The Polar World / A popular description of man and nature in the Arctic and Antarctic regions of the globe

by G. Hartwig

INDEX.

• A.
• Adélie, Terre, discovery of, [402].
• Agouti, the, of Patagonia, [419].
• Agriculture, state of, in Iceland, [79].
• Aigun, treaty of, [196].
• Air, remarkable moisture of the, in Taimurland, [225].
• ——, its perpetual motion in the Arctic zones, [225].
• Akurig, eider-ducks of, [81].
• Alaska, discovery of, [202].
• ——, climate of the, [269].
• ——, mountains and forests of, [269].
• ——, purchase of, by the Americans, [277].
• ——, telegraph through, [278].
• ——, travelling in, [278–289].
• ——, natives of, [278–289].
• ——, climate of, [284].
• ——, food in, [287].
• Albasin, the Russian fort of, built, [195].
• ——, destroyed by the Chinese, but rebuilt, [196].
• Albatross, wandering, of the Antarctic seas, [395].
• Alcyonians on the coasts of Greenland, [59].
• Aleutian Islands, causes which led to the discovery of the, [201].
• ——, extent of the, [270].
• Aleuts, their wretched condition under their masters, [273].
• ——, their skill and intrepidity in hunting, [273–276].
• Alexander, Cape, discovery of, [365].
• —— Island, discovery of, [401].
• Algerine pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, [95];
• and in the Westman Islands, [119].
• Almannagja, description of the, [73].
• Altai Mountains, crossed by the Cossacks, [195].
• Alten, copper mines of, [128].
• Altenfjord, vegetation of the borders of the, [128].
• America, North, treeless zone of, [18–22].
• ——, character of the Coniferæ of, [23], [24].
• ——, range of the caribou, or reindeer, of, [36–39].
• ——, the musk-ox of, [41].
• ——, the white dolphin in the rivers of, [61].
• ——, the black dolphin of, [61].
• ——, walruses of the shores of, [64].
• ——, history of the fur-trade of, [307] et seq.
• ——, first discoverers and settlers of, [335].
• America, North, destruction of the Greenland colonies, [335].
• ——, subsequent discoveries, [335] et seq.
• ——, attempts to discover the north-western passage to India, [342] et seq.
• America, Russian, its transfer to the United States, [272], note.
• Amoor, river, discovery of the, by the Russians, who relinquish it to the Chinese, [195], [196].
• ——, the country annexed by Russia, [196].
• Anakerdluk, in North Greenland, buried forest of, [29].
• Angekoks, or priests of the Esquimaux, [301].
• Animals, comparatively small number of, in the Arctic regions, [25].
• ——, the forests the head-quarters of many, [41].
• —— of the Arctic Seas, [59].
• —— of the coasts of Spitzbergen, [134].
• ——, fur-bearing, of Siberia, [209].
• ——, the, of Taimurland, [227].
• —— of Nishne-Kolymsk, [235].
• —— of Newfoundland, [378].
• ——, no land, in the Antarctic region, [394].
• —— of Patagonia, [418].
• Aniuj, vegetation of the valley of the, [235].
• ——, chief resource of the people of the, [237].
• Anjou, Lieut., his Arctic explorations, [233].
• Archangel, foundation of, [192].
• ——, New, site of the town of, [272].
• ——, fur-trade of, [273].
• ——, medium of exchange at, [276].
• Archers, the Ostiaks as, [187].
• Arctic regions, rivers of the, [17].
• ——, limits of the, [18].
• ——, the forests of the, [18–23].
• ——, their treeless wastes, or Tundra, [18].
• ——, in summer and winter, [19].
• ——, their extent and boundaries, [21].
• ——, animal life in the, [25].
• ——, influence of the sea and winds on the severity of the winter of the, [27].
• ——, the lowest temperatures felt by man, [27], [28].
• ——, how man becomes accustomed to the rigors of the winter of the, [28].
• ——, proofs of a former milder climate in the northern regions of the globe, [29].
• ——, beauties of Nature in the, [31–33].
