounce the most shining Offers of Fortune elsewhere; for the Climate here is mild, without that excessive Heat or Cold which is so troublesome in other Parts of the World: And indeed, ’tis for this Cause that the Fruits here are not so kindly as elsewhere, and that the Grape does not grow here for the Production of Wine; but then, this Defect is supplied by the Grapes of Spain and Portugal, which are imported here in Abundance.

One of the most agreeable Prospects in the Country here, is to see the happy Condition of the Peasants, who are all well lodged, well clad, and well fed. Their Lot is happier than that of many Gentlemen in certain Provinces that I know. Here is nothing of that excessive Subordination which is demanded by the Grandees of other Countries. A Gentleman who makes a Visit to a Lord, is receiv’d by him as his Equal, without being made sensible of the Difference that has happened betwixt them on the Score of Birth. Nevertheless, the great Men are very much honoured here; for while they are civil, every body strives to pay them all Sorts of Deference, but nobody thinks he is born to be insulted by them.

The Great Men here, as well as in France, don’t scruple to marry Women of inferior Families. Indeed there ought to be a great Distinction made between the English Merchant and the Merchants of other Countries. The English are often descended from the greatest Families in the Kingdom,

and we have seen some of them go from behind their Compter to a Peerage, when by Right of Succession they rise from Cadets to be the eldest of their Families. Thus, when a Nobleman marries a Merchant’s Daughter, she sometimes proves his Cousin, or a Lady of a distinguish’d Family; whereas in France, she is always the Daughter of a Plebeian.

These, Sir, are the few Remarks that I have made upon this Country, and I wish they may entertain you. As I propose to make some longer Stay here, I may hereafter send you farther Observations on what occurs. In the mean time, continue me in the Honour of your Remembrance, and be thoroughly persuaded, that no Person in the World is more particularly than I am, &c.

---

An Alphabetical INDEX
TO THE
SECOND VOLUME.

A Abbés, Italian, [69], [70]. Five or six club for one Mistress, [469]. Abbesses that preach’d, bless’d and confess’d, [195]. Academy, French. Its Invitation to the Stage-Players, and their Return of the Favour, [266], [267]. Acquaviva, Cardinal, [4], [44], [55]. —— Charles, Pr. of, [136]. Acunha, Lewis de, [406]. Agasias the Ephesian, [49]. Agnus Dei’s, their Fabrication and Distribution, Origin and Consecration, [99], &c. Agrippa, Emperor, [7]. Agrippina, the Mother of Nero, [332]. Aignan, (St.) Duke de, [85], [123]. Aix la Chapelle, t. [327]. Reliques exposed there, [329]. Aix Parliament. The Jansenists with the Members hang’d, [194]. An Epigram, making them greater Sinners than Pilate, ibid. Alacoque Maria, made a Saint by a Bishop, [202]. Alais, Count de, [217]. Albano Cardinal, [15], [16], [37], [78], [88]. —— Painter, [359]. Albemarle, Earl and Countess, [407], [408]. Alberoni’s Proposal to the Cardinals, to take away the Franchises of Churches, [75]. Clement XIth’s Design to deprive him of the Hat, [88]. Albert, Archduke of Austria, [313]. Albert the Great, Bishop of Ratisbon, [327]. Albert, Cardinal of Brandenbourg, [336], [342]. Albin, St. Abbé of, [291]. Alcmaer, t. [392]. Alegre, Marshal, [339]. Alexander Farnese, [39]. Alexander VI. Pope, [97]. Alexandria de la Paille, t. [151]. Aliberti, Count, his Theatre, [65]. Alincourt, Marquis de, [174], [175]. Remarkable Preferment of his Son to the See of Lyons, [175], [176]. Almanza Victory, to what ascrib’d, [259]. Alstein, a German Minister, [382]. Altelli, General of the Corsicans, [150]. Alva, Duke of, [317]. Ambiorix, King, [321]. Ambrun, Council of, [240]. Amelia, Princess, [448]. Amende honorable, Punishment, what, [433]. Amerongen, Brigadier de. The Token he gave of his Love for a Lady, at the Hazard of his Life, [320].

Amsterdam, t. [317], [371]. Anabaptist, Dutch, his Zeal for Comedy, [410], [411]. Andernach, t. [348]. Angelo, Michael, [33], [37]. St. Angelo, Castle, [31]. Angervilliers, M. de, [238], [239]. Anne of Austria, [198]. —— of Bavaria, the Palatine, [218]. —— Queen of England, Reflection on her Statue at St. Paul’s, [433]. —— Princess Royal of England, [448]. Anna Maria Frances of Saxe-Lawenburg, Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. Antin, Duke of, [188], [199]. His Son, [226]. Antonine Pillar, [3]. Antoninus Caracalla, Emperor, [38]. Antoninus and Faustina’s Temple at Rome, [35]. Antwerp, t. [317]. Ara Ubiorum of the Ancients, [338]. Archduchess, Governess of the Netherlands, [299], to [302], [304]. Ardicinio, Cardinal, [87]. Aremberg, Duke de, (just made Generalissimo of the Imperial Forces in the Austrian Netherlands) [297], [298], [299], [306]. Argenson, M. de, Keeper of the Seals, [210], [236], [245], [385]. Armagnac, M. de, [251]. Armand his extraordinary Adventures, [414], &c. Armenonville, M. de, [236]. Arno, R. [141]. Ascanio, the Spanish Minister, [132]. Asfeldt, Baron de, [339]. Asperen, Count de, [403]. Assassins, Sanctuary at Rome, [75], [76]. Assemblies, at Rome, [69], [70], [71]. Astalli, Cardinal, his Elopement when the Pope went to deprive him of his Hat, 93 to [95]. Asti, t. [151]. Astrologer, Turkish, his Prophecy relating to himself, Father, Grandfather, and Great-Grandfather, [140]. Athlone, Earl of, [366]. Aubigny, Theodore de, Admiral, the famous Protestant and Author, [264]. —— Frances de, his Grand-daughter, who was Marchioness de Maintenon, 262 to [265]. Her Family, [264]. Audenarde, Battle, to what the French ascribe the Loss of it, [153]. Audiences, the Ceremony of those given by the Pope, [55], &c. August, Snow in that Month, [13]. Augustus, Emperor, [7]. —— King of Poland. The Countess of Wartemberg’s Attack upon him, [410]. Auricular Confession, why abolish’d throughout the East, [195]. Author, the, his Amour with an old Coquet of the pious Sort, [286], &c. —— At what Age he could like to be a Frenchman, and at what an Englishman, [455]. —— His Father’s Death, [321]. Auverquerque, Maurice, Count de, [412], [413]. Auxerre, t. [183]. Ayrolles, M. de, [405]. B Bacharach, Wine, [352]. Baden, Princess, marry’d to the Duke of Orleans, [206]. Treaty there, [255]. How Prince Lewis was surpriz’d by M. Villars, [256].

Bagnolet Village, [206]. Baker castrated by his jealous Wife, [183]. Balbi, James, a Genoese Nobleman, [146]. Balls at the Haymarket, magnificent, [465]. Banchieri, Cardinal, [16], [18], [44], [54], [112]. Bank Bills, French, 245 to [248]. —— Of Amsterdam, [380]. Barberini Family, more barbarous than the Barbarians, [7]. —— Cardinal, [15], [78], [96]. —— Palace, [40], [64]. Barcelona reduc’d, [257]. Bareith, Prince of, [404]. Baron, a French Comedian and Coxcomb, [200]. Barre, John, his extraordinary Adventures, [414], &c. Barricades of Paris erected, [283]. Bavaria, Elector of, [214], [303]. Beaufort, Count de, [323]. Beaujolois, Mademoiselle de, [208]. Becker, M. de, Chancellor, [363]. Belisarius’s Statue, [48]. Belle-Isle, Count de, [210], [217], [227]. Benedict XIII. Pope, [26]. His Credulity abus’d by the Cardinals, particularly Coscia; and his great Humility and Sanctity, 26 to [30]. A Reflection on his Ministers, [114]. Benefices, Instances of Pluralities, [337], [342]. Benefit-Nights at the Theatre, [468]. Bensberg, t. [357]. Bentivoglio, Cardinal, [4], [13], [14], [85]. His Dissatisfaction with the Emperor about Parma, [120]. Death and Successor, [130]. —— Marquis, [14]. Berg, Country, [361]. Bernini Lorenzo, Architect, [6], [8]. —— The Sculptor, [9], [34], [48], [101]. Berry, Duke of, [206]. Berwic, James, (late) Duke. His Parentage and Preferments, 257 to [259]. His too great Obsequiousness to the Regent and Court of France, [258], [259]. His Death and Successor, [259]. His great Aversion to the English, and Ingratitude to the King of Spain, [258], [259]. Beverwert, M. de, [401]. Bichi, Cardinal, [116], [117], [118]. Bingen, t. [352]. Binger-Loch, a Cascade upon the Rhine, [351]. Bissi, Cardinal, [14]. Blanc, M. le, Secretary, [210], [227], [238]. Blaspiel, Baron and Baroness de, [363], [364]. Bleickert Wine, [348]. Blood Divine, suck’d by the Pope, [21]. Bodies Human, a Thought concerning them, [272]. Boerhaave, Professor, [397]. Boetselaars, [412]. Bois, Cardinal de, [230], [291], [292]. Story of his Marriage, [293]. His brutish Conversation, and Habit of Swearing, [294], [295]. His Tomb, and Remark upon it, [295]. Bologna, t. [129], &c. Bolognetti, Cardinal, [37]. —— Countess, [69]. Boniface VIII. Pope. His Order about the Cardinals Robes, [86]. Bonn, t. [337]. Bonnet, (St.) an Officer, [338]. Bookselling Trade, the Centre of it, [386]. Bookbinder and his Wife, Suicides, 270 to [273]. Bork, M. de, [363]. Borghese, Prince, his Palace, [46], [48], [49]. His Family the Favourites of St. Peter, [47].

Borghese, Scipio, Cardinal, [47], [48], [49]. Borgia, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. —— Casar, Duke de Valentinois, his Contrivance to poison a Cardinal, like to have been fatal to himself, [97], [98]. Borgo, Marquis del, [157], [161]. Bossu, Cardinal de, [318]. Bot, General, [362]. Boufflers, Marshal, [253], [315]. Bougir’s House at Aix la Chapelle, [331]. Bourbon, Duke of, [182], [186], [207], [290], [291]. How he lost an Eye, [208]. Made Superintendant of the King’s Education, and Prime Minister, [209], [210], [221]. Displac’d, [211], [226], [230]. His Marriage, [212]. —— Duchess of, [216], [217]. Brandenburg Anspach, Margrave, [446]. Breteuil, M. [210], [238], [293]. Brignole, Messieurs, of Genoa, [147]. Brille, t. [427]. Brioche, Swiss, burnt for a Conjurer, [385]. Brosse, M. de, [405]. Brouffel arrested by Anne of Austria, [283]. Bruges, t. [312]. Bruhl, Seat of the Elector of Cologne, [340]. Brunette, Fort de la, [169]. Brunswic, Duchess of, [218]. —— Lunenburg, Antony-Ulric, Duke, [361]. Brussels, t. [298]. Its Trade, and the Pleasures of the Court and the City, [308], [317]. Brutus’s Tragedy by Voltaire, [265], [266], [467]. Bucentaur of Venice, the Oath taken by her Captain, [315]. Buckingham House, [437]. —— Duchess Dowager, ib. Bullen, Anne, Queen, [438]. Buonarota, Mich. Angelo, [6], [24]. Buoncompagno, Cardinal, his Comparison of the Pope to the Holy Sepulchre, [29]. His Funeral, [107]. Burgomasters, Dutch, [376]. Burgundians, their Character, [182]. Burgundy, Wine, counterfeited, [348]. Burgundy, Duke, his Honour vindicated, [154]. How much he is still venerated in France, [204]. Bussy, Rabutin’s Letters, [182], [443]. C Cadiere, Mademoiselle la, her Affair with Girard her Father Confessor, [193]. Her Recantation of the Charge against him, [194]. Cadogan, Earl and Countess, [409]. Calf, M. disowns his Son by reason of his Dress, [390]. Cambray, t. [291]. Congress, [295], [296]. Campagna di Roma, infested by Locusts, [41]. Campo Vaccino, Square, at Rome, [34]. Canals, Canards, and Canaille [428]. Canons, where they have the Title of Counts, [180]. Capitol, of Rome, [33]. Caponi, Marquis de, [346]. Carache, Annibal, Painter, [39], [359]. Caraffa, John Peter, Cardinal, [126]. Cardinals in Petto, what, [82]. The slavish Life of the Cardinals, with all their Dignity, [83]. Their Manner of going Abroad, [83], [84]. Their Dress, and a Vindication of ’em from Luxury, [84]. The Vanity of their Pretension to an Equality with crown’d Heads, [85].

Their Manner of Visiting, and their several Orders, [86]. Why their Hats are Red, and their Robes and Bonnets Scarlet, ib. How they came to the Title of Eminency, ib. Who the greatest Pushers for the Hat, and who have resign’d it, [87]. Their Consinement to the Dominions of the Holy See, [90], [93]. Why they always take their own Liquor with them, [97]. Carignan, Prince of, [201]. Carlos, Don, his Journey to Tuscany, [139], [233], [318]. A Prophecy of Nostradamus apply’d to him, [139]. Carnival, at Rome, [64]. Caroline, Princess, [448]. Carolis, Cardinal, [37]. Carpentier, a French Refugee in Holland, [429]. Carpinetti, Duke, [42]. Casimir, John of Poland, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. King, [336]. Cassius, Florus, [340]. Castor and Pollux, represented by two great Horses, [33]. Catharine, Queen, Wife to Hen. VIII. [438]. Wife to Char. II. threatened by a Lady never to be visited again, till she could be seen for 6 d. [444]. Catinat, Marshal de, [252]. Cellamare, Prince of, [180], [222]. Cenis, Mountain, [168], [169], [170]. Cevennois Rebellion suppressed, how, [253]. Chalons, upon the Saone, t. [180]. Chamber of Justice in France, [249]. Chamberry, t. [171]. Chantilly, Seat, [290]. Chaplains, English, [469]. Charlemagne, Emperor, [325], [330]. Charles Emanuel II. of Savoy, his finishing a Road on the Alpes, which the Romans began, [171]. Charles V. Emperor, [311], [400]. His Declaration about the Dutch, [428]. —— VI. Emperor. [328]. His Addresses to the Princess (the late Queen of Great Britain) [446]. Charles I. King of England, the Window from which he walk’d to the Scaffold, [435]. His Statue. [438]. —— II. King of England, his Statue, [434]. His Menace of the City of London, [431]. His Design to improve St. James’s Park, [436]. —— King of Sardinia, his dutiful Conduct towards his Father, at and after his Abdication, [155]. His Queen, [165]. Charni, Marquis de, General, [137]. Charolois, Count de, 212 to [217]. —— Madem. de, [217], [218]. Charost, Duke de, [226], [227]. Chartres, Duke de, [206], [209], [268]. —— Madem. de, [207]. Châtelain, M. de, [383]. Chauvelin, M. de, Keeper of the Seals, (just remov’d) [236]. Chelles, Abbess of, [207]. Chesterfield, Earl of, [403]. Children, 365 born at once, [425]. Chimay, Prince de, [318]. Chocolate-house, in St. James’s street, [463]. Choisy, t. [188], [189]. Christina, Queen of Sweden, [11], [25]. A cruel Action of hers, [184]. Church, built by a Lottery, [201]. Churchill, Arabella, [257]. Cibo, Cardinal, [143]. Alaric, ibid. Cicero’s, in Italy, what, [261]. Cicisbei, the Name of those who gallant the Genoese Ladies, [148].

