LESSON LXIII.
The leading thought of a sentence is called the principal clause.
A clause that has the function of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, is called a subordinate clause.
Select the principal clauses and the subordinate clauses in the following sentences, and state the function of each subordinate clause:—
| 1. | They knew who did it. | |
| 2. | The book which you gave me, is here. | |
| 3. | I shall go when he returns. |
A clause that has the function of a noun, is called a noun clause; as, He said he knew his lesson. How I shall reach my destination is the question.
| 1. | As the object of a verb; as, He knew what I did. | |
| 2. | As the subject of a verb; as, What course he pursued is seen now. | |
| 3. | As the object of a preposition; as, My friend annoyed me by what he said. | |
| 4. | As a predicate nominative; as, The end of it all is (that) he receives his choice. |
A clause that has the use or function of an adjective, is called an adjective clause; as, He found the book which he lost.
A clause that has the use or function of an adverb, is called an adverbial clause; as, I shall go where they are. He will destroy it unless we hinder him.
A sentence that consists of one principal clause, and one or more subordinate clauses, is called a complex sentence; as, I have met the person of whom you speak.
A sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses, is called a compound sentence; as, James came home, but John remained there.
A compound sentence that is made up of complex sentences, or simple and complex sentences, is called a compound-complex sentence; as, We entered the building, and a man who was working there, gave us information about it.
EXERCISES.
Name the clauses in the following sentences, and state the kind and relation (if any) of each:—
1. Whilst I was thus musing, I cast my eyes towards the summit of a rock that was not far from me, where I discovered one in the habit of a shepherd, with a musical instrument in his hand.—Addison.
Model.—
Whilst . . . . musing is an adv. clause, mod. cast.
I cast . . . . a rock is a principal clause.
That . . . . . me is an adj. clause, mod. summit of a rock.
Where I . . . hand is an adj. clause, mod. summit of a rock.
2. King Harold had a rebel brother in Flanders, who was a vassal of Harold Hardrada, king of Norway.—Dickens.
3. Those who knew him best affirmed that this Mr. Toil was a very worthy character, and that he had done more good, both to children and grown people, than anybody else in the world.—Hawthorne.
4. Portia, when she returned, was in that happy temper of mind which never fails to attend the consciousness of having performed a good action; her cheerful spirits enjoyed everything she saw: the moon never seemed to shine so brightly before; and when that pleasant moon was hid behind a cloud, then a light which she saw from her house at Belmont as well pleased her charmed fancy.—Lamb.
5. Once upon a time, there lived a very rich man, and a king besides, whose name was Midas; and he had a little daughter, whom nobody but himself ever heard of, and whose name I either never knew, or have entirely forgotten. So, because I love odd names for little girls, I choose to call her Marygold.—Hawthorne.
6. I rose and prepared to leave the Abbey. As I descended the flight of steps which lead into the body of the building, my eye was caught by the shrine of Edward the Confessor, and I ascended the small staircase that conducts to it, to take from thence a general survey of this wilderness of tombs.—Irving.
| 7. | All things that love the sun are out of doors; | |
| The sky rejoices in the morning’s birth; | ||
| The grass is bright with rain-drops;—on the moors | ||
| The hare is running races in her mirth.—Wordsworth. | ||
| 8. | I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn | |
| Where a little headstone stood; | ||
| How the flakes were folding it gently, | ||
| As did robins the babes in the wood.—Lowell. | ||
| 9. | Lightly they’ll talk of the spirit that’s gone, | |
| And o’er his cold ashes upbraid him; | ||
| But little he’ll reck if they let him sleep on | ||
| In the grave where a Briton has laid him.—Wolfe. | ||
| 10. | The humble boon was soon obtained; | |
| The Aged Minstrel audience gained. | ||
| But, when he reached the room of state, | ||
| Where she, with all her ladies, sate, | ||
| Perchance he wished his boon denied: | ||
| For when to tune his harp he tried, | ||
| His trembling hand had lost the ease | ||
| Which marks security to please.—Scott. |
LESSON LXIV.
ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES.
Model I.—Love had he found in huts where poor men lie.
Kind, a complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, he.
Predicate, had found.
Object, love.
Adv. mod. of predicate, in huts where poor men lie.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, an adj. clause, mod. huts.
Subject, men.
Adj. mod. of subj., poor.
Predicate, lie.
Adv. mod. of pred., where.
Model II.—Tell me who did it.
Kind, a complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, [you.]
Predicate, tell.
Direct object, who did it.
Indirect object, me.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, a noun clause, direct obj. of tell.
Subject, who.
Predicate, did.
Object, it.
Model III.—He goes home when I return.
Kind, a complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, he.
Predicate, goes.
Adv. modifiers of pred., home, when I return.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, an adv. clause, mod. goes.
Subject, I.
Predicate, return.
Adv. mod. of pred., when.
Model IV.—It doth appear you are a worthy judge.