• ——, land quadrupeds and birds of the, [34].
• ——, the seas of the, [49].
• —— compared with the Antarctic regions, [391].
• Arctic voyages of discovery, history of, [335] et seq.
• Are Thorgilson, his Icelandic works, [94].
• Argali (Ovis argali) of Siberia, [41].
• Arrows of the Ostiaks, [187], [188].
• Ascidians on the coasts of Greenland, [59].
• Ash, the, in the Arctic regions, [24].
• Asia, treeless zone of, [18–22].
• Athabascan Indians, hunting-grounds of the, [327].
• Atlassoff, the Cossack, his treatment of the natives of Kamchatka, [198].
• Atmosphere, transparency of the, in the Polar regions, [54], [55].
• ——, phenomena of, reflection and refraction, and their probable causes, [55].
• Auk, the giant, its rarity at present in Iceland. [85].
• Aurora borealis, [33].
• ——, splendor of the, in the Arctic regions, [33].
• Aurora borealis, terror of the Lapps at the, [157].
• ——, at Nulato, [281].
• Austin, Captain, his search for Franklin, [357].
• Avalanches of ice in Spitzbergen, [135].
• Awaklok and Myouk, their imprisonment on an iceberg, [298].
• Awatscha Bay, sea-birds of, [255].
• ——, its magnificence and extent, [256].
• B.
• Baaty Khan, his subjection of Russia, [191].
• Bachelor river, the, [412].
• Back (Mr., afterwards Sir George), his Arctic voyages, [346], [347], [349].
• ——, his search for Captain Ross, [354].
• ——, his discovery of Great Fish River, [355].
• ——, voyage in 1835, [355].
• Back’s river, discovery of, [355].
• Badarany, desert of swamps, the, [234].
• Baer, Herr von, his scientific journey to Nova Zembla, [151].
• Baffin, his voyages of discovery, [343].
• Baffin’s Bay, probable influence of the northerly winds on the depression of the temperature of, [27].
• Baffin’s Bay, walruses of the coasts of, [64].
• ——, discovery of, [343].
• Balleny, his discoveries in the Antarctic ocean, [401].
• —— Islands, discovery of, [401].
• Banks’s Land, proofs of a former milder temperature in, [29].
• Bards, or Scalds, of Iceland, [94].
• Barentz, William, visit of, to Spitzbergen, [138].
• ——, his voyages of discovery, [339].
• ——, his winter in Nova Zembla, [340].
• ——, his death, [342].
• Barley, cultivation of, in Norway, [124].
• Barren grounds, barrens, or tundri, Arctic belt of the, [18].
• ——, causes of their barrenness, [18].
• ——, their appearance in winter and in summer, [19].
• ——, indistinct and irregular boundaries of the, [21].
• ——, those of Newfoundland, [377].
• Barrow Point, traffic of, [302].
• Barter Reef, traffic of, [302].
• Bear, black, muskwa (Ursus americanus), value of the fur of the, [315].
• ——, description of him, [315], [318].
• ——, brown, of North America, [315].
• ——, value of the skins of the young brown bear, [211].
• ——, grizzly, of the Rocky Mountains (Ursus ferox), [315].
• ——, his skin, [315].
• ——, the polar, his mode of hunting, [65], [446], [448].
• ——, his favorite food and mode of seizing it, [65], [447], [450], [451].
• ——, anecdote of one, [65].
• ——, instances of his sagacity, [65].
• ——, parental care of the she-bear, [65].
• ——, her winter nursery, [65], [66].
• ——, her internal store of food for her hibernation, [66].
• ——, immense strength of claws and teeth, [66], [67].
• ——, his unwelcome visits to Iceland, [81].
• ——, of Spitzbergen, [137].
• ——, of Nova Zembla, [149].
• ——, Lapp mode of hunting the, [164–166].
• ——, Esquimaux methods of hunting the, [163].
• Bear of Newfoundland, [378].
• ——, abundance of, in Kamchatka, [258].