Cienfuegos, Cardinal, [15], [16], [17], [45], [78], [85]. His Dissatisfaction with the Emperor in the Affair of Parma, [120]. The Theft he committed in Westminster Abbey, [440]. Claude, of Lorain, Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. Clement Augustus, Elector of Cologne, [332], [336], [342]. His Revenue, [337]. His Brothers, [341]. His Aggrandisement asserted to be for the Interest of Popery, [342], [343]. Clement XI. (Pope) his Design against Cardinal Alberoni, [88]. —— XII. Pope, [6]. His Election, [13]. Adoration of the Cardinals to him, [17], [18]. His Coronation, [19]. Our Author’s Audience, [55]. His Promotion of Cardinals, [77], [78], [115]. His great Age and Ailments, [88]. His Severity, [91], [167]. General Character, [114]. Concern for losing the Duchy of Parma, [114]. —— James, the Assassin, [269]. Clermont, Count de, [212], [216]. Mademoiselle de, [217], [218]. Cleves, t. [363]. Cloud, St. Duke of, [192]. Palace of, [268]. Clovis, King of France, [269]. Coblentz, t. [349]. Coffee-Houses, much frequented by the English, [463]. Cologne, Elector of, [213]. City, [332], [336]. Colonna, Cardinal, [15], [42]. —— Signior, a Prelate, [122]. —— Constable, and Family, [42], [82]. Comedies, French and Dutch, [385]. Comptroller General’s Office in France, compar’d to the Post of the Grand Vizier, [239]. Conclave, for the Choice of a Pope, [13], [70]. Concord, Temple of, at Rome, [35]. Conde, Family, [182], [208]. Hon. Julius of Bourbon, Prin. [218], Louisa Benedictina, Princ. [220]. Consistories of Rome, [81]. Constantine, Arch. at Rome, [34]. Conti, Cardinal, [91]. —— Family of, [218]. —— Princess Dowager of, [188], 217-220. —— Lewis of Bourbon, Prince, his Marriage, [208], [217]. —— Mademoiselle, [209]. Cornetto, Adrian, Cardinal, a Design to poison him, [97]. Cornicchini, Augustin, the Statuary, [9]. Coronation Chair, of the English Sovereigns, [441]. Corpus Christi, Ceremonies on that Day at Rome, [124]. and at St. Sulpice, [202]. Correggio, Painter, [359]. Corsica, Island, more Cost than Worship to the Genoese, [150]. Corsicans, call’d the Devils of Italy, [143]. Their War with the Genoese, [149], &c. Corsini, Cardinal, [6]. His Election to be Pope, [13]. His Nephew, Neri Corsini, a Cardinal, [19], [78], [119]. Bartholomew, another, [52], [92]. Philip, his great Nephew, [44]. Character of his Nephews, [119]. Mesdames, the Popes Nieces, [69], [103], [104]. His Antipathy to Cardinal Bichi, [117]. Cortona, Peter, Painter, [40], [359]. Coscia, Cardinal, his Abuse of the Pope’s Credulity, [27], [28]. His Bargain with Ruspoli’s Father, to get his Son a Cardinal’s Hat, [77]. Another of his Bargains of that sort, [83]. His Treatment by the Popes, [89], [90], [91]. His Imprisonment, [91]. Cosmo, I. II. III. Great Dukes of Tuscany, [135]. Statue of the First, [140].

Costa, Auditor General of Corsica, [150]. Coster, Laurence, of Harlem, [395]. Courland, Dukes Kettlers, [135], [136]. Courtray, t. [313]. Craggs, Secretary, his Monument, [440]. Crescens, St., Disciple of St. Paul, [353]. Crumpiper, Henry, [302]. Culmbache, Brandenburgh, Princess of, [307], [404]. Cumberland, (Prince William) D. of, [447]. Cumiane, Mademoiselle de, [156]. Curtius’s Statue, [48]. Cyr, St. Abbey of, [261]. D Daguesseau, M. Chancellor, [235], [236]. Dalberg, Baron de, [354]. Damasus II. Pope, [22]. Dammartin, Count de, [213]. Dangeau, M. de, [216]. Daphne’s Metamorphosis, [48]. Davia, Cardinal, [14]. David with his Sling, a Statue, [48]. Daun, Marshal, [152], [304]. Dauphin, of France, whence that Title, [173]. Dauphiné, [172], [173]. Delft, t. [400], [425]. Denain, Battle, [251], [404]. Denys, Saint, [192]. Devenish, M. de, [314]. Devils of Italy, who, [143]. Devos’s Tapistry, [308]. Dickson, Colonel, [314]. Dijon, t. [181]. Dirce, her Fable, [38]. Dobelstein, Baron de, [331]. Dohna, Alexander de, Count, [349]. —— Ferassier de, Count, [404]. Dombes, Prince of, [221], [224]. —— Principality, [179], [180], [220]. Doria, Cardinal, [55], [91], [116]. —— General, [147]. Ducks, in abundance, [418]. Duisbourg, t. [362]. Dulis, a Jew, [411]. Dunbar, Lord, his Station at the Pretender’s Court, [58]. His Marriage of Princess Sobleski by Proxy, [62]. Duncan, M. de, [407]. Dunchstein, Mineral Water, [349]. Dusseldorf, t [358]. Dutch, vindicated from Treachery, [368], [428]. Their common Food, [372]. Their Coffee-houses, and Comedies, [385]. Assemblies, [386]. Dress, [390]. Lasses, [393]. Dyck, Van, Painter, [359]. E Echelles, t. [171]. Edward I. King of England, the Trophy he brought from Scotland, of his Conquest, [441]. Egmont, Count, the Prince of Orange’s Farewell of him, [453]. —— Palace in Brussels, [299]. Elbeue, de, Commandeur, the Tuscan Minister, [131], [134]. Eleanor, of Toledo, Gr. Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. —— of Provence, Wife to K. Hen. III. [435]. Eminency, how that Title came to the Cardinals, [86]. Emperors, German, their Manner of giving Audience, [215]. Enckhuisen, t. [392]. England’s Kings, their Power and Court, [442], [443], [444]. Its Soil and Climate, [470], [471]. Englishmen, said to be better Abroad than at Home, [326]. Their Manners, [453], &c. [463]. The Dress of the Courtier and the Citizen, [436], [437], [460]. Genius of the Nation, [442], [462]. Vindicated from Disaffection to their Kings, [442].

Applauded for defending their Rights, [443]. Their friendly, tho’ melancholy Tempers, and their Aversion to Constraint, [454], [455]. Their Diversions, [467], [469], [470]. Their Manners compared with the French [455]. Vindicated from Cruelty, [457], [458]. Their too great Freedom with Life, [459]. Their Womens Beauty, [460], [461]. Their Behaviour in Public, [461]. Why the English are supposed to be descended from Mutius Scavola, [470]. An Influence of their Good-nature and Happiness, ibid. Blam’d for preferring other Countries to their own, [471]. Their different Living in the Country from the City, [470]. Epernon, Duke de, [226]. Epitaph upon Epitaphs, [414]. Erasmus’s Statue, [426]. Essex, Earl of, his Head expos’d, [432]. Estrades, Count de, Ambassador, [401]. Estrées, Marshal de, Victor Maria, his Conduct, Character, Dignities, Family, Estate, and his fine Diamonds, [260]. —— Gabriella de, Mistress to Henry IV. of France, [260]. Eu, Count de, [221], [225]. Eugene, of Savoy, Prince, [143], [259]. St. Evremont, M. his Monument, [440]. Eysenach, Saxe, Princess of, [446]. F Fagel, Gressier, [406]. Farnese, Francis, Duke of Parma, [114]. Farnese, Palace, at Rome, [37]. Faustina, Signora, [66]. Faustus, John of Mentz, [395]. Fest, Ceremony of washing them on Holy Thursday, [98]. Feldtbruck, Mademoiselle de, the severe Test she requir’d of her Lover’s Affection, [320]. Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray, [291], [403]. —— Brigadier and Ambassador, [403]. Ferdinand de Medicis, Duke of Tuscany, [135]. Ferrayo, Cardinal, [116], [117], [118]. Ferrero, Cardinal, [167]. Filippucci, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. Fine Gentleman, his Character, [462]. Fiochi, of the Cardinals, what it means, [83]. Fireworks of Germany, expensive, [187]. Flax, why burnt at the Pope’s Coronation, [20]. Flemings, unsociable, [312]. Flemish Woman, good Topers, ibid. Fleury, Cardinal de, made Prime Minister, [211]. His Character, 228 to [235], [283]. Florence, t. [130], &c. Florentin, Count de St. [237], [238]. Flowers, beautiful, where, [395]. Fontainebleau, Palace and Town, [184], [188]. Fontana, the Architect, [8], [9]. Force, Duke de la, [243]. France, whether ’twas her Interest to enter into the last War, 232 to [235]. Francis, I. King of France, [184]. Francis de Medicis, Great Duke of Tuscany, [135]. Frangipani, Marquis, [52]. Frederic, King of Bohemia, [366]. —— Elector of Brandenburg, [338], [362], [446]. —— Augustus, King of Poland, [360], [361].

Frederic, King of Prussia, [361], [362], [367], [399]. Frejus, Bishop of, [228], [229], [230]. French, how they accounted for the Loss of so many Battles in the last War, [153]. Not so modest as the Allies, [295]. Their Levity, [196], [197], [279]. Their good Qualities, [197], [275], [276]. Their Fashions, by whom to be followed, and by whom avoided, [460], [461]. Frêne, M. du, a famous French Comedian, [266]. Fribourg, t. [254]. Fridlingen Battle, [252]. Frouley, Count de, Ambassador, [202]. Fugger, Countess de, [348]. Furius Camillus, the Dictator, his Vow, [35]. Furstenberg, Princess, [307]. G Galen, Bernard de, Bishop, the Terror of the Dutch, [343]. Galloway, Lord, [440]. Gamarre, the Spanish Ambassador’s Dispute with M. de Thon, a French Ambassador, about Precedency, [400]. Gamesters, order’d to the Gallies, [30]. Gaming, prohibited by the Pope, [70]. —— One of the Plagues of the French Nation, [198]. What their Ladies call a Man who does not play, and what the Men say of Gaming in general, [199], [200]. How Gamesters are caress’d at many Womens Houses, and the great Emoluments of Gaming, [201]. Who have a Grant for licensing it, ibid. Gardening, in Italy, declin’d, [33], [47]. Gasse, Count de, [212]. Gaston, John. See Tuscany’s Great Duke. Gaydon, Major, in the Pretender’s Service, [61], [62]. Gendre, Peter le, [175]. Genoa, t. [144]. Its Neighbourhood, [151]. Its Bombardment by the French, [144]. Character of the Genoese, [148]. Their War with the Corsicans, [149]. Gentili, Cardinal, [116]. Gentlemen, whether that Title be more due to Stage-Players, than to Rope-Dancers or Tumblers, [268]. George I. King [436]. His Statue, [438]. Compar’d to Augustus, [442]. George II. King, [434], [445]. His Queen, [445], [446], [447]. Their Manner of Dining in Public, [449]. Drawing-Room, [456]. Gerard, Balthasar, the Assassin, [425]. Gergy, Parson of St. Sulpice, [202]. —— His Brother, Bishop of Soissons, ibid. —— Another, Ambassador at Venice, ibid. Germain, (St.) Abbat and Friers, ibid. German Princes, wiser than the Italian, [128]. Germany, the Strength of the Protestants and Papists there, [343]. Gevres, Duke, [201]. Ghent, t. [310], [317]. Giafferi, Leader of the Corsican Rebels, [150]. Girard, Father, his Affair with a Lady at Confession, [193], &c. Giudici, Cardinal, [37], [90].

