LESSON LVI.
Examine the construction of the italicized nouns in the following sentences:—
| 1. | Trees grow. | |
| 2. | This man is a carpenter. | |
| 3. | Mr. Brown, the merchant, has retired. | |
| 4. | Boys, close the doors. | |
| 5. | The wheel being broken, I walked home. | |
| 6. | John lost his knife. | |
| 7. | She lives in the city. | |
| 8. | I bought the boy a hat. | |
| 9. | We visited our mother’s grave. | |
| 10. | He lived here ten years. | |
| 11. | I was taught music by my mother. | |
| 12. | This boy ran a race yesterday. | |
| 13. | I told him to be a good boy. | |
| 14. | The people chose him ruler. |
1. Subject nominative. The noun may be used as the subject of a verb; as, Boys play. The subject of a verb is in the nominative case.
2. Predicate nominative. A noun that is used to form a complete predicate, and refers to the same person or thing as the subject, is in the nominative case after the verb; as, John became king. A noun so used is called a predicate noun or predicate nominative. The verbs be, seem, become, appear, look are followed by a predicate nominative.
3. Apposition. A noun added to another noun to explain its meaning is said to be in apposition to the first noun; as,
Mr. Henry, our principal, is sick. (Nominative in apposition.)
We like your sister Mary. (Objective in apposition.)
4. Nominative of address. A noun that is used in addressing a person or thing, is in the nominative case of address; as, Man, thy years are few.
5. Nominative absolute. A noun that is not related to any other word in the sentence is in the nominative absolute case; as, The day being bright, I went for a drive.
6. Object of a verb. A noun or pronoun on which the action expressed by a verb ends, is called the grammatical object of the verb; as, I broke my pen.
7. Object of a preposition. A noun or pronoun which a preposition connects in sense to some other word in the sentence, is called the object of the preposition; as, He came from the country.
8. Indirect object. A noun or pronoun that is used to show to or for whom or what something is done, is called the indirect object; as, He gave me a watch. The word watch is the direct object of gave.
9. Possession. A noun that is used to denote ownership is in the possessive case; as, My friend’s hat is missing.
10. Adverbial object. A noun that is used like an adverb to express time, distance, weight, or value, is called an adverbial objective; as, He walked five miles. It is worth eight dollars.
11. Retained object. When an active verb, taking two objects, is changed into the passive voice, one object becomes the subject of the passive verb, but the other is retained as object; as, He was forgiven his offence.
12. Cognate object. When the objective has a similar or cognate meaning to that of the verb, it is called a cognate object; as, She sung us a song.
13. Predicate objective. When a noun is in the predicate relation to an objective subject, it is called a predicate objective; as, I know him to be an honest man.
14. An objective predicate. A noun that completes the meaning of a transitive verb and describes its object, is called an objective predicate; as, They elected him president. The verbs call, make, appoint, choose, elect, and those of like nature, take the objective predicate.