• ——, sea-, value of the skins of the, in China, [374].
• ——, chase of the, in the Pribilow Islands, [274].
• —— families and battles, [274], [275].
• ——, the Austral sea-, [399].
• ——, hunted by dogs, [453].
• Bear Island, or Cherie Island, account of, [143].
• ——, climate of, [144].
• ——, walruses of, [144].
• ——, boat-voyages of Norwegian sailors from, [145].
• ——, discovery of, [340].
• ——, surveyed by the Russians, [200].
• Beaver (Castor fiber), its skin the standard of exchange with the Canadian Indians, [313].
• ——, former enormous trade in the fur of the, [317].
• —— of Newfoundland, [378].
• Beaver Indians, their hunting-grounds, [327].
• Bee, sand (Andrena), of Nova Zembla, [154].
• Beech, Antarctic (Fagus betuloides), [410].
• Beechey, Captain, his voyage to Bering’s Straits, [350].
• Beerenberg mountain, [146].
• Bering, Titus, never passed through the straits bearing his name, [197].
• ——, his second voyage, [201].
• ——, his second voyage of discovery, [248], [249].
• ——, his bad conduct, [250].
• ——, his death, [252].
• Bering Island, Bering and Steller on, [251].
• —— Sea, description of the, [268].
• ——, barren lands at, [22].
• ——, seals and walruses of, [63], [64].
• ——, its climate, [269].
• ——, character of the shores of the, [270].
• ——, animals of the, [271].
• Bering’s Straits, view of the Old and New worlds in the, [271].
• ——, Captain Beechey’s voyage to, [350].
• Belcher, Sir Edward, his search for Franklin, [359].
• Bellinghausen, his discovery of the islands Paul the First and Alexander, [401].
• Bellot, Lieut., his gallant search for Franklin, [359].
• ——, his death and monument, [362].
• Beluga, or white dolphin (Delphinus leucas), description of the, [61].
• ——, domain of the, [61].
• Beluga Bay, visit of Von Baer’s party to, [151].
• Bennet, Stephen, his visit to Bear Island, [143], [144].
• Berry-gathering in Nishne-Kolymsk, [238].
• Bilberries of the Arctic regions, [24].
• Billings, voyage of, on the coast of Siberia, [201].
• Birch, paper, value of the, in North America, [304].
• Birch-trees in the Arctic regions, [24].
• Birds, flights of wild, in summer months, in the Tundra, [19].
• ——, their migrations to and from high latitudes, [43], [44], [67].
• ——, the polar singing-bird, the snow-bunting, [43].
• ——, raptorial, of the Arctic regions, [43].
• ——, enormous numbers of, along the Arctic shores, [67].
• ——, Icelandic, [81].
• —— of the coast of Norway, [124].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [133], [134], [137].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [154].
• ——, a bird bazar, [154].
• ——, abundance of sea-fowl on the coast of Kamchatka, [255].
• ——, Esquimaux mode of bird-catching, [295].
• ——, abundance of, on the coast of Greenland, [388].
• Birds of the coasts of the Antarctic sea, [394].
• —— of Patagonia, [419].
• Birkarls, their final subjugation of the Lapps, [156].
• Biscoe, his discovery of Enderby Land, and of Graham Land, [401].
• Black death, ravages of the, in the North, [383].
• Blackfeet Indians, their wars with the Tinné and Crees, [319], [320].
• Bloody Falls, on the Coppermine river, [294].
• Boats of the Esquimaux, [293].
• ——, the birch-bark canoes of North America, [304].
• Bogberries of the Arctic regions, [24].
• Booth, Sir Felix, his Arctic expedition, [251].
• Bougainville, his voyage through the Strait of Magellan, [414].
• Brandt, the Danish forester, his journey with Von Middendorff, [220].
• Brandy, fondness of the Samoïedes for, [171–173].
• —— drunk at Kolymsk, [238].
• Brant Ysbrantzoon, his voyages of discovery, [339].
• Bread of the poor Icelanders, [79].