Gladiators, Statue, [49]. Golofskin, Count de, [404]. Golstein, Countess de, [331]. Gondrin, Marquis de, [226]. Gondulphus, Bishop, his Ghost, [329]. Gondy, Francis de, Archbishop of Paris, [192]. Gonzague, Cardinals, their Resignation of the Hat, [87]. Goudenau, Marshal de, [346]. Grafton, Duke, [449]. Grammont, Duke de, [199]. Grana, Marquis de, [297]. Grantham, Earl of, [449]. s’Gravesande, Professor, [397]. Great Duke of Tuscany, by whom the Title was invented, [135]. Greenwich Hospital, [432]. St. Gregory the Great, Pope, [31]. Gregory XIII. Pope, [32]. Gregory XV. Pope, [192]. Grenoble, t. [173]. Greys, M. [405]. Grilli (Locusts) apply’d to a Family of that Name, [41]. Grimani, Cardinal Legate, [129], [130]. Grosvenor’s Square, [438]. Guadagno, Cardinal, [115]. Guiccardi, Count, [149]. Guido, Painter, [359]. H Hackney, the Ceremony of presenting it to the See of Rome for Naples, 42 to [46]. Hague, Village, [398], &c. Halle, t. [298]. Handel, the Composer, [466]. Handkerchief of our Saviour, a Relique to be seen in three Places, [154]. Hanover Family, the Temper with which they received the News of their Accession to the British Throne, [446]. Hapsbourg, Count, [328]. Harlai, President, his Repartee to the French Comedians, [267]. Harlem, t. [394]. Harrach, Frederic, Count de, [303]. Harrington, Lord, [453]. Harwich, t. [430]. Hass, M. the Saxon, [66]. Hats, Cardinals, why red, [86]. Hatto, Bishop, pursued and gnawed by Rats, [352]. Hawitz, Grand Marshal, [149]. Haxhausen, General, [332]. Hayes, Mr. and Mrs. styl’d Lord and Lady Inverness, [58], [59]. Hazard, Play, prohibited by the Pope, [70]. Heidelberg Library, [25]. Helvoetsluys, t. 417 to [429]. Henneberg, Countess of. See Holland. Henry III. King of France, his Assassination, [269]. Ill Omens observ’d at his Consecration, ibid. —— King of England, his Wife, [435]. —— VIIth’s Chapel, [440]. Henry of Portugal, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. St. Henry of Bavaria, Emperor, [331]. Herenhausen Water-Works, [269]. Hermaphrodite Statue, [49]. Herod, whither banish’d, [173]. Hesse Rhinfels, Princess of, (late) Queen of Sardinia, [165], [212]. —— Eleonora, Duchess of Bourbon, her Marriage, [212]. Hesse Cassel, Prince Williams, [320]. Landgrave, [351]. —— Charles, Landgrave, [361]. Highwayman’s remarkable Escape, [457]. Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologn, [327]. Hochstet, Battle, to what the French ascribe the Loss of it, [153].

Hogendorp, M. [413]. Hohen-Zollern, Count de, [344]. Holland, Florence IV. Count of, [425]. Holland, Countess of, his Daughter, deliver’d of three hundred sixty-five Children at a Birth, [425]. Holy Ghost, Picture of a Cardinal taking Aim at him with a Fusee, [17]. Holy Week, how observed at Rome, [96]. Hompesch, General, [399]. Honslaerdyck, Palace, [425]. Hoornbeck, Pensionary, [406]. Horne, t. [392]. Horses, Dogs, and Falcons, where they abound most, [468]. House, in the Wood, [425]. Howard, Family of, [438]. I Jacob’s Pillow, [440]. Jagellon, K. of Poland, [336]. St. James’s Palace and Park, [435], [436]. Square, [438]. Church, [439]. James II. King, censur’d for neglecting a very precious Relique, [440]. Jew, Dutch, his Zeal for the Opera, in Opposition to an Anabaptist, who was as hot for Comedy, [410], [411]. Jews, at Amsterdam, [388], [411]. Imperiali, Cardinal, [13], [14], [93]. NB. He dy’d in January 1736-7. India, Company, Dutch, [388]. Infanta of Spain, sent back from France, [210], [211]. Ingelheim, Baron de, [354]. Innocent IV. Pope, his Order about Cardinals Hats, [86]. Innocent X. Pope, [90], [93]. Inquisition, at Rome, not so bad as represented, [125]. Congregation of the Holy Office, [126]. Invalids, Hospital, at Paris, [198]. Inverness, Lord and Lady, [58], [59]. Joan, of Austria, Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. Joannino, the Duke of Tuscany’s Favourite, [132], [133]. Johannesburg Wine, [352]. John St. de Maurienne, t. [170]. John-William, Elector Palatine, [358], [359]. John II. King of France, why compar’d to Regulus, [435]. John III. King of Portugal, [87]. Joseph Clement, Elector of Cologne, [345]. Isis, Goddess, and her Temple, [190]. Italians, their revengeful Temper, [14]. Jealousy and Niggardliness, [73], [74]. Their Disposition towards the French and Germans, [16]. Their Behaviour at Executions, [110], [111], [112]. Their Hatred to one another, [127]. The Formality of settling the Interviews of their petty Princes, [128]. Why they are the Jest of Foreigners, ibid. Who the most polite, [139]. Italians, of the Netherlands, who, [324]. Italy, Devils of, who so called, [143]. Judgement, Day of, a remarkable Painting, [24]. Juliers, t. [332], [361]. K Keiserswaert, t. [347], [361]. Keppel, M. de, [407], [408]. Kettlers Family, Dukes of Courland, [135]. Their Parallel with the Medicis of Tuscany, [136].

Keys of St. Peter, what they denote, [23]. Kings of Cologne, [333]. Kroon, Theodore, Van der, [369]. L Lacqueys, at Paris, the Favourites of their Ladies and young Masters, [275]. A Conversation between those of two Cardinals, about their Pre-eminence, [294]. Lalaing, Count de, [312]. Lalock, Nassau, Count de, [314], [315], [412], [413]. Landau, t. [254]. Lanebourg, t. [170]. Lansquenet, The French King’s Party at that Game, [199]. Lateran Church, the Ceremony of the Pope’s taking Possession of it, [49]. Lauzun, M. de, [179]. Law, John, the Projector, [210], [239]. King of Sardinia’s Advice to him, [239]. His Death, and his Widow and Son, [240]. A Copy of Verses on him, [241]. His Coat of Arms, [243]. The Homage paid to him in his Prosperity, [244]. Description of his Person, and Remarks on his System, [245], &c. to [250], [380]. Leghorn, t. the grand Appearance there on the Arrival of the Spanish Fleet, in which they expected Don Carlos, [139]. Description of the City, &c. [140], &c. Leie, Count de la, [350]. Lenoirs Tapistry Manufacture, [308]. Leo III. Pope, his Present to Charlemain, [99]. Leopold, Archduke, [342]. Lepanto, Victory, [43]. Lerici, t. [143]. Lewis d’Ors, worn in a Lady’s Ears for Pendants, [218]. Lewis, the Pious, [327]. —— Duke of Burgundy, [363]. Lewis XIV. his Statue, &c. at Lyons, [178]. At Dijon, [181]. His Debt, [246]. His Offer to Charles II. of Stones for Gravel, [437]. —— XVth’s Marriage, 185-211. His Character, [203], [204]. His Queen and Children, [204], [205]. Lewis, Pr. of Baden, how surpriz’d by M. Villars, [256]. Leyden, t. [396]. —— University, [397]. St. Liberius I. Pope, [13]. Lichtenstein, Princess de, [303]. Liege, t. 321 to [324]. Limburg, t. [326]. Lintz, t. [348]. Lippe, Count de la, [344]. Liria, Duke of, [257], [259]. Lisle, t. [296], [315], [316]. Livery, Servants at Rome, their poor Wages, [105]. The Practice of Jubileeing them, what, [106]. Some kept only for Sundays and Holidays, ibid. Lobkowitz, Princess, [307]. Locusts, in Italy, curs’d by the Pope and banish’d to the Sea, [41]. London, t. [430]. to the End. King Charles IId’s Menace against this City ridicul’d by one of the Aldermen, [431]. Its Increase since the Accession of the Present Royal Family to the Crown, [439]. —— Prov’d to be more populous than Paris, [190], [191]. It’s Bridge, [432]. Cathedral, ibid. Monument, Burse, and Tower, [434]. Streets not well pav’d, [437], [438]. Its Diversions, [462], &c. Assemblies, [465]. Dances and Plays, 464 to [467].

M Macon, t. [180]. Maestricht, t. [319], 329 Mailly, Cardinal, [229]. Maine, Duke of, [179], [180], [181], [220], &c. Duchess, her Imprisonment, [180], [222], [223]. His Degradation, [209], [222]. —— Mademoiselle de, [225]. Maintenon, Madame de, [261]. Lewis XIVth’s Reprimand of her for leaving him in his last Sickness, [262]. Her Retirement, Death, Tomb and Epitaph, [162], [263], &c. Her Family and Pension to the last, [264]. —— Who is the present Marquis, ibid. Malines, Lady of, [314]. Malplaquet, Battle, [253]. Malta, Grand Master’s Title, [86]. His Ambassador’s Reception by the Pope, [121]. Malusius, [340]. Maratti, Charles, a Designer, [32]. Marble, rich Quarries of it, [143]. Mark William, de Lumay, Count de la, [427]. Marcus Aurelius Antonius, his Equestrian Statue, for which the Venetians offer’d as many Sequins as could be put into the Horse’s Belly, [33]. Marez, a noted old Actress of Lyons, [177], [178]. Margaretta Louisa of Orleans, Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. Mari, (Spanish) Admiral, [137], [148]. Marienbourg, t. [336]. Mariensteal, t. ibid. Marlborough’s Duke, and Palace, [437]. Marpurg, t. [336]. Marquis de L——, his Fortune made by an old Lady, [285]. Marr, Lady, her meeting Princess Sobleski, [63]. Mary Magdalen of Austria, Duchess of Tuscany, [135]. St. Mary Majors Church at Rome, [12]. Mary de la Rovero, Duchess of Urbino, [135]. Mary de Medicis, Regent of France, [145]. Masch, M. de, 404 Massa di Carrara, t. [142]. Maternus, Bishop, [323]. Mathurias, Order of, [184]. Matilda, Countess, [11]. Maurepas, Count de, [237]. Maurice, Prince, [314], [399]. Maurice, M. de St. Prime Minister, [213]. Maurice, Cardinal of Savoy, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. Maximilian II. Emperor, his Answer to Cosmo of Tuscany, when he wanted the Title of King, [135]. Mazarine, Cardinal, [335]. Mazarine, Duchess de, [238], [409], [410]. Mechlin, t. [317], [318]. Medicis, Family of, [135]. Their Parallel with the Family Kettlers, of Courland, [136]. Medicis, Ferdinand de, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. —— Bernard de, [136]. —— Juvence de, ibid. —— Octaviano de, ibid. —— Mary de, Queen, [334]. —— Mary-Anne, Electress Palatine, [359], [361]. Melun, t. [240]. Menin, t. [314]. Mentz, Francis Lewis, Elector of, [336], [342], [353]. —— Philip Charles, Elector, [353]. Mentz, t. ibid. —— Francis, Lotharius, Elector, ibid. Merchants, Difference betwixt the English and Foreigners, [471].

Mercy, Count de, [255]. Metternich, Count de, [350]. Michael Angelo, [33], [37]. Mignard, the Painter, [269]. Milan, conquer’d, [256]. Milciades, an Italian Game at Cards, [70]. Mirandola, Picus de, Cardinal, [53]. Misset, M. [61], [62]. Missisippi Scheme, and its Projector, Verses thereupon, [241], &c. Its Fate compar’d to that of the South-Sea Scheme, [244]. A curious Account of it, 246 to [250]. Misson, Mr. his Account of the Pope’s Coronation reflected on, [22]. His being always furnish’d with Mathematical Instruments, [141]. Mistresses, Generosity of the English to theirs, [469]. —— Kept in Partnership, ib. Modena, Princes of, [148]. Molland, Palace, [363]. Mondragone Seat, near Rome, [48]. Money, the Scarcity of it in France, [217]. Worship paid to it at Amsterdam, [381], [382]. Mons, t. [297]. Montague House, [439]. Montcallier Castle, [152]. Monte Cavallo Palace, [32]. Montespan, Marchioness, [188], [205], [216], [226], [264]. Montesquiou, Marshal, [260]. Monti, Marquis, the Pretender’s Landlord. [58]. Montijo, Count de, [439]. Montpensier, Mademoiselle de, her Fame in the Civil Wars of France, [179]. Her Restraint from marrying, ibid. Montrevel, Marshal de, [253]. Monulphus, Bishop of Tongres, his Ghost, [329]. Morville, M. de, [237]. Mouchi, Madame de, [316]. Mouths of the Cardinals, the Ceremony of Opening and Shutting them by the Pope, [80]. Muley Ismael of Morocco, his pretended Demand of the Princess of Conti in Marriage, [219]. Mulheim, t. [335]. Murder, how punish’d at Rome, [74]. Mutius Scavola, a Conceit that the English are descended from him, [470]. N Namur, t. [317], [319]. Naples, the Tribute paid for it to the See of Rome, 43 to [46]. Nassau, Princes of, [309]. —— Zeist, Count de, [367]. —— Orange, Prince of, [412]. Navona, Square, [5]. The Ceremony of watering it, [66]. Neautre, M. le, [436]. Nectarius, Patriarch, [195]. Nephews of the Popes, their general Character, [40]. Nesle, Marquis de, [309]. Netherlands, Austrian, Pride and Poverty of the Nobility and Gentry, [305], [306]. Newbourgh, Lewis-Antony de, [336]. —— Francis, Elector of Mentz, [336], [342]. Neuhoff Theodore, Baron de, proclaim’d K. of Corsica, [150]. Neville Camillus, Nicolas and Charles, de la, [175]. Neuwidt, t. and Count de, [349]. Newcastle, Duke of, [453]. Newmarket Races, [468]. Newport, t. [313]. Nimeguen, t. [365], [370]. Noailles, Lewis-Antony, Cardinal, [192], [294]. —— Duke de, [207], [264].

