LESSON XXV.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Select the pronouns that relate, or carry the mind back, to a noun going before, and join to that noun a modifying statement, in the following sentences:—

1.	My brother found the ball which he lost.
2.	I saw the man who made that wheel.
3.	Mary has the book that I bought.

A sentence that is part of a larger sentence is called a clause.

The clause that expresses the principal thought of a sentence is called the principal or independent clause; as, My brother found the ball which he lost.

The clause that depends on some other part of the sentence for its meaning is called a dependent or subordinate clause; as, My brother found the ball which he lost.

A word that relates to a preceding noun or pronoun, and connects a dependent clause with that noun or pronoun, is called a relative pronoun.

The word to which a pronoun relates is called its antecedent.

The relative pronouns are, who, which, that, what, as, and but.

1. Who is applied to persons; as, He knew the man who did it.

2. Which is applied to animals and to things without life; as This is the deer which he shot. I want the pen which you have.

3. That is applied to persons, to animals, and to things; as, This is the lady that was hurt. Here is the knife that I found.

4. What does not have its antecedent expressed; as, I know what [that which] you require.

5. When as is used as a relative it is generally preceded by such; as, We are such stuff as dreams are made on.

6. When but is used as a relative it has a negative force, equivalent to that not; as,

There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,

But has one vacant chair.

Note.—Some relative clauses add another fact to the antecedent; as, He owns a farm, which he was given by his uncle.

Other relative clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent; as, The boy that works succeeds.

Who and which are declined as follows:—

SINGULAR OR PLURAL.

Nom. Case	who,	which,
Poss. Case	whose,	whose,
Obj. Case	whom,	which.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Pronouns that are formed by adding so, ever, and soever, to the simple pronouns, are called compound relative pronouns; as whoso, whichever, whatsoever.

EXERCISE I.

Name the relative pronouns, their antecedents, the clauses they connect, and the case of each:—

1.	I require the pencil that I lent you.
2.	Those who are down need fear no fall.
3.	He gave me what I desired.
4.	The men shot a bear which was roaming about.
5.	The long ranks on which I looked tramped steadily on.
6.	Let the mighty mounds
	That overlook the rivers, or that rise
	In the dim forest crowded with old oaks, answer.—Bryant.

EXERCISE II.

Classify the relatives in the following sentences into those that add new facts to their antecedents, and into those that restrict or limit their meaning:

1.	I live on the street which leads to the park.
2.	Those who live without a plan have never any leisure.
3.	A short distance from the house I discovered a box, which was made of iron.
4.	I met a policeman, who told me about the fire.
5.	We were the first that ever burst
	Into that silent sea.—Coleridge.
6.	There, at the foot of yonder nodding birch,
	That wreaths its old fantastic roots so high,
	His listless length at noontide would he stretch,
	And pore upon the brook that babbles by.—Gray.