• Bredal, Eric, his education of Lapps in Christianity, [156].
• Bridges, swing, of Iceland, [111].
• Browne, T. Ross, [74], [95], [104], [115].
• Buchan, Captain, his Arctic voyage, [344].
• Bunting, its migrations to and from the north, [43].
• ——, the Lapland (Centrophanes Lapponicus), latitudes inhabited by the, [43], [44].
• Bunting, the snow, the polar singing-bird, [44].
• Bunting, its nest and food, [44].
• —— of Iceland, [81].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• Burglars, treatment of, in Russia, [206].
• Burrough, Stephen, his voyage to discover the north-eastern passage, [336].
• Busa, Jelissei, his ascent of the rivers Lena and Olekma, [195].
• ——, his discovery of the Tana, [195].
• ——, his residence among the Jukahirs, [195].
• Butter made from the reindeer milk, [36].
• Butterflies in Taimurland, [227].
• Byron, Commodore, his voyage through the Strait of Magellan, [414].
• C.
• Cabot, John and Sebastian, their re-discovery of parts of North America, [335].
• ——, their re-discovery of Newfoundland, [379].
• Canada, enterprise of the French settlers in, [306].
• ——, results of the English conquest of, [306].
• ——, history of the fur-trade of, [307].
• Cano, Sebastian el, his voyage round the globe, [413].
• Canoes, birch-bark, of North America, [304], [305].
• Cape, North, description of the, [129], [130].
• Caribou, or reindeer of North America, range of the, [36].
• Carrancha, the, of Patagonia, [419], [420].
• Cartier, Jacques, his voyages, [335].
• Caryophyllæ, the, of the treeless zone, [21].
• Cascades of Iceland, [78].
• Castor and Pollux river, discovery of, [356].
• Castrén, Matthias Alexander, account of him and of his journeys, [168–178].
• Catherine’s Foreland, Queen, [409].
• Cattle, value of, to the Icelands, [80].
• Cavendish, his voyages, [414].
• Chancellor, his discovery of the passage from England to the White Sea, [192].
• Chancellor, his voyage to discover the north-eastern route to China, [336].
• ——, his visit to Moscow, and subsequent fate, [336].
• Charles IX., King of Sweden, his kindness to the Lapps, [156].
• Chatanga river, scanty population of the, [220].
• ——, Middendorff’s journey to the, [220], [221].
• Chatangsk, Middendorff’s journey to, [221]
• Cheese made from reindeer milk, [36].
• Cherie Island, account of, [144].
• Chess-players of the Tungusi, [246].
• Chickweed, the, on the Mary Minturn river, [20].
• Chimengo, the, of Patagonia, [419].
• China, Castrén’s journey over the mountains into, [177].
• Chinese take the Russian fort of Albasin, [195];
• and make the treaty of Nertschinsk with the Russians, [196].
• ——, the treaty broken by the Russians, who compel the Chinese to give them the Amoor, [196].
• Chinga (Mephitis chinga), its fœtid secretion, [316].
• Christian IV., King of Denmark, his treatment of the Lapp priests and sorcerers, [156].
• ——, his expedition to Greenland, [383].
• Christianity, introduction of, into Iceland, [92].
• Churches of the Icelanders, [104].
• Clavering, his voyage to Greenland, [386].
• Clergy of the Lapps, their poverty and self-denial, [157].
• ——, their sermons, [157].
• ——, those of Iceland all blacksmiths, [101], note, [106].
• ——, their poverty, [106].
• Coal, does not exist in Iceland, [88].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• —— in Coal Bay, [145].
• Coal Bay, [145].
• Cochlearia fenestrata, the only esculent plant in Spitzbergen, [136], [142].
• Cod and cod-fishing of the coast of Iceland, [86], [87].
• ——, the, called stockfish, [87].
• ——, the cod-fishery of Norway, [125–130].
• ——, wretched state of the fishermen, [127].
• ——, exports of, to various countries, [129].
• ——, cod-fishery of Greenland, [388].
• ——, value of the cod-fishery of Newfoundland, [379], [380].