Noailles, Maria Victoria de, [226]. —— Duchess d’Estrées, [260]. Nocera, a Canon, [92]. Nordkirchen, Seat, [346]. Norfolk, Duke of, [438]. Nostradamus, a Prophecy of his apply’d to Don Carlos, [139]. Nothast, Baron de, [346], [347]. Novalaise, la, t. [169]. Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques, prohibited by the Archbishops of Paris, [277]. Differences about it, betwixt the Court and Parliament, [277], [278]. Nuncios, of the Pope, [77]. O Obdam, Count de, [412]. Odyck, M. de, [367]. Oels, Baron de, [350]. Olivieri, Cardinal, [44], [54]. Openord, Giles Maria, Architect, [201]. Operas, in France, the Distinction paid to the Actors, [267]. Orange, Palace in Brussels, [299], [300]. at the Hague, [425]. —— Princes of, [309], [401], [401], [412], [413], [425]. Orbano, R. [171]. Orleans, Dukes of, [173], [174], [179], [206], [207], [209], [212], [221], [229], [230], [236], [268], [269], [283], [292], [293], [295]. —— Duchess, [185]. Dowager, [205], [206]. Henrietta, Duchess of, her Death, [269]. His Sisters, [207], [208]. Philippa, her Death, [208]. Louisa Diana, her Marriage and Issue, [208], [217]. Orleans, t. taken, [179]. P Pagan Impertinences, reviv’d in the Christian Religion, [203]. Pain, despis’d by our Nation, [470]. Palatine, Electress Dowager, [130]. John-William, Elector, [358], [359], [360]. Pallas, a French Officer, who married both Mother and Daughter, acquitted by the Inquisition, [116]. Palmquist, Ambassador, [405]. Pamphili, Princes, [6], [41], [42]. Palace, [41]. —— Camillus, Cardinal, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. Pantheon, at Rome, [7]. Paris, Abbé, his pretended Miracles, [195], &c. [284]. Paris, Brothers, [210], [227], [245]. Paris, t. [189], &c. Whether most populous, this City, or London, [190], [191]. Number of its People, Streets, Houses, [192]. Expence of its Lanthorns, and its Revenues, ibid. Archbishop’s Title, ibid. By whom founded, and most beautify’d, [190], [192]. Its Prerogatives, [192]. Governor, [201]. Lacqueys, [274], [275]. Parliaments, [283]. What Charles V. meant when he said, He could put this City into his Glove, [310]. Parliament House, [441], [442]. Parma, Dukes of, the Office they are to perform for the Pope, [52]. The Pope’s Concern for the Loss of the Duchy, [114], [120]. Patricians, of Germany, [333], [334]. Paul III. Pope, [38], [40]. His Order about the Cardinals Caps, [86]. His Establishment of the Inquisition, [126]. —— IV. Pope, the Solicitor of it, ibid. —— V. Pope, [32], [47], [48]. Peasants, English, their Happiness, [471]. Pericon, M. Magistrate at Lyons, [176].

Perauss, Count de la, [161], [162], [163]. Peter, St. d’Arena Suburbs of Genoa, [148]. Peter, St. why describ’d as holding three Keys, [23]. His Church and Chair, at Rome, 7 to [12]. Who buried in it, [11]. His Miracles, what, [39]. Petitbourg, t. [188]. Petits Colets, the Petits Maitres of Rome, [70], [73]. Petronilla, St. [11]. Peyrome, la, Surgeon, [292]. Phaethon’s, Story finely painted, [439]. Pharao, plaid in the Conclave of Cardinals, [70]. Philibert, Prince of Piedmont, his submissive Speech to Phillip IV. King of Spain, [145]. Philips, Mr. Preceptor to the Duke, [448]. Philipsburg, Siege of, [259]. Picus, de Mirandola, Cardinal, [53]. Piedmontese, their Court and Character, [165], [166], [168]. Pietra Santa, t. [142]. Pignatelli, Cardinal, [86]. Pilate, whither banish’d, [173]. Pilgrims, Hospital at Rome, [76]. Pin, Joseph, Painter, [359]. Pisa, t. [141]. Pride of the People, ibid. Pius V. Pope, [80], [126]. Pizzighitone, taken, [255]. Platen, Count de, Post-master of Hanover, [238]. His Daughter’s Marriage and Pension from King George I. and II. [238]. Plettenburg, Count de, [341], [344], [345], [346]. Polignac, Cardinal, [85]. Pont de Bonvoisin, t. [172]. Pontchartrain, M. de, Chancellor, [235], [237]. Ponthievre, Duke de, [226]. Popelsdorf, Village, [340]. Popes, the Days on which the Cardinals kiss their Feet, [17]. Character of their Nephews, [40]. Reception of Ambassadors, [121]. Pope, who was the first that was crown’d, [22]. Compar’d to the Holy Sepulchre, [29]. Portail, M. de, President, [249]. Portland, Earl of, [408]. Portugal, Henry, Cardinal of, his Resignation of the Hat, [87]. Its broils with the Court of Rome, 116 to [119]. Poultier, M. Intendant at Lyons, [176]. P——y, William, [451]. Poyntz, Stephen, Esq, [448]. Pragmatic Sanction, [403]. Prebends, bought and sold, [369]. Precedence, Disputes about it betwixt Ambassadors, 400 to [403]. Pretender, his Pension and Honours from the Pope, [57], [58]. His Landlord, Courtiers, and Domestics, Style, and Stature, and his Sons, [58], [59]. His Treatment from the Imperial and French Cardinals, [58]. His Aspect and Character, [59]. His Mistress, ibid. His Protestant Chapel, and Table, ibid. His Wife, [60], [61]. Prophecy of his coming to the British Throne, [63]. Preys, M. [405]. Prie, Marchioness, [166], [227], [304]. Priests, Italian, a heavy Charge against them, [112]. —— Flemish, always railing at one another, [314]. Printing, where invented, [395]. Procession Chair, of the Popes, [17]. Prussia, Ducal or Brandenburg, [336]. Fredric, K. of, [338]. Pucelage, its Meaning, [284]. Pucelle, a Counsellor, banish’d from the Parliament at Paris, [282], [283].

Verses on his Exile, [284]. Pussenburg, Baron de, [296]. Puppet-player, burnt for a Conjurer, [385]. Purpora, the Singer, [66]. Pyrrhus’s Saying, after he had defeated the Romans, [253]. Q Q——y, Duke of, his Behaviour on the Duchess’s being forbid the Court, [444]. Quieri, t. [151]. Quinaut, the famous Comedian, [266]. R Rabutyn, Bussy’s, Letters, [181], [443]. Raby, Lord, his Amour, [410]. Race, run round St. James’s Park, by a naked Man, [470]. Ramillies, Battle, to what the French ascribe the Loss of it, [153]. Raphael, Painter, [24], [359]. Rastadt, Treaty, [254]. Ratisbon, Theodore, Bishop of, [349]. Rats, Tower in the Rhine, [352]. Ratto, Signior, [4]. Bishop of Cordoua, [85]. Regulas, John II. K. of France compar’d to him, [435]. Reimbrants, Painter, [359]. Reliques, at Aix, the Time and Manner of exposing them, [329], [330]. Remi, (S.) a noted Better at the French Court, [199], [200]. Restitution, by the Popes, what, [88]. Retirement, Verses in Praise of it, [223]. Retz, Duke of, [174]. Rhebinder, Marshal, [158], [159], [166]. Rheims, t. [269]. Rhen, t. [366]. Rhenish Wine, where the best, [352]. Rhinbeck, t. [347]. Rhine, R. [349]. Rhinfields Castle, [351]. Richardi, Marquis, and his Son Don Vincenzo, [134]. Richelieu, Cardinal’s Ingratitude to Q. Mary de Medicis, [334], [335]. Richmond, Duchess, [409]. Ridelsheim, Wine, [352]. Rinuccini, Marquis, [132], [134], [137]. Ripperda, Duke de, [296]. Rivoli Castle, [158]. Robbery, on the Highway, remarkable, [457]. Robert, (the Pious) K. of France, [98]. Rochebonne, M. Archbishop of Lyons, [174], [176]. Roche, Sur-yon, Mademoiselle de la, [218]. Rodolph I. Emperor, a miraculous Appearance at his Coronation, [327], [328]. Roer, River, [332]. Rohan, Cardinal, [186]. —— Prince, [205]. Roll, Baron de, [346]. Rolling, Baron de, [354]. Romain, Julius Painter, [359]. Roman Princes, their high Pretensions, [102], [104]. —— Princesses and Popes Nieces more humble than formerly, [103]. How they are lighted to the Plays, [105]. Their unwieldy Coaches, and scrub Liveries, [106]. Why they never wear Mourning, [108]. Rome, t. Manners of the People, [67], [72], [73], [406]. Its Squares, [2], &c. Churches, [6], &c. Palaces, [24], &c. [36], &c. Theatres, [65]. Their Diversions and Repasts, [68], [69]. Our Author’s Dislike of this City, [68], [72]. Why young Gentlemen ought to visit it, [72].

Its Hospitals, [76]. Consistories, [81]. The Time when all Ceremonies are laid aside, [105]. Their Funerals, [107], [108]. Mourning, [108]. Their Fireworks, [109]. Its Governor, [109], [110]. Senator, [110]. Executions, [111], [113]. Their Hatred of other Italians, [127]. Rota, Tribunal of, [109]. Rotonda Church, [7]. Rotterdam, t. [426]. Rubempré, Prince and Princess de, [300], [309]. Rubens, Painter, [317], [358], [359]. Ruhi, Marquis de, [318]. Ruspanti, Pensioners, why so call’d, [133]. Ruspoli, Signior, his Promotion to be a Cardinal, 77 to [80]. —— Prince’s, Funeral, [108]. Rysnic, [370], [425]. S Sacrament, Holy, the Grandeur and Solemnity of the Pope’s Procession with it, [124], and of the Parish of St. Sulpice in France, [202]. Saltzu, Herman de, [336]. Salviati, Painter, [39]. Santa Croce, Prince of, [42]. Santen, t. [362]. Santini, Marquis, [341]. Santa-Buona, Duke, [60]. Sardam, Village, [389]. Sardini, Prelate, his Imprisonment, [92]. Sardinia, K. the Pope’s Grant to him, ibid. Sardinia, Victor Amedeus late K. of, his Abdication and Imprisonment, 156 to [164]. Son’s Duty to him, 157 to [164]. Sarno, Duke of, [136]. Sarzana, t. [143]. Sastago, Count de, [318]. Savoy, Duchess of, [156]. Palace in the Strand, [435]. Savoy, Princes of, [435]. Savoyards, Character, [171]. Saurin, M. [414]. Saxony, John George IV. Elector of, [446]. Scaliger’s Character of Lyons, [173]. Scarlet, why the Cardinals Robes and Caps are of that Colour, [86]. Scarron, Paul, the Poet, who was Madame de Maintenon’s Husband, [264]. Schasberg, Count de, [361]. Scheld River, [3]. Scheveling, t. [400]. Schlangenbadt, t. [357]. Schourff, Baron de, [346]. Schouts, Dutch, [376]. Schwalbach, t. and Waters, [356]. Schwartzo, a Jew, [411]. Sculpture, not the best in London, [434]. Seaux, the Duke of Maine’s Seat, [223]. Schonborn, Countess de, [350]. —— Francis-George, Count de, Bishop of Triers, [350]. —— Bishops of Spires, and Bamberg, [350], [353]. Sebastian, St. Marchioness de, [156], [157], &c. [160], [162], [164]. —— K. of Portugal, [87]. —— St. t. taken, [258]. Seignelay, Marquis of, his Bombardment of Genoa, [144]. Senator, of Rome, [110]. Seneca’s Statue, [49]. Senesino, the Singer, [466]. Senez, Bishop of, [240]. Sens, t. [183]. Mademoiselle de, [217], [218]. Sersara, t. [143]. Servants, the Custom of treating ’em in England, ridiculed, [465]. Sestri, t. [143]. Ships, the Difference betwixt the English and Spaniards, and those of three Decks, and two, [138].

Sinzendorf, Count, [232], [403]. —— Countess, her Conversion to Popery by a Flash of Lightning, [149]. Sixtus IV. his Power as to Hell and Purgatory, [25]. —— V. Pope, [8], [9], [25], [31]. Skates, Dutch, describ’d, [384]. Slingeland, the (late) Grand Pensionary of Holland, [406]. Smith, Richard, Bookbinder, and his Wife, their tragical Catastrophe, [270], &c. Their Apology for killing themselves and their Child, and the Confession of their Faith, [271], [272]. Snow, in August, [13]. Sobieski, Prince and Princess. [61], [63]. Her Arrest, as she went to be marry’d to the Pretender, [61]. Her Escape, [61], [62]. Her Reception at Rome by Lady Marr, &c. and the Cardinals, [63]. Her Death, ibid. Sodomite, the pert Answer of one to a Cardinal, [112]. Soissons, Congress, [295], [296]. Solare, Chevalier de, [162], [163], [164]. Spa, t. and Waters, [325]. Great Resort to it, [326]. Spain, Q. Dowager of Lewis I. her Marriage, and her silent Visit from Lewis XV. [207]. Her Retirement to a Convent. [208]. Spaniards Arrival at Leghorn, [134], [136], [137]. Comparison between their Officers and Ships, and the English, [138]. Sparr, Baron de, [346], [347]. Speik, Madame de, [361]. Spigo, Marquisate, and Marchioness, [157], [158], [160]. Spinola, John Baptist, Cardinal, [130]. Spork, M. de, [405]. Stadthouse, at Amsterdam, 377 to [380]. Stage Players, the extravagant Respect paid to ’em in France, [266], &c. A Joke put upon them by President Harlai, [267]. Stampa, General, [120]. Stein, Baron, [311]. Stilletto, the frequent Use of it at Rome, [73], [74]. Stoves, Dutch, describ’d, [372]. Strafford, Earl of, [438], [451], [452]. His prophetical Conversation with the D. of Ormond, [453]. Strappa Corda, what, [111]. Strickland, Bishop, [319]. Strozzi, Duke, [52]. Suarez, Madame, [135]. Sudarini, Marquis, his Present of a fine Coach to his Daughter-in-law, [106]. Sulpice, St. the Parson’s, Lottery, [201]. His Parsonage a fat one, [202]. Its Seminary, ibid. Surnames, the Moderns blamed for not giving them to their Heroes as well as the Ancients, [251]. Susa, t. [168]. T Tallard, Duchess, [205], [211]. Tancin, Archbishop of Ambrun, [240]. Tapistry Manufactures, [308]. Targa, Bp. Cardinal Coscia’s Brother, [91]. Tavannes, Count de, [182]. Taverns, English, better than the French, [465]. Tenebra, a fine Piece of Music, [96]. Terrasson, Abbé, [243]. Teutonic Order, Masters of it, [326]. Texeria, a Jew, [411]. Thames River, [431], [432]. Theatres at Paris, better open’d than shut, [385]. Theodore, Baron de Neuhoff, proclaim’d K. of Corsica, [150].