Kind, a complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Real subject, you are a worthy judge.
Representative subject, it.
Predicate, doth appear.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, a noun clause, real subj. of doth appear.
Subject, you.
Predicate, { verb incomplete predication, are.
{ complement of predicate, a worthy judge.
Model V.—The boy does not know this part of the wood, but he runs on.
Kind, a compound sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, boy.
Adj. mod. of subj., the.
Predicate, does know.
Object, part.
Adj. modifiers of obj., this, of the wood.
Adv. mod. of pred., not.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, he.
Predicate, runs.
Adv. mod. of pred., on.
Model VI.—
From yonder ivy-mantled tower
The moping owl does to the moon complain
Of such as, wandering near her secret bower,
Molest her ancient, solitary reign.—Gray.
Kind, a complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, owl.
Adj. modifiers of subj., the, moping.
Predicate, does complain.
Adv. modifiers of pred.,
from yonder ivy-mantled
tower, to the moon,
of such as, wandering . . . .
. . . . reign.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, an adj. clause, mod. such.
Subject, as.
Adj. mod. of subj., wandering near her secret bower.
Predicate, molest.
Object, reign.
Adj. modifies of obj., her, ancient, solitary.
Model VII.—Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it.—Bible.
Kind, a compound-complex sentence.
Analysis of (A.)
Subject, [you.]
Predicate, train.
Object, child.
Adj. mod. of obj., a.
Adv. modifiers of pred., up, in the way he should go.
Analysis of (B.)
Kind, an adj. clause, mod. way.
Subject, he.
Predicate, the verb-phrase, should go.
Analysis of (C.)
Kind, an adv. clause, mod. will depart.
Subject, he.
Predicate, { verb of incomplete predication, is.
{ complement of predicate, old.
Adv. of mod. of pred., when.
Analysis of (D.)
Kind, a principal clause.
Subject, he.
Predicate, will depart.
Adv. modifiers of pred., not, from it, when he is old.
1. The evil that men do lives after them.—Shakespeare.
2. An idler is a watch that wants both hands.—Cowper.
3. If sinners entice thee, consent thou not.—Bible.
4. “I have it ready,” said Bassanio; “here it is.”—Lamb.
5. I think of those upon whose rest he tramples.—Bryant.
6. It is a great day when the sled is loaded with the buckets, and the procession starts for the woods.—Warner.
7. Meantime the French had given way, and were flying in all directions.—Warburton.
8. I believe there is no permanent greatness to a nation except it be based upon morality.—Bright.
9. Gilliatt had thrust his arm deep into the opening; the monster had snapped at it.—Hugo.
10. The things we have described occupied only a few minutes.—Hugo.
11. The Turks spread gradually over the battlefield below us, slaughtering as they advanced.—Forbes.
12. There were many boys in the room by whom that little scene was taken to heart before they slept.—Hughes.
13. General Brock, who had risen as usual before day-break, hearing the cannonading, galloped from Niagara to the scene of action.—Miss Machar.
14. In walking one day up the mountain behind Montreal, I leaned over a paling which enclosed the water reservoir of the city.—Argyle.
15. Then was committed that fearful crime, memorable for its singular atrocity, memorable for the tremendous retribution which followed.—Macaulay.
21. Happy is the man whose good intentions have borne fruit in deeds and whose evil thoughts have perished in the blossom.—Scott.
22. There was one tall Norman knight who rode before the Norman army on a prancing horse, throwing up his heavy sword and catching it, and singing of the bravery of his countrymen.—Dickens.
23. This dashed the spirits of the Iroquois, and they sent a canoe to call to their aid five hundred of their warriors, who were mustered near the mouth of the Richelieu.—Parkman.
24. The parent who sends his son into the world uneducated, defrauds the community of a useful citizen and bequeaths to it a nuisance.—Chancellor Kent.
25. The smoke which hung upon the field rolled in slow and heavy masses back upon the French lines, and gradually discovered to our view the entire of the army.—Lever.
31. Columbus tried to pacify them with gentle words and promises of large rewards; but finding that they only increased in clamor, he assumed a decided tone.—Irving.
32. Wolfe and the troops with him leaped on shore; the light infantry, who found themselves borne by the current a little below the intrenched path, clambered up the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots and boughs of the maple and spruce and ash trees that covered the precipitous declivity.—Bancroft.
33. The boys, who were twelve and ten years old, aided by the soldiers, whom her words had inspired with some little courage, began to fire from the loop-holes upon the Iroquois.—Parkman.
34. She had told Tom, however, that she would like him to put the worms on the hook for her, although she accepted his word when he assured her that worms couldn’t feel.—George Eliot.
35. The beadle, who performed it, had filled his left hand with yellow ochre, through which, after every stroke, he drew the lash of his whip, leaving the appearance of a wound upon the skin, but in reality not hurting him at all.—Cowper.
COMPOSITION.