• ——, mode of fishing and curing the cod, [380].
• ——, dangers of the fishery, [381].
• ——, immense numbers of, [381].
• Cod-liver oil of Tromsö, [128].
• Collinson, Captain, his search for Franklin, [359], [361].
• Commodore Islands, chase of the sea-bear on the, [274].
• Condor, the, of Patagonia, [420].
• Coniferæ, Arctic forests almost confined to the, [24].
• ——, difference between the European and Asiatic and American species, [24].
• Constitution, Cape, discovery of, [369].
• Cook, his attempt to discover the northwest passage, [344].
• Cook, Captain, his discovery of South Georgia, [393].
• ——, his Antarctic voyages, [401].
• Copper mines near Drontheim, [124].
• —— of Alten, [128].
• —— of Raipass, [128].
• Coppermine river, Dr. Richardson’s voyage to the, [349].
• Cornelius Ryp, his voyages of discovery, [340], [341].
• Cornelius Corneliszoon, his voyages of discovery, [339].
• Corniculariæ, carpets of, and the treeless zone, [21].
• Cortereal, his voyages of discovery, [325].
• Cossacks, Don, their depredations, [192].
• ——, their conquest of Siberia for the Czar, [193].
• ——, their privileges and duties in Nishne-Kolymsk, [236].
• Coureur des bois, the, of North America, [304].
• Cranberries of the Arctic regions, [24].
• Cree Indians, uses of the paper-birch-tree to the, [305].
• ——, range of the various tribes of, [319].
• ——, their conquests of the Tinné, but subsequent defeat, [319], [320].
• ——, their wars with the Blackfeet, [320], [321]
• ——, their character, [321].
• ——, their customs, habits, and dress, [321], [322], [323].
• ——, their wives and families, [323].
• ——, their cradles, [323].
• ——, their wigwams, or tents, [324].
• ——, their medicine-men and vapor-baths, [324].
• ——, their games and sports, [324], [325].
• ——, their wooden figures for worship, [325].
• ——, their malicious or capricious spirit, called Kepoochican, [325].
• ——, their notion of the Great Spirit and of the Deluge, [325].
• ——, their Tartarus and Elysium, [325].
• ——, prospects of Christianity amongst them, [326].
• Cross, the game of, of the Cree Indians, [325].
• Crowe, Mr., his copper mines at Alten, [128].
• Crozier, Captain, his last voyage, [356].
• ——, the last heard of him, [364].
• ——, his Antarctic voyages, [402].
• Cruciferæ, the, of the treeless zone, [20].
• Crustaceans, immense numbers of, on the coast of Greenland, [59].
• Cumberland Strait, Davis’s discovery of, [337], [338].
• Currents, magnificent system of, and their effects on the accumulation of ice, [56], [57].
• D.
• Dances of the Tchuktchi, [266].
• Darwin, Mr., his ascent of Mount Tarn, [411].
• Davis, John, his voyages to discover an Arctic passage to India, [337].
• ——, his visit to Labrador, [338].
• ——, his subsequent life, [338].
• Davis’s Straits, probable influence of the northerly winds on the depression of the temperature of, [27].
• ——, Sebastian Cabot’s discovery of, [335].
• Dead, reverence paid to the, by the Samoïedes, [181].
• Dease, Peter Warren, his land Arctic expedition, [355].
• Death, black, its ravages in Iceland, [95].
• Deception Island, account of, [393].
• Deer, red (Cervus elaphus), its habitat and uses to man, [40].
• Deer of Vogelsang and Treurenberg Bay, [137].
• Deluge, Cree legend of the, [325].
• Demidoff, foundation of the family of, [219].
• ——, their enormous wealth, [219].
• Deschnew, Semen, his the first and last voyage through Bering’s Strait, [197].
• Desolation, South, [412].
• Detti-foss, an Icelandic cascade, Mr. Gould’s description of the, [78].
• Disco bay, icebergs formed in, [49].
• Divers, their migrations to and from the north, [42].