Tholouse, Count de, and Countess, [199], [220], [221], [226]. Her Sister, [260]. Thou, M. de, Ambassador, his Dispute with a Spaniard about Precedency, [400]. Tingry, Prince de, [296]. Tintoret, Painter, [359]. Tirlemont, t. [319]. Titian, Painter, [359]. Titus’s Arch at Rome, [34]. Tongres, t. [323]. Torcy, M. de, [237]. Tour and Taxis, Prince and Princess, [306], [307], [308]. His Mother and Children, [307]. Tour, Humbert de la, [172], [173]. Touraine, la, [216]. Tranquillity, Christian, a Poem, on the Disputes of the Times, [279]. Treaties of Peace, three concluded successively in the Dominions of the Dutch, [370]. Tremouille, Cardinal de, [215]. Trevoux, t. [179], [180]. Triers, Francis-George, Count de Schonborn, the present Bishop, [350], [351]. Triple Crown, by what Pope first worn, [22]. Trotti, Marquis de, [346]. Tuilleries, in France, Garden, [436]. Tulip-Root, of great Value, [395]. Turin, t. [152]. Its University, [167]. Its Siege, [152], [153]. Tuscans, the great Hopes they entertained of Don Carlos, [139]. Tuscany’s Great Duke, his Manner of giving Audience in Bed, with his Lap-Dogs, and his hearty Reception of our Author, [131], [132], [134]. His Indolence in his Bed-chamber, and Deshabille, [133]. His Kindness to Pilgrims, and Fondness for the Germans, ibid. His Pensioners and Paymaster, ibid. Who influenced him to recognise Don Carlos for his Successor, [134]. Twicked, Wassenaer de, [412]. Tyburn Executions, [458], [459]. V Vahal, River, [365]. Val de Grace Church, [198]. Valenciennes, t. [296]. Valere, Mademoiselle de, [188], [219]. Valois, Philip de, [172]. Vander Borg’s Tapistry, [308]. Vander Duin, Messieurs, [408]. Vandyke, [359]. Varengeville, Joanna de, Wife of the Marshal Villars, [255]. Vatican Palace, [24], [31]. —— Library, [25]. Vauhan, M. Engineer, [315]. Vayrac, Abbé, the Author, [273]. His pleasant Rencounter with a pert Coxcomb of a Counsellor, [273], [274]. His Plagiarism, [274]. Vendosme, Duke de, [253]. Why he has not left his Fellow, [254]. Venerie Castle, [155]. Venice and Amsterdam compar’d, [371]. Ventadour, Duke and Duchess de, [205], [334]. Vermillon’s Tapistry, [308]. Veronese, Paul, Painter, [359]. Versailles Park, [436]. Vespasian’s Amphitheatre, [35]. Uhlefeldt, Count de, [403]. Uhlefeldt, Mademoiselle de, her unhappy Fate in the Fire at Brussels, [301], [403]. Viareggio Forest and Village, [141], [142]. Victor, King of Sardinia, his Abdication and Imprisonment, 155 to [164]. His Advice to the famous John Law, [239]. His Treaty with France and Spain, [252].

Vienna Treaty, [296]. Vienne, t. [173]. Villars, Marshal de, Francis Hector, 250 to [256]. Our Author’s smart Answer to him, when he boasted of his Clemency at Denain, [251]. His Invention of a Surname for the Marshal, which put him in good Humour, [252]. His Creation as Marshal of France, ib. His Conduct in the Cevennois and in Flanders, [253]. His Preferment to the Government of Provence, and his Compliment to the Memory of his deceased Predecessor, [254]. His remarkable Expressions to the French King, when he went to the Command in Germany, and when he had purchas’d an Estate, ibid. His Command, Sickness and Death, in Italy, [255]. His Family and Character, ibid. [256]. His nimble Trip from a Ball to a Battle, ibid. A Sonnet made on him when he set out last for Italy, ibid. His Scruple to accept of a Commission to act against the King of Spain, [258]. Villeroy, M. [174], [178], [229]. The Family, ibid. [175]. Vinci, Leonard, [66]. Vintimille, N. N. Archbishop of Paris, [192]. His Concern for the Goodness of his Mutton, greater than for that of the Pasture of his Sheep, [193]. His equal Respect to different Orders, and an Epigram upon his Mandate, in favour of the Constitution Unigenitus, [193]. Viol, holy, at St. Rheims, the Story of it, [269], [270]. Visconti, Count de, and Countess, [300], [302], [307], [308]. Vitriarius, Professor, [397]. Voisin, M. Secretary at War, [235]. Voltaire, the Poet, his Tragedy of Brutus admir’d, [265]. Criticis’d, [266], [467]. Urban V. Pope, [22]. Urban VIII. Pope, his Order about the Cardinals Title, [86]. Vrilliere, M. Secretary of State, [209], [237], [238]. —— Madame de, [238]. Ursini, Cardinal, his Election to be Pope, [26], [27]. Ushers of the Pope, their Privilege, [81]. Utrecht, t. [367], [368], &c. —— its Walls resembling those of Jericho, [368]. Lewis XIV. afraid of its Cellars, ibid. Uxelles, Marshal de, [354]. W Wager, Admiral’s Arrival at Leghorn, whither he convoy’d the Spaniards, [136]. Waldeck, Prince, [21], [57]. Wales, Frederic, Pr. of, [447]. Wallingford, Ld. his Marriage, [240]. Walpole, Sir Robert, [450], [451]. Walpol, Baron de, [350]. Walrave, Colonel, [362]. Wartemberg, Countess de, [409], [410]. Her innumerable Adventures of Gallantry, [409]. Wassenaars, of Holland, [412]. Water-works, finer than those of St. Cloud, [269]. Watteville, Mademoiselle de, [311]. Welderen, Count de, [407], [408], [409]. Werf, Vander, a Painter, [359]. Wesel, t. [362]. Westminster Abbey and Palace, [440], [441]. Wetzler Chamber, [324].

Whitehall, Palace, [435]. Whitworth, Lady, her smart Rebuke of Cardinal Corsini, for pretending to meddle with Houshold Affairs at Cambray Congress, [119]. William l. Pr. of Orange’s Assassination, [425]. William III. Prince of Orange’s Dispute for Precedency with the Count d’Estrades, [401]. —— Disputes adjusted relating to his Succession, [405], [406]. —— Charles-Henry, Prince of, [412], [413]. Windmills of Holland, [389]. Windsor Palace, by whom built, [450]. Wirtemberg, Lewis, Pr. of, his, saying to the Genoese, about Corsica, [150]. —— Alexander, Pr. of, [307]. Wogan, Mr. in the Pretender’s Service, [61], [62]. Wolffgang de Neubourgh, Duke, [359]. Wolsey, Cardinal [450]. Women Lying-in, a Protection to their Husbands, [396]. Worms, fatal to the Dykes of Holland, [392], [393]. Wrangel, Marshal de, [309]. Wurmbrand, Count de, ibid. Wuytiers Barkman, Bp. of Utrecht, [369]. Wynendale Battle, to what the French ascribe the Loss of it, [153]. Z Zeist, t. [367]. —— Count de, [412], [413]. Zuchro, Painter, [39]. Zumjungen, Marshal de, [308], [309].

FINIS.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] His Eminency died in the Beginning of the Year 1733, after which, Signior Thomas Ratto, and Ottinelli, heretofore Auditor of the Rota, and now Bishop of Cordoua, had the Care of the Spanish Affairs, in which he was succeeded by Cardinal Acquaviva.

[2] Now Pope Clement XII. whose Nephews and Nieces dwell in it.

[3] The last Hackney that was presented on the Part of the House of Austria, was deliver’d by the Prince of Santa Croce, whom the Emperor appointed for that Ceremony, because Spain having conquer’d the Kingdom of Naples, the Constable was not willing to concern himself in the Affair, before it was finally decided. This was in the Year 1734.

[4] He is now a Cardinal and Archbishop of Benevento.

[5] This Princess, who was born July 6. 1702. O. S. died Jan. 7. 1735.

[6] As the Baron above three Years since durst not venture much Money on the fulfilling of this Prophecy, we may now say it is not worth a Farthing.

[7] His Eminency is return’d to France, and succeeded in his Embassy by the Duke of St. Aignan.

[8] The Death of this Cardinal has been already mention’d. His Successor is M. Ratto, Bishop of Cordoua.

[9] Henry was Son to King Emanuel, and Sebastian was Grandson of John III. Brother to the Cardinal Henry.

[10] He did it however in the Year 1733.

[11] Since these Letters were wrote, he is actually return’d, and hitherto he is come but poorly off. Tho’ his Fate be not yet intirely determin’d, ’tis certain that he will not be degraded. A Sentence has been pass’d upon him, and ratify’d, whereby he is declar’d excommunicate, and out of a Possibility of being absolv’d, but by the Pope, even in articulo mortis; he is also to be confin’d in a Fortress, depriv’d of the Power of Speaking or Voting, &c. But as omnia venalia Roma, even more now than in Jugurtha’s Time, the Cardinal del Gindici, who is a Friend of his Eminency Coscia, gave him to understand, that the Pope was resolv’d to treat him as a Grand Vizier in Disgrace; that he must absolutely refund, and that all his Sins shou’d be blotted out. Consequently his Eminency submitted to implore his Holiness’s Clemency, on Condition of paying well for it; and in fine, his Pardon has been tax’d at thirty thousand Ducats. He has clamour’d against it not a little; but the Holy Father wou’d not abate an Ace of it, and the Cardinal was forc’d to acquiesce; however, as he always watches for the Death of the Pope, he desir’d to pay it at several Terms; and upon depositing ten thousand Crowns down, he immediately receiv’d Absolution, his Guards were taken off, and he had Liberty granted him to walk about in the Castle of St. Angelo, and to converse there with his Brother the Bishop of Targa. He pleads Poverty, and shuffles off his Payments from one time to another, in constant Expectation that the Gout will rise into the Pope’s Stomach, and take him out of his Way. At length, in 1734, he paid down ten thousand Crowns more. But a Collector of Taxes, from whom he formerly receiv’d a great Present to procure him an Acquittance from the Chamber, to which he ow’d seventy thousand Crowns, died lately insolvent, and without making good the Fraud; and as Cæsar, they say, loses nothing, the Chamber comes upon Cardinal Coscia, who is condemn’d to pay this Deficiency too, and the Pope won’t hear any Talk of compounding it.

[12] He Afterwards created him a Cardinal; but he died at Benevento in 1733. Nobody after his Death wou’d accept of this Benefice, till the Pope gave it to the Abbat Conti, a Roman, who only took it upon Condition that his Holiness wou’d give him a red Hat to boot; which he did accordingly, at the last Promotion of Cardinals.

[13] It was publish’d in the News-papers of 1732, that this Gentleman was sentenc’d to be beheaded, but that his Holiness had commuted that Sentence to ten Years Imprisonment. It was afterwards said in the public News, that the Pope had shorten’d it, first, to seven Years, and then to three Years Imprisonment. At length the Pope was for removing him to Perousa, or elsewhere; but the Prelate wou’d not go, and said, If he cou’d not have his intire Liberty, he wou’d live and die in the Castle of St. Angelo.

[14] The Origin of this Ceremony, if we may believe Father Sirmond and Ciccarelli, was this: It comes from a Custom they had at Rome, of distributing to the People upon every Whitsunday the Remainder of the Paschal Wax-taper, which was consecrated on Holy Saturday. The Vulgar, who are always superstitious, appropriated several Virtues to this consecrated Wax, particularly that ’twas a Preservative against the Delusions of the Devil, and the Injuries of Lightning, &c. and they us’d to burn little Pieces of this Wax in their Houses. There being not enough left of the Paschal Wax-taper to satisfy the Cravings of the People, the Archdeacon took it into his Head to take some other Wax, which he sprinkled with Oil, bless’d it, and made little Bits of it in the Form of a Lamb, and then distributed them to the People. Afterwards they only flatted those Pieces of Wax, and impress’d ’em with the Stamp of a Lamb bearing the Standard of the Cross. They believe that none but such as are in Orders have the Power to touch them, and they are cover’d neatly with embroider’d Stuff to be given to the Laity. There is nothing by which the Monks more successfully impose upon the Credulous; for to such they distribute Agnus Dei’s that were never on t’other Side of the Alps.

[15] He is the Pope’s Vicechamberlain.

[16] When he was at the Congress at Cambray, he had a Fancy to regulate every Plenipotentiary’s Houshold; and indeed, that was all he did there. One Day he took it into his Head to give his Œconomical Rules at my Lord Whitworth’s, but he did not find my Lady very compliant; for, said she, M. le Marquis, We make use of the Italians to regulate our Concerts; but as for the Table, pray give us leave to consult the French.

[17] Cardinal Grimani succeeded Cardinal Bentivoglio in the Legateship of Bologna, as soon as the present Pope had created him a Cardinal; but he died in the Legateship, and his Holiness conferr’d it upon John Baptist Spinola, whom he had just before advanc’d to the Purple.

[18] Nevertheless there is a Difference between these two Families: The Duke Ferdinand the last Survivor of that of Kettler, but of the Family of Medicis there are Princes still living, who have an incontestable Right to the Succession; for ’tis certain, that Bernard de Medicis, the eldest Brother of Pope Leo XI. descended from Juvenco de Medicis, Brother of Sylvester Clarissimus, the Head of the present reigning Branch, which Bernard de Medicis was the Son of Ottaviano, the last Standard-bearer of Florence in 1528. This Bernard purchas’d the Barony of Ottajano near Mount Vesuvius in the Kingdom of Naples, to which he transferr’d this Branch of the Medicis; and the present Prince of Ottajano, and Duke of Sarno, who married Theresa, Daughter of Charles Prince of Acquaviva, is his Great Great Grandson.

[19] The Count de Charni signs N. d’Orleans C. de Charni. He is a Bastard of the Orleans Family, but by whom is not known. He has advanc’d himself at the Court of Spain, and is now Commandant of Naples, and Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom.

[20] This Prince went thro’ France, and arriv’d at Florence the Beginning of the Year 1732.

[21] This young Prince died in 1734, as his illustrious Uncle did in the Year following.

[22] The Spaniards took it at the Beginning of the War, and ’twas the first of their Exploits.

[23] Giafferi did all he could; but was obliged to submit to Force, the Republic being assisted by the Troops which the Emperor had assembled in Lombardy, to oppose the Enterprizes he was then apprehensive of from the Spaniards. Giafferi was arrested, but by a great deal of Art and Cunning he obtain’d his Freedom, after the Genoese thought the Corsicans were disarmed, destitute of Leaders, and reduced to a Sense of their Duty; and he retired to Tuscany. But the Corsicans being no better treated than they were before their Accommodation, took up Arms again, upon which Giafferi procured them all manner of Assistance, and actually returned to that Island, and put himself at the Head of the Malecontents, who seemed to have a fair Chance of regaining their Liberties. They were so uppish in Expectation of foreign Assistance, that they rejected some new Concessions made to them by the Genoese, in Dec, 1734, declar’d Aitelli General of the Forces, and one Costa, a Man of great Intrigues, General-Auditor of the Island; and, at the same time, made Proposals to the King of Spain to take them under his Protection, having renounced all Subjection to the Republic of Genoa, declar’d themselves a free and independent People, and resolv’d to defend their Liberties to the last Man. At length they receiv’d some Recruits of Money and Ammunition by one Theodore, who call’d himself the Baron de Neuhoff, and arriv’d in March 1736. on Board an English Ship from Tunis; but in the Name of what Power he acted, is as yet a Mystery. He had the Success to be proclaim’d King of Corsica, and Copper Money was coin’d there with his Effigies; but he has since been obliged to abandon the Island; and the French have taken upon them to accommodate Matters between the Genoese and Corsicans. It must be left to Time, to shew whether the Genoese will have Reason to be pleased with this formidable Mediation. After all, that Republic has too much Cause to remember the Saying of Prince Lewis of Wirtemberg, who, when he return’d with the Imperial Troops from suppressing the former Rebellion, told them, That the Island was not worth the Expences which the Republic had been at in reducing the Corsicans, and what they must be at continually to keep them in Subjection.

[24] The Prince had a Kindness for Mademoiselle de Cumiane, before she was married to the Count de St. Sebastian, when she was Maid of Honour to Madame Royale. She was afterwards a Lady of Honour to the Duchess of Savoy, and at last Tire-Woman to the Princess of Piedmont, late Queen of Sardinia. She has been a Widow since 1723. After she was married to the Count de St. Sebastian, she still preserv’d the King’s Friendship and Esteem, and was always in great Credit with him. When she became a Widow, the old Flames of Love broke out again; the King gave her an Apartment at Court, where he cou’d see her without being seen, and he took Care of her Family.

[25] ’Tis said, that the real Motive of this Abdication was his Perplexity on Account of the Succession of Parma and Tuscany, and the Introduction of the Infante Don Carlos into Italy. They say he had enter’d into Engagements relating to this Affair, first with the Court of Vienna, and afterwards with Spain; and it not being possible for him to satisfy either of those Courts without exposing himself to the Resentment of the other, he resolved to abdicate, at least for a Time, because he knew of no other Way to extricate himself from the Dilemma.

[26] The Abdication was performed the 3d of September, in the Castle of Rivoli. The declar’d Motives, were the Fatigues of a Reign of fifty Years, the Infirmities of old Age, and the Necessity of some Interval of Retirement, between a Throne and a Tomb.

[27] The King was not marry’d to the Countess of St. Sebastian, till he came to Chamberry, where she met him; for he set out from Turin without her. When he marry’d her, he gave her one hundred thousand Crowns, with which she purchased the Marquisate of Spigo for her Children, and then exchang’d her Title of Countess of St. Sebastian for that of Marchioness of Spigo.

[28] Victor Amedeus took it into his Head to reascend the Throne, as soon as he heard of the Conclusion of the Treaty of Vienna, by which the Emperor consented to the Introduction of the Spaniards. He then let the Marchioness del Spigo into the true Motives of his Abdication, and into the Measures he intended to take for reascending the Throne. This ambitious Woman encourag’d him, and being withal a very cunning intriguing Person, she left no Stone unturn’d to bring a Project to bear, which would set her on the Throne; and she engag’d all her Friends and Relations in the Affair, of whom some betray’d her.

[29] These Proofs were his sending for the Marquis del Borgo to Montcallier, demanding the Instrument of Abdication from him, giving him but twelve Hours time to fetch it, and his appearing before the Citadel of Turin, with a View of getting into it, and of animating the Garison to assist him in his Enterprise.

[30] These were all Privy Counsellors and Great Men, who being assembled by Order of the King, and consulted on the imminent Danger of his being dethron’d were all of Opinion for putting Victor Amedeus and his Consort under an Arrest.

[31] He died Oct. 31. 1732.

[32] She died Jan. 13. 1735. and his Majesty has since married Sister of the present Great Duke of Tuscany.

[33] There is now but one Prince, the youngest being dead; but there are three Princesses.

[34] This is the Cardinal Ferrera, Bishop of Verceil.

[35] This wou’d be very extraordinary, as Mr. Addison observes, were it not for other neighbouring Mountains that rise above it.

[36] This shews another Mistake of Misson, who says this Side is the most rugged.

[37] The French are not the only People who boast of the Grandeur and other Advantages of Lyons, as appears from this Epigram by Scaliger.

Flumineis Rhodanus qua se fugat incitus undis,
Quaque pigro dubitat flumine mitis Arar,
Lugdunum jacet, antiquo novus orbis in orbe,
Lugdunumque vetus orbis in orbe novo.
Quod nolis, alibi quaras; hic quare quod optas:
Aut hic, aut nusquam, vincre vota potes.
Lugduni quodcunque potest dare mundus habebis:
Plura petas, hac urbs & tibi plura dabit.

i. e.

Where Rhone impetuous rolls, and where the slow
And gentle Sâon with milder Streams does flow,
There Lyons stands; where we united find,
What scatter’d thro’ the World delights the Mind;
And if you still seek more with greedy eye,
Lyons can ev’n more Wonders still supply.

[38] Her Amours with M. de Lauzun have made a great Noise.

[39] This Misfortune came upon the Duke and Duchess of Maine, merely from a Suspicion which the Regent entertain’d, that the Duke had a Hand in the pretended Conspiracy of the Prince of Cellamare, the Ambassador of Spain; which, they said, was to remove the Duke of Orleans from the Regency, and to vest it in the King of Spain, who wou’d have put the Duke of Maine in his Place, according to Lewis XIVth’s last Will. The bare Suspicion however amounted to fix the Guilt upon this Prince, and all that belong’d to him. It were to be wish’d, that some Eye-witness of what was then transacted at Court, and in Bretagne, wou’d give the Public an exact Account of it.

[40] The Friar, who in the other Orders is a Prior, is call’d a Minister in this Order, which it better known in France by the Name of the Mathurias.

[41] In all Appearance, the Latin Name Lutetia comes from Leucothecia, which signifies white Town, a Name that Strabo gives to this City, the Houses of which were plaister’d. By Abbreviation it was call’d Lutetia. As to the Name Paris, ’tis certain, that it comes from Para-Isis, near Isis, a well-known Goddess, who had several Temples in this Canton; where she was so particularly worshipp’d, that from her Name the Inhabitants were call’d Para-Isians, the Neighbours of Isis. They, who have carefully examin’d the Gate of the Carmelites Church, and the Building of its Chapel, will own, that it was formerly the Temple of this Goddess; whose Statue, in Iron, holding a Handful of Ears of Corn, is still on the Front of the Building.

[42] The Author does not say whither nor from whence those Sheep are stray’d. All those Sheep feed in the same Pasture, or at least, there are but few of ’em that feed in the Pastures to which M. de Vintimille could wish to bring the others. Some Slanderers don’t scruple to say, that this good Prelate gives himself more Uneasiness about the Excellency of the Dishes at his Table, than the Goodness of the Pasture for his Sheep: For he has been seen to give the same Welcome to the Jesuits, and the Fathers of the Oratory, to the Capuchins and the Benedictins, &c. For the Sake of such of our Readers as have a Taste for French Poetry, we insert the following Epigram; which was made upon this Prelate’s Mandate in Favour of the Constitution:

Le Public est un Sot, d’être scandalisé
Du Mandement que Vintimille
Vient de repandre dans la Ville,
Me disoit ce Matin un Docteur avisé!
Il est, dit il, d’Usage indispensable,
Pour qu’un Saint soit canonisé,
D’entendre l’Avocat du Diable.

[43] This is a Thing in Question; and the Negative seems to be plainly proved by the Opinions of the Counsellors of the Parlement, all Men of unexceptionable Character, who voted for putting the Reverend Father to Death.

[44] He is now Archbishop of Sens, and very well known for the famous Story of Maria Aliacoque, a celebrated Saint of his own making.

[45] The Count de Gergy died in 1733 in his Embassy, and was succeeded by the Count de Froulay.

[46] As the Parson of St. Sulpice stretches his Invention to the utmost, how to allure the Multitude, in 1734 he out-did all that he had ever done before, so that his Procession was more like the March of an Army than any thing else, because of the many Trumpets, Kettle-drums, Hunting-horns, &c. which made the Air echo with their Flourishes. It may by Degrees come to be like the Processions at Cambray, Antwerp, Brussels, and other Towns of the Netherlands; where, to the Scandal of the Christian Religion, we see the Revival of all the Impertinencies of the Pagan.

[47] The Mode of Bagnolette, i. e. Bathing-tubs, came from this Village, to which the Country-women carry them.

[48] Philippa Elisabeth of Orleans. She died of the Small-pox May 21, 1734. unmarried, and universally lamented.

[49] Louisa Diana of Orleans. She was married in 1732. to Lewis of Bourbon, Prince of Conti, by whom she had a Son, born Sept. 1, 1734. while the Prince was in the King’s Army upon the Rhine.

[50] It should have been observ’d in the Article of Turin, that this Queen died the second of January, 1735, O. S. and the King has since marry’d the eldest Sister of the present Duke of Lorain.

[51] He is married since 1732, to Louisa-Diana of Orleans, youngest Daughter of the late Regent.

[52] The Origin of the Fable is this. Mehemed Ben Aschen, or the Son of Aschen, Admiral of Sale, was deputed from the King of Morocco, but I know not in what Year, to the Court of France. When this Corsair was at Paris, he heard great Talk of the Princess of Conti’s Beauty, and of the particular Affection which the King had for her: In order to ingratiate himself with the French, he gave out, that the Emperor his Master having seen the Picture of that Princess among other Effects which belong’d to a Christian who was taken into Slavery, he thought her the most beautiful of her Sex; and that his Moorish Majesty said, That if he had such a Lady in his Seraglio, he should never desire any other. Mehemed’s Story was presently carried far and near, but it was told quite different from the Truth; for it was reported in a very little time, that he was come to demand the Princess in Marriage for Muley Ismael his Master. As there seem’d to be something mysterious in the Picture, a Messenger was sent in all Haste to the Ambassador’s Lodgings, to know the Name of the Slave from whom it was taken; but his Mahometan Excellency so prevaricated, that his Answer was far from being satisfactory. Nevertheless, his pretended Demand of this Princess was so much the Subject of Conversation among the French for several Months, that according to the Custom of this People, they at length made a Sonnet upon it, which follows.

To the Tune of Je ne suis né ni Roi ni Prince.

Votre beauté, grande Princesse,
Porte les traits dont l’Amour blesse,
Jusques aux plus sauvages dieux:
L’Afrique avec vous capitule,
Et les conquétes de vos yeux
Vont plus loin que celles d’Hercule.

S’il est bien vrai qu’il vous adore,
Que je plains ce pauvre Roi Maure,
D’être sensible à vos appas!
En vain envers vous il s’explique;
La France ne donnera pas
Son Ange au Diable de l’Afrique.

Which may be thus English’d,

Your Beauty, Great Princess,
Carries Love’s killing Shafts
To Nations the most savage;
Afric with you capitulates,
And the Conquests of your Eyes
Even those of Hercules surmount.

If it be true that he adores you,
How do I pity the poor Negro King,
Who is so smitten with your Charms!
In vain he makes his Passion known to you;
For sure France will never give
Her Angel to the Devil of Africa.

[53] ’Tis a Letter from a Gentleman retir’d from the World, to a Friend of his, wherein he celebrates the happy Innocence, and the Freedom of his tranquil Retreat, in a Style that cannot but be pleasing to the Admirers of French Poetry; and for their Sakes we insert the Original, with only an English Paraphrase in the Margin.

Je vois regner sur ce rivage The Author begins with expressing L’Innocence et la Liberté. his Surprise at the Concurrence Que d’Objects dans ce paisage, of Objects of different Qualities Malgre leur contrarieté, in his Retirement; such as M’étonnent par leur Assémbláge! Abundance with Frugality, Abondante frugalité, Authority with Indulgence, Riches Autorité sans Esclaváge with Sobriety, Richesses sans Libertinagé, Charges, Noblesse, sans fuerté. Honours with Humility: And having Mon choix est fait, ce voisinage therefore fix’d on this Spot for Détermine ma volonté. his Residence, he implores the Bienfaisante Divinité, Sanction of the Divine Providence Ajoutez y votre suffrage. to his Choice.

Disciple de l’Adversité, Here he says, that having been Je viens faire dans le village train’d-up in the School of Le volontaire apprentissage Adversity, he prefers a voluntary D’une tardive obscurité. Obscurity in the Village; that he Aussi bien, de mon plus bel âge has experienc’d the Instability of J’apperçois l’instabilité. Youth; that he has seen the Return J’ai deja, de compte arrêté, of 40 Springs, which he regrets Quarante fois vu le feuillage that he has so ill improv’d; and Par le Zéphyr ressuscité. promises to make a better Use of Du Printems j’ai mal profité: the Summer of his Life. J’en ai regret; et de l’Eté Je veux faire un meilleur usage.

J’apporte dans mon Hermitage, He says he brings to his Hermitage Un cœur des longtems rebuté a Heart which has been for a long Du prompt et funeste esclavage, Time the fatal Slave of foolish Fruit de la folle vanité. Vanity; but that now he is become Paisan sans rusticité, a Peasant without Clownishness, a Hermite sans patelinage, Hermit without Bigotry; and that Mon but est la tranquillité. Tranquillity being his Aim, he Je veux pour unique partage, desires no other Portion in Life La paix d’un cœur qui se dégage but the Peace of his Mind, Des filets de la Volupté. disentangled from the Snares of Pleasure.

L’incorruptible probité, Here he declares, that De mes Ayeux noble Heritage, incorruptible Probity, the noble A la Cour ne m’a point quitté. Inheritance he deriv’d from his Libre et franc, sans être sauvage, Ancestors, did not forsake him at Du Courtisan fourbe et volage Court, where being frank and free, L’exemple ne m’a point gâté, without being rude, the Example of L’infatigable activité, the crafty giddy Courtier had not tainted him. He observes the good Effect of his former Miscarriage; that it has made him active and indefatigable; and he hopes Reste d’un utile naufrage, from henceforwards to be happy in Mes Etudes, mon Jardinage, his Studies, in his Garden, and Un Repas sans art appreté, in a plain Diet dress’d by his D’une Epouse œconome et sage frugal prudent Wife, whose good La belle humeur, le bon ménage, Nature is equal to her Œconomy. Vont faire ma félicité.