• Dog-rib Indians, hunting-grounds of the, [327].
• ——, their character, dress, and customs, [327], [329].
• ——, their want of hospitality, [329].
• ——, their honesty, [329].
• ——, their notions of a future life, [329].
• Dog, the reindeer of the Lapps, [161].
• ——, Wrangell’s dog-sledges on the Polar sea, [239].
• ——, Icelandic, [80].
• ——, the, of the people of Kolymsk, [236].
• ——, the Kamchatkan, and dog-sledges, [258], [259].
• ——, their mode of foretelling storms, [259].
• ——, mode of training sledge-dogs, [259].
• ——, trained by Esquimaux to attack the bear, [297].
• ——, description of the, and dog-sledges of the Esquimaux, [299].
• ——, Dr. Kane’s Newfoundland and Esquimaux, [367].
• ——, epidemic amongst the Esquimaux, [372].
• Dolgorouky, Prince, his exile to Siberia, [205].
• Dolphin, white, or beluga, of Nova Zembla, [155].
• ——, Greenland fishery of the, [387].
• Dolphins of the Polar seas, [61], [398].
• ——, the beluga, or white dolphin, [61].
• ——, the black dolphin, “ca’ing” whale, or grind, [61].
• ——, the orc, or grampus, [62].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• Drake, Sir Francis, his voyage through the Strait of Magellan, [414].
• Drifanda Foss, an icelandic cascade, [114].
• Drontheim, the red deer near, [40].
• ——, description of, [124].
• Ducks, wild, of the Arctic regions, [19].
• ——, their migrations to and from the north, [42].
• —— of Iceland, [81], [84].
• Dudinka, Castrén’s visit to, [176].
• Dungeness, Point, [409].
• Durfoorth, his voyage and death, [336].
• D’Urville, Dumont, his discoveries in the Antarctic ocean, [402].
• Dutch, their expeditions to discover an Arctic passage to India, [339].
• E.
• Eagle, the sea- (Haliætus albicilla), of the north, [44].
• ——, his food, [44].
• ——, white-tailed, of Iceland, [85].
• ——, value of the skins of the, [85].
• ——, the, on the coast of Norway, [125].
• ——, in the Tundra in summer, [19].
• Ebierbing, [441], [466].
• Egede, Hans, his voyage to Greenland, [384].
• Egg-väre of the coast of Norway, [124].
• Egilson, Olaf, the Westman clergyman, his slavery in Algiers, [118].
• Eider-duck, its migrations to and from the north, [43].
• —— of Iceland, [81].
• ——, breeding of, [83].
• ——, Mr. Shepherd’s visit to one of its head-quarters, [83].
• Elder, the, in the Arctic regions, [24].
• Elephant, sea-, of the Antarctic ocean, [399].
• Elk, or moose deer, of the forests of the north, [38].
• ——, Cæsar’s account of it, [39].
• ——, its food and present habitat, [40].
• Elk, its mode of defending itself, [40].
• Enara, Lake of, the Fisher Lapps of, [166].
• ——, description of the, [169].
• Enderby Land, discovery of, [401].
• English pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, [95].
• Erebus, mount, eruption of, [403].
• Eric the Red, his visit to Greenland, [382].
• Ermine (Mustela erminea) beauty and importance of the fur of the, [210].
• ——, those of the Hudson’s Bay Territory, [316].
• Esk, volcano, [146].
• Esquimaux (see also [Innuits]), their wide extension, [290].
• ——, their own name of Innuit, [290].
• ——, character of the regions they inhabit, [290].
• ——, their physical character, habits, and manners, [290], [291].
• —— women, [291].
• ——, their dress and snow-huts, [291], [292].
• ——, their boat, the kayak or baidar, [293].
• ——, their weapons, and fishing and hunting implements, [293], [294].
• ——, enmity between them and the Red Indians, [294].
• ——, their chase of the reindeer, and bird-catching, [295].
• ——, their whale and seal hunts, [295], [296].
• ——, their “keep kuttuk,” [296].