C’est dans ce Port, qu’en sureté In this Port, says he, my Vessel Ma Barque ne craint point l’orage. dreads no Storm. Let who will defy Qu’un autre à son tour emporté, the Rage of the Winds, while he Au gré de sa cupidité, coasts along the Shore, I laugh at Sur le sein de l’humide plage, his Presumption, and wish him a Des Vents ose affronter la rage; good Voyage; but reserve my Je ris de sa témerité, Courage for a more important Et lui souhaite un bon voyage. Passage, and approach with Je réserve ma fermeté Boldness to the Gates of Eternity. Pour un plus important passage; Et je m’approche avec courage, Des portes de l’Eternité.

Je sai que la mortalité The Poet concludes with a Du Genre humain est l’appanage: Reflection, that since Mortality Pourquoi seul serois-je excepté? is intail’d upon all Mankind, why La vie est un pelerinage: should he alone think to be De son cours la rapidité, exempted? And he says, that since Loin de m’alarmer, me soulage. Life is but a Pilgrimage, the De sa fin, quand je l’envisage, Rapidity of its Race, instead of L’infallible necessité alarming, comforts him; and that Ne me sauroit faire d’outrage. the infallible Necessity of his Brulez de l’Or empaqueté, Death, when he seriously considers Il n’en perit que l’embalage: the Matter, is no more an Injury C’est tour. Un si leger dommage to him, than the burning of a Bale Devroit-il être regreté? of Gold is to the Metal, which remains intire, tho’ the Case that contains it is consum’d; which, he adds, is too trifling a Loss to be regarded.

[54] The King gave this young Duke, when he was but nine Years old, the Reversion of the Post of Great Admiral, for a New-Year’s Gift, on the first of January 1734. He is handsome, well-set, all Life and Spirit, and gives very fair Hopes of being a great Man.

[55] As soon as he arrived, the Place de Vendosme, or the Square of Lewis le Grand, where M. Daguesseau liv’d, was set apart for the Stock-jobbing Trade, which was before carried on in the Street Quinquempoix; and one Morning, a Paper was found at the Chancellor’s Door, with these Words, Et homo factus est, & habitabit cum nobis.

[56] He is actually join’d in the Administration with the Cardinal de Fleury, who was very glad to nominate a Person for his Coadjutor.

[57] He died some time ago at Paris, very much lamented by all that knew him.

[58] The present Archbishop of Ambrun, famous for his Zeal for the Constitution, for the Persecution of the Bishop of Senez, and for his little Council at Ambrun.

[59] He died at Maestricht in the Year 1734, a Cornet in the Regiment of the Prince of Orange-Friseland. But Mr. Law has left an amiable Daughter, who has had a fine Education, and married to Lord Wallingford, Son to the Earl of Banbury.

[60] These Verses are not in the first Edition of these Memoirs, but are added, by the Bookseller, to the second.

[61] James Nompar of Caument, Duke de la Force, an assiduous humble Servant of Mr. Law, and who, by his Management, during the Missisippi Scheme, drew a great many Pasquinades upon himself, of which this is not the severest.

[62] The Abbé Terrasson, who wrote in Favour of the Scheme.

[63] Law had three Cocks for his Arms.

[64] As these Lines will not admit of a Version to the Satisfaction of an English Reader, ’tis sufficient to acquaint him, that they are a Satire upon the Humour which prevail’d at that Time, among People of all Ranks, from the Duke to his Scullion, to be Adventurers in Mr. Law’s Scheme; a Madness which was contemporary, and equally mischievous with the Delusion that was so predominant in our own Country, in that fatal Year of 1720, when so many People were, as we may term it, cast away in the South-Sea, and the lesser Whirlpools, call’d Bubbles, of which there was almost an infinite Number.

[65] This, with the Calculation annexed to it, is an Addition by the Editor, to the second Edition, which was not in the first Edition of these Memoirs.

[66] There was a Label affixed to the Gate of the Palais Royal, with these Words, Esurientes implevit bonis, & Divites dimisit inanes, i. e. The Hungry he hath fill’d with good Things, but the Rich he hath sent empty away.

[67] He was of the Lorain Family, and was succeeded in his Office of Master of the Horse by his Son Prince Charles.

[68] The King of France having declar’d War against the Emperor in 1733, in Conjunction with the Kings of Spain and Sardinia, his Majesty gave the Marshal de Villars the Command of his Army in Italy; to which Country he repair’d after the Conquest of the Milanese had been very far advanc’d. He took Pizzighitone; but the Imperial Army being at length form’d, the Count de Merci, who commanded it, having taken the Field with it on a sudden, by passing the Po, made so many Motions, that the old Marshal, being forc’d to be every-where, according to his old Phrase, fell sick upon it, and was oblig’d to leave the Army. Some do not stick to say, that he had Orders for it from Court, where his Conduct was not approv’d: Be this as it will, his Distemper growing worse upon his Arrival at Turin, he died there the 17th of June 1734, in the 84th Year of his Age, in the same Room, as ’tis said, where he was born, his Father the Marquis de Villars being then there by Order of the King. In 1702 he married Joanna-Angelica Roque de Varengeville, whose Father was the King’s Ambassador at Venice. The Family of Villars is originally of Lyons, and first began to be distinguish’d in the Person of Claude de Villars, Lord of Chapelle, and Masclas, second Son to Francis de Villars, born about Ann. 1516. The Marshal was to the last a Man of uncommon Gaiety and Gallantry; for whether Fighting or Dancing, he appear’d with the same Vivacity and good Humour, and seem’d an Enemy to none except the Jesuits. What did not consist with such a Temper, was his Love of Money; and he inrich’d himself too much by the Spoils of War, and the Contributions he used to raise for Safe-guards, &c. But as for his Soldier-like Character, this one Story of him may suffice; In 1702 the Marshal order’d his Army to pass the Rhine at Haguenau, the same Night that he invited several Gentlemen and ladies to a Ball, where he danc’d till two o’Clock in the Morning, and then mounted his Horse unobserv’d, and follow’d his Army; with which he surprised the Prince of Baden, and fought a Battle by the Time the Ball was broke up; for which Action the King gave him the Marshal’s Batoon. The Conquests of Milan and other Places in Italy, which he made in 1733, were accompany’d also with Dancing and Balls; but Age and Infirmities, at last, made a Conquest of him. His Memory and his Judgment so fail’d him, that he became troublesome to the Army; but his fighting Humour still prevail’d, and he would have endanger’d all, had not the King of Sardinia prevail’d on the King of France to recall him. However, the King of Sardinia took Leave of him in the Field with great Civility, and at his Arrival at Turin, where he fell ill of a Dysentery, accompany’d with a Fever, of which he died, he was receiv’d very graciously by the late Queen, who presented him with a Diamond Sword, valued at 300 Pistoles.

The following Sonnet was presented to the Marshal, when he set out for Italy.

Villars, tes grands Exploits qui sauverent la France,
Dans les Siecles futurs t’immortaliseront.
La Paix fut le doux fruit de ta haute prudence;
Mais de nouveaux Lauriers doivent ceindre ton front.

Le Pere de ton Roi, l’Espagne & le Piémont,
Sur toi seul aujourd’hui fondent leurs Esperances.
Arme ton bras vainquer, cours venger leur affront;
L’Allemand pourra-i-il soutenir ta présence?

Les grands Cœurs en tout tems conservent leur valeur,
L’Age respecte en eux leur prémiere vigueur,
Ils savent s’affranchir des Loix de la Nature:

Semblables aux Lauriers que leur main va cueillir,
Qui des ans, des saisons ne craiguent point l’injure,
Les Héros ont le droit le ne jamais vieillir.

i. e.

Villars, thy great Exploits, which sav’d all France,
In future Ages will immortalise thee.
The Peace was the kind Product of thy great Wisdom;
But new Laurels are still to deck thy Brow.

The Father of thy King, Spain, and Piedmont too,
Upon thee alone do now found all their Hopes.
Haste with thy conqu’ring Arm their Quarrel to avenge;
Will Germany be able to withstand thy Presence?

Great Souls always retain their Valour;
To their former Vigour Age itself pays a Respect;
They can shake off the Yoke of Nature’s Laws.

Like to the Laurels gather’d by their Hands,
Which are Proof against the Injuries of Years and Seasons,
Heroes never stoop to old Age.

[69] By Mrs. Arabella Churchill, Sister to the late Duke of Marlborough.

[70] The King, having appointed the Marshal de Villars to command in Italy, thought fit to send the Marshal de Berwic to oppose Prince Eugene, whom the Emperor had nominated for the Command on the Rhine. He began the Siege of Philipsburg; but on the first of June, O. S. 1734, as he went to take a View of the Trenches, he was kill’d with a Cannon Ball between his two Grandsons. He is succeeded in all his Titles by his Son the Duke de Liria, now Duke of Berwic, &c. who has been lately at the Court of Naples.

It will be doing no Dishonour to the Marshal, to say he made War his Trade, which he studied with an unwearied Application; and as he never wanted Courage, so none had more military Knowledge. Having consider’d War as a Science, he left little to Chance, or even Bravery; but depended upon Skill and Discipline, which was the Thing that gain’d him the Battle of Almanza. As he was so regular and mechanical a Warrior, he was himself the Life and Soul of his Army, not as he was belov’d, but as he was much fear’d by his Soldiers, whom he never spar’d, and least of all, his own Countrymen, that came to serve in France. He was reserved even to his General Officers, rarely consulting them, nor so much as communicating the Orders he had receiv’d, or the Designs he had projected, but as they had their own Parts to execute in them. Tho’ he was the best regular General of his Time, yet he was the least enterprizing one. He was never a great Favourite at the Court of France, which is something to be wonder’d at, considering the Use he was made of upon every Occasion; for as a Soldier of Fortune, he had no Obligations but for his Appointments; and yet attach’d himself to France preferably to any other Nation. As he was bred up in the War against the English, his Enmity to them became a second Nature, which is suppos’d to be the Reason that he never did one of that Nation any Service, beside those of his own Family. As the Marshal took care to be obey’d by the Officers and Soldiers of the Armies he commanded, he was always obsequious himself to the Orders of the Court, of which there needs no other Proof, than the Instance above-mention’d; when he appear’d in Arms against Spain with Alacrity, after he had receiv’d the highest Honours from King Philip.

He had the Title of Duke of Berwic, and likewise the Garter conferr’d on him by King James. He was born in 1671, so that when he died, he was sixty-three Years of Age.

[71] The Family of Estrées, originally of Picardy, was in Possession of the Dignities of the Crown before Gabriella; for her Grandfather was Great Master of the Artillery of France.

[72] This is the common Name in Italy for Interpreters or Expounders of Antiquities.

[73] Here should have been added, of the Poet Paul Scarron. She was the Daughter of Constans d’Aubigny, Baron of Surincan, and of Joan de Cardillac. Charles d’Aubigny, Governor of Berry, and Knight of the King’s Orders, who died in 1703, was her Brother. Her Grandfather was Theodore Agrippa d’Aubigny, Admiral of Bretagne and Guienne, celebrated for his Zeal for the Protestant Religion, and Author of a History of his own Time, of the Confession of Saney, and of the Baron de Faneste. Every body knows, that the Attachment of his Widow Scarron to Madame de Montespan, made her Way to Lewis XIV. who was so pleas’d with her Humour, that she continued in the highest Favour till that Monarch’s Death; and enjoy’d a Pension of 50,000 Livres, which was punctually paid her by Lewis XV. every Year as long as she liv’d. After her Death, the Duke de Noailles became Marquis de Maintenon in Right of his Wife.

[74] This alludes to a Joke of the President de Harlai, who when he was accosted by the Comedians, in the Name of their Troop, which that worthy Gentleman never car’d for, especially since Tartuffe, and the Comedians saying to him, My Lord, the Company of Comedians, &c. The President made Answer, Gentlemen, the Troop of the Parliament, &c.

[75] The Author refers here to the Works directed by Mr. Benson, one of the present Auditors of the Imprest (for which see p. 67. of the First Volume of these Memoirs).

[76] The Bottle called the Holy Phial, is kept at Rheims, in the Tomb of St. Remy, in the Church of that Name. It has not been filled since the Coronation of Clovis, when ’tis said this Phial was brought from Heaven, with the Oil with which that first Christian King of France was consecrated; and the Frier who shews it at Rheims, says very seriously, That when the King is sick, it dries away; so that when he dies, there is not a Drop left in the Bottle; but that as soon as his Successor is proclaimed, it fills again of its own Accord. I tell you no more than what I heard with my own Ears, and tho’ I could not help smiling at it, the Frier was not angry. The Liquefaction of this Oil is altogether as miraculous as that of St. Januarius’s Blood at Naples.

[77] The Abbé de Vayrac was of a good Family in Guienne, and had all the Vivacity natural to that Province, which stood him in the stead of Wit; but it was of the abusive Kind. If ever an Author was a Plagiary, he was. He published a State of Spain, and a State of the Empire; which last brought him under an ignominious Sentence of the Court of Vienna. He had also composed a History of Portugal, which he could not obtain a Licence for Printing, because it appear’d that he had paid greater Compliments in it to the Portuguese, than to the French. He died in the Beginning of the Year 1733, as he returned from a Journey he had made to Holland.

[78] In 1643.

[79] This famous Counsellor was restor’d not long after, at the pressing Instances of his Brethren, and has merited the Elogiums of the Minister himself, as well as of all France.

[80] Pucelage is the French Word for Virginity.

[81] Neither was he included in the Promotion of the four Marshals of France, which the King made in 1734, tho’ he had served with great Bravery ever since the Beginning of the last War between France and Germany.

[82] This Minister pleases them to Perfection. They all like his Behaviour, and the Diligence with which he dispatches Business. In a Word, he is beloved and adored.

[83] In November 1736, she was delivered of a Son.

[84] Prince Christian II. Son of the Prince de la Tour. He resigned his Canonship of Cologn, on purpose to serve in the Emperor’s Army.

[85] The Marshal de Zumjungen dy’d the 25th of August 1732. The Count de Wurmbrand commanded till another was appointed.

[86] Gand signifies Ghent in the German, and Glove in the English.

[87] He is the Great Great Grandson of Prince Maurice, by the Lady de Malines.

[88] The Emperor lately appointed him to relieve the Count de Sastago, Viceroy of Sicily, at the Time that Don Carlos, King of Naples, went to make a Descent upon Sicily, with twenty thousand Men, under the Command of the Count de Montemar, Duke of Bitonto.

[89] M. d’Amerongen, who is descended of one of the best Families in the Province of Utrecht, having lost his elder Brother, who was in the Regency, has quitted his Service to succeed him in the Government.

[90] It was burnt quite to the Ground in the Beginning of the Year 1734.

[91] Vol. I. LETTER V.

[92] He succeeded Francis Lewis of Neubourg, Elector of Mentz, who was chose Grand Master the 12th of July 1694, In the Room of his Brother, Lewis Anthony of Neubourg; and he is the fourteenth Grand Master since the Defection of Prussia, formerly the Seat of this Order, which has existed ever since the Year 1190; when it was instituted in the Holy Land, by Henry King of Jerusalem. A Duke of Masovia, having invited to his House Herman de Salsza, the fourth Grand Master of the new Order, chose in 1210, he gave him, and his Knights, Lands upon the Frontiers of Prussia; the Inhabitants whereof being Pagans, did great Mischief to his Subjects, and he promised to leave them all the Lands that they conquered from those People, which the Emperor and the Pope confirmed. Before the Year 1250, they took Prussia, Courland, and a Part of Livonia; and put all the Pagans to Death that refused to turn Christian. The Teutonic Knights, being driven out of the Holy Land, by the taking of Acre, went and established the principal House of their Order at Marpurg, in the Beginning of the fourteenth Century; from whence they transferred it to Marienbourg in Prussia. The Order made such a rapid Progress, that in the Beginning of the following Century, it was in a Condition to oppose Jagellon, King of Poland, with an Army of eighty-three thousand Men; which that Prince, Anno 1410, cut in Pieces. After that time the Order was scarce ever at Peace, but was always at Variance, either with the Poles, or the Lithuanians, or with the Russians, or with its own Subjects; till it was obliged to make a dishonourable Peace in 1446, with Casimir King of Poland. The Grand Masters, from that Time to 1510, when Albert of Brandenbourg was chose Grand Master, could not repair their Losses. The latter having embraced the Protestant Religion, made a Bargain in 1515, with the King of Poland, and yielded all Russia to him, on Condition of holding of him in Fee, what was afterwards called Ducal Prussia, or Brandenbourg Prussia, which now forms the Kingdom of Prussia; and the rest was incorporated with Poland, and forms the Palatinates of Culm, Marienbourg, &c. Thus were the Teutonic Knights obliged to retire to Germany, where their Order is shared into twelve Provinces, each of which has its particular Commandeurs; and their oldest Commandeur is called the Provincial Commandeur. These twelve Commandeurs depend on the Grand Master, and have a Right to chuse him. The Grand Master’s Residence is at Marien-shal in Franconia, and his Revenue about twenty thousand Crowns. ’Tis said, the Order does not yet despair, that some Day or other, it will be able to recover its lost Dominions.

[93] He is dead.

[94] He was Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Bishop of Strasbourg, Halberstadt, Passau, Olenitz and Breslaw; Abbot of Hirchsfeldt, Murbach and Luders.

[95] Nevertheless, he was disgrac’d in 1733, for a very trifling Cause, which made the Count de la Lippe, also, lose all his Employments; and his own Disgrace has been attended with that of his whole Family, and with great Alterations at the Elector’s Court, where the Count de Hohen-Zollern is now Grand Master of the Houshold, and First Minister; and the Baron de Hornstein Great Chamberlain.

[96] He was scarce twenty-eight Years of Age.

[97] The Baron de Roll has succeeded him in his Place.

[98] The Count, who is a Lover of the Sciences, intends to make a Lycaum of his Castle, and a little Athens of his Town. He begins by forming a numerous Library, and longs to get the Learned about him. But the main Point is to make a good Choice of them; and the first Choice which the Count has made of a Man who has already engrossed his Favour, does not promise well for the future.

[99] He died in 1734.

[100] On the Road, two Leagues from Cleves, there’s the Palace of Meiland, where the King of Prussia resided at the Beginning of the Illness which he contracted in 1734, as he returned from the Imperial Army on the Rhine.

[101] The Name of this Prelate was Barkman Wuytiers. He died in 1733, at no very great Age, with the Character of a Man of the strictest Virtue. The Court of Rome, and the Jesuits, conceiv’d great Hopes after his Death. The latter, after having been banished out of the United Provinces by very severe Laws; employed the Mediation of a certain Court to succeed in their Design of getting an Apostolical Vicar accepted in the Place of the Archbishop of Utrecht; but this Design, which was look’d upon as dangerous to the Liberty of the Republic, miscarry’d, and the Deceased was succeeded by Theodore van der Kroon.

[102] What is said throughout this Article, of their Manner of living, must be understood only of the common People, and not of Persons of any distinguished Rank, nor even of the Merchants.

[103] As there is no Dignity superior to that of the Burgomaster, they who attain to it succeed one another in the several Functions, without passing to other Employments: They are the Members of the Council, who are sent to the College of Counsellor-Deputies, or who fill the Posts of Treasurers, &c. But the Burgomasters are they who go to the Assemblies of the States of the Province, with the Pensionary or Syndic of the City, who is the Spokesman.

[104] He is since dead.

[105] This Minister was succeeded in 1734, by the Count d’Uhlefeld, Son to the Lady who has the chief Direction of the Houshold to the Archduchess, Governess of the Austrian Netherlands. He is come to a Post which was so well fill’d before, in a very difficult Juncture, which has given him an Opportunity to discover the great Talents he has for Negotiation. As his Family is one of the best regulated, so it may be said to be one of the most magnificent. The Count de Sinzendorff died suddenly about the End of September, 1734, at the Seat of the Count d’Asperen, at the very Instant when he was preparing to return to Vienna.

[106] These Differences were indeed adjusted during the Time that M. de Masch resided here with a Ministerial Character; but he had no Hand in the Accommodation, it being negotiated only by M. Luiscius the King’s Resident, and M. Duncan, the Prince of Orange’s Privy-Counsellor, or Major-Domo.

[107] Upon the Death of the King of Poland, he was confirmed by the new Elector of Saxony.

[108] M. Preys. He has resided at the Hague for several Years, and was here during the Time of the Ambassador Palmquist, whom he Succeeded. He is a Minister of consummate Knowledge in Affairs, and is consulted by others of a more modern Standing, both with Pleasure and Profit.

[109] M. Greys has for several Years had the Care, as Envoy Extraordinary, of the King of Denmark’s Interests with the States General. He was bred up to be a Minister at the Altar, but had more Inclination to be a Minister of the Cabinet, in which he succeeded, and is very much esteem’d, but sees very little Company.

[110] This able Minister died in December, 1736.

[111] M. de Keppel married the Widow of the late Count de Welderen, one of the greatest Men of this Republic, who left three Sons and five Daughters, that are the Ornament of the Nobility of Guelderland, and the Darlings of the Hague, where Foreigners have an easy and agreeable Access to this Lady’s House. M. de Keppel, one of the finest Gentlemen of his Time, and one of the bravest Officers of the State, died in 1733, leaving only one Son, who is an Officer in the Horse Guards.

[112] The good Lady died of the Small Pox in 1735 in a very advanced Age. Tho’ she had made a Profession of Devotion for a certain time, she had not intirely lost her Taste for Gallantry, in which she certainly out-stripped the Lady Mazarine; for she declared herself, that it would be more easy to number the Shells upon the Shore at Scheveling, than her Adventures of Gallantry. She never missed her Aim but at one Man, and that was King Augustus. She did all she could to engage his Caresses, if not his Affection, but without Success; and every body knows the Adventure of my Lord Raby, who having an Amour with the Countess at Berlin, surprised her with King Augustus striving to get loose from her close Embraces. Nor is this a Wonder; for tho’ the King of Poland did not want Gallantry, yet he was for a Woman of some Politeness, of which the Countess had no Share; for being the Daughter of a Waterman at Emmeris, she had not the completed Education. She had Beauty indeed, but was in every other respect a coarse Lady. Nevertheless, during her Residence at the Hague, the Youth who had nothing else to employ their Time, constantly reported to her House, and among these she had always some favourite Spark. Every body knows her Intrigues with the famous Count de F——; and her Last Will and Testament has render’d several others immortal. You will be surprised to know the End of this Woman, who had been so much talked of, who had regaled so many People in her Time, and to whom every body had easy Access. She dies, is immediately removed out of her Chamber, and put into a Coffin in the Entry of her House, which is sealed up, and she is interred without one of her ungrateful Favourites vouchsafing to attend her Funeral, or indeed any body but the Bearers, and a few Neighbours, who were insulted by the Mob.

[113] The Issue of this Dispute betwixt the Jew and the Anabaptist has been, that the latter has lost the Day, the Comedians being gone. The victorious Jew has hit upon an Expedient to metamorphose his future Opera into a public Concert, which he gives every Monday in the Afternoon, where one sees all the People of Fashion of both Sexes; and there they sing Opera Acts, and the finest French Cantatas.

[114] Of the latter, there died a Baron in December, 1736, who was one of the principal Men, and held the greatest Offices of any in the Republic, next to the Grand Pensionary Slingeland, whom he survived but a few Days.

[115] M. de Wassenaar-Twickel, a Name which he derives from a fine Estate in the Province of Over-Yssel, of which he is Deputy.

[116] William Charles Henry Friso, Prince of Orange, was married March 14. 1734. to the Princess Royal of Great Britain.

[117] The Count d’Auverquerque died Velt-Marshal of the Republic, about the End of the Campaign of 1708.

[118] As the History of this extraordinary Man came to the Hands of the Bookseller since the Publication of the first Edition, he thought he should do a Pleasure to the Public, by inserting it in this.

[119] He was executed in July, 1734.

[120] Or the Palace of Orange in the Wood at the Hague. It was yielded to the Prince of Orange by his Treaty of Partition with the King of Prussia.

[121] Margaret, Daughter of Florence IV. Count of Holland. She was Countess of Henneberg.

[122] This belongs also to the Prince of Orange.

[123] This is an ignominious Punishment inflicted Abroad for such heinous Offences at deserve neither Banishment, nor Whipping, nor Death. The Criminal who suffers it, stands in a Shirt, with a Rope about the Neck, holding a burning Taper in one Hand, attended by the Executioner, and other inferior Officers of Justice, and in this Posture begs Pardon of the King, of Justice, and the Public, for the Offence committed.

[124] This most Excellent Princess departed this Life the 20th of Nov. 1737, to the infinite Regret of the King and Kingdom.

[125] His Governor is the Hon. Stephen Poyntz, Esq; and his Preceptor in the learned Languages Jenkin Thomas Philips, Esq; formerly Secretary to the Commissioners for the Fifty New Churches, and since preferr’d to be his Majesty’s Historiographer.

[126] Her Royal Highness, as is well known, is since married to the Prince of Orange.

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TRANSCRIBER’S AMENDMENTS

Transcriber’s Note: Blank pages have been deleted. On pages that remain, some unnecessary page numbers may have been deleted when they fall in the middle of lists. Some illustrations may have been moved. Footnotes are now immediately preceding this note. We have rendered consistent on a per-word-pair basis the hyphenation or spacing of such pairs when repeated in the same grammatical context. We have corrected inconsistencies in the application of accents to the same word when repeated in the same grammatical context. Paragraph formatting has been made consistent. The publisher’s inadvertent omissions of important punctuation have been corrected. A table of contents has been added.

The following list indicates any additional changes. The page number represents that of the original publication and applies in this etext except for footnotes since they have been moved.

Page Change
7 the Condu ctof[Conduct of] the Popes,
8 not a Man spoke a Work[Word].
9 in a Posture of Astonish mentat[Astonishment at] the Appearance
17 proclaimed Pope on Wedcesday[Wednesday] the 12th
20 After this, th y[they] went all, both Cardinals and Prelates
87 {footnote} Sebastian was Grandon[Grandson] of John III.
110 intituled[intitled] Captain of the Appeals;
122 chief Lackeys of the Cardinals rideing[riding]
202 the famous Story of Maria Aliacoque[Alacoque], a celebrated Saint
208 as she allighted[alighted] from the Coach,
222 Assistance from the King his Maste[Master]:
225 {footnote} Et lui southaite[souhaite] un bon voyage.
229 intent upon carrrying[carrying] his Point,
232 Count Sinzendorf's[Sinzendorff's] coming from Vienna 244 a Madness which was co-temporary[contemporary],
264 After her Death, the Duke de Noalies[Noailles] became
292 General of the Coriers[Couriers], Posts and Relays
294 about their Master's Preeminency[Pre-eminency].
309 and lives very handsomly[handsomely],
309 but lives handsomly[handsomely] upon what he has
313 The Inhabitants have a livid unwholsome[unwholesome] Complexion.
351 His Disbursments[Disbursements] seem to me to be very moderate
359 Paul Veronese, Tintoret, Corregio[Correggio],
376 are commonly employed as Tresurers[Treasurers] of the City,
389 and the Amsterdamers[Amsterdammers] themselves cannot
419 a young Man of an unblamable[unblameable] Behaviour;
425 of the Franche Comte[Comté]. The Republic
443 that of being sollicited[solicited] by the Person in Disgrace
Index Churchil[Churchill], Arabella, 257.
Index Womens Houses, and the great Emoluments of Gameing[Gaming],
Index Hagendorp[Hogendorp], M. 413.
Index Lewid’ors[Lewis d’Ors], worn in a Lady’s Ears for Pendants, 218.
Index Peyronie[Peyrome], la, Surgeon, 292.
Index Popes, the Days on which he[the] Cardinals kiss
Index Rochebone[Rochebonne], M. Archbishop of Lyons, 174, 176.
Index Terasson[Terrasson], Abbé, 243.
Index Tintorit[Tintoret], Painter, 359.
Index Tourlane[Touraine], la, 216.
Index Walpot[Walpol], Baron de, 350.
Index His Conduct in the Cevennios[Cevennois] and in
Index Wassienaurs[Wassenaars], of Holland, 412.
Index William l. Pr. of Orange’s Assasination[Assassination], 425.
Index Disputes adjusted relateing[relating] to his Succession,

[Start of text.]

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