• ——, their bear and walrus hunts, [296], [298].
• ——, their dogs and dog-sledges, [299].
• ——, their games and sports, [300].
• ——, constitution of their society, [300].
• ——, their angekoks, or priests, [300], [301].
• ——, their moral character, self-reliance, and intelligence, [301], [302].
• ——, their maps, and predilection for commercial pursuits, [302].
• ——, their voracity, and seasons of abundance and distress, [302], [303].
• ——, their dépôts of food, [302], [303].
• ——, their wars with the Kutchin Indians, [333].
• ——, their attack of Franklin’s boats, [349].
• ——, their hunting expeditions with Dr. Kane’s party, [370].
• ——, their ravages on the Greenland coast, [383].
• Europe, treeless zone of, [18–24].
• Evil Spirit of the woods of the Laplanders, [157].
• Exiles, Siberian, [204], [205].
• ——, annual number of, [206].
• Eyjafialla, eruption of, in 1821, [96].
• Eystein, King, his benevolence, [126].
• F.
• Faeroe Islands, chase of the black dolphin, or “ca’ing” whale, in the, [61].
• Falkland Islands, climate of, [394].
• Famine, Port, rich vegetation of, [410], [414].
• Festuca of the Arctic regions, [20].
• Finback whales of Spitzbergen, [137].
• Finches in the Tundra in summer, [19].
• Finmark, trade and fisheries of the coast of, [129].
• Finnur Johnson, the Icelander, his “Ecclesiastical History of Iceland,” [98].
• Fir, different species of, in Europe, Asia, and America, [24].
• Fish, and fishing season of Iceland, [86].
• ——, abundance of, in Kamchatka, [255].
• —— of Newfoundland, [379].
• —— of Greenland, [387].
• Fish river, Great, Back’s discovery of, [355].
• Fisher Lapps, account of the, [166].
• Fiskernasset, cod-fishery of, [388].
• Fitzroy, Captain, his surveys of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, [415].
• Fjall Lappars, or Mountain Lapps, account of the, [159].
• Flatey, eider-ducks of, [81], [82].
• Flat-fish, abundance of, on the coasts of Iceland, [87].
• Floki, the Viking, his visit to Iceland, [90].
• Flora of Spitzbergen, [136].
• Flowers of the Arctic regions, [20].
• —— of the island of St. Lawrence, [271].
• —— of Taimurland, [226].
• —— of Unalaschka, [269].
• Fogs of the Arctic seas in summer, [54].
• —— near the island of St. Lawrence, [270].
• —— off Newfoundland, [380].
• Food, amount of, required by man in the Arctic regions, [28].
• Forest regions, Arctic, [18].
• ——, extent of the, [22].
• ——, character of the trees of the, [24].
• ——, distinctive character of the forests, [25].
• ——, characters of the Arctic forests of the Miocene period, [28], [29].
• ——, legions of gnats in the, [25].
• ——, changes being effected by the agency of man, [25].
• Forests, the, head-quarters of many of the Arctic fauna, [41].
• ——, more in than above the earth in Nova Zembla, [153].
• ——, of Newfoundland, [376].
• Forget-me-not found in Nova Zembla, [153].
• Forster, Captain, his expedition to the Antarctic sea, [393].
• Fossils, Arctic, in New Siberia, [203].
• Foulke, Port, Dr. Hayes’s winter at, [372].
• Fox, the Arctic (Canis lagopus), its mode of protecting itself from the most intense cold, [42].
• Fox, the Arctic, its food and enemies, [42].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• —— in Nova Zembla, [154].
• —— found in Taimurland, [227].
• —— of Newfoundland, [378].
• ——, black, of Siberia, value of the fur of the, [211].
• ——, the Brazilian (Canis Azaræ), of Patagonia, [419].
• —— red (Vulpes fulvus), the, [211], [317].
• —— value of the fur of the, [317].
• Fox Islands, discovery of the, [201].
• France, right of the people of, to fish on the banks of Newfoundland, [379].
• Franklin, Lieut. (afterwards Sir John), his first Arctic voyage, [344].
• ——, his first land journey, [346].
• ——, his second land journey to the shores of the Polar sea, [349].
• ——, loss of his first wife, [350].
• ——, his last voyage, [356].
• ——, searching expeditions sent for him, [356].
• ——, his fate and that of his companions, [362–364].
• Franklin Island, discovery of, [403].
• Fraser river, voyage of Mackenzie down the, [308].
• Frederick II., King of Denmark, his expedition to Greenland, [383].
• Frederick IV., his foundation of the Finmark mission, [156].
• Friedrich, the Saxon bishop, introduces Christianity into Iceland, [92].
• Fritillaria Sarrana, used as food in Kamchatka, [258].
• Frobisher, Martin, his endeavors to discover an Arctic passage to India, [337].
• ——, discovery of relics of, [466].
• ——, his subsequent career, [337].
• Froward, Cape, scenery of, [410].
• Frozen sailor, [464].
• Fruits of the Arctic regions, [21].
• Fuego, Tierra del, climate of, [393].
• ——, origin of the name, [413].
• ——, Captain Fitzroy’s survey of, [415].
• ——, account of the Fuegians, [425].
• ——, degradation of the Fuegians, [425], [426].
• ——, their powers as mimics, [426].
• ——, their notions of trade, [427].
• ——, causes of their low state of civilization, [427].
• ——, their food, [428].
• ——, their dress, huts, arms, and ornaments, [428], [429].
• ——, their cannibalism, [430].
• ——, their language, [430].
• ——, Captain Fitzroy’s three Fuegians, [430], [431].
• ——, missionary labors, [431].
• ——, Captain Gardiner, [431].
• Fuel, kinds of, used in Iceland, [89].
• Fur, account of the Russian Fur Company, and its operations, [272].
• ——, account of the fur-trade of the Hudson’s Bay Company, [304] et seq.
• ——, trade in, at the fair of Obdorsk, [189].
• —— of Siberia, [208].
• ——, importance of the trade in, [212].
• —— of the Tchuktchi, [264].
• G.
• Gabriel Channel, williwaws of, [412].
• Gadflies which attack the reindeer, [38].
• Galictis vittata, the, of Patagonia, [418].
• Gambling of the Cree Indians, [324].
• Gardar, the northern pirate, his the first circumnavigation of Iceland, [90].
• Gardar’s Holm, or Gadar’s Island, Iceland so called, [90].
• Gardiner, Captain, his mission to Fuegia, and melancholy end, [431].
• Gawrilow, produce of the gold mine of, [218].
• Geese, wild, of the Arctic regions, [19].
• ——, snow, their migrations to and from the north, [43].
• —— of Iceland, [81].
• “George Henry,” the ship, [436].
• George, St., climate of the island of, [270].
• ——, sea-lions and guillemots of, [271].
• Georgia, South, discovery of, [393].
• Germany, the elk or moose-deer of, in the time of Cæsar, [39].
• Geysir, the Great, description of the, [71].
• Gheritz, Dirck, his discovery of the New Shetland Islands, [392].
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, takes possession of Newfoundland, [379].
• Ginkloti, or children’s disease, in the Westman Islands, [118].
• Gissur, his work on his voyages to the East, [94].
• ——, the Icelander, his learning and travels, [98].
• Gjas, or chasms, in Iceland, [76], [77].
• Glacier, the great, in the Gulf of Penas, [394].
• Glaciers, enormous dimensions of the, of the polar regions, [50].
• Glaciers of Magdalena Bay, [135];
• ice cliffs and avalanches of, [135].
• —— of the Beerenberg mountain, [146].
• Glottoff, Stephen, his discovery of Kadiak, [202].
• Gloves, reindeer, of Tornea, [37].
• Glutton, or wolverine, strength and fierceness of the, [37].
• Glutton, its attack of the reindeer, [37], [38].
• ——, its voracity, [38].
• ——, found in Taimurland, [227].
• ——, those of North America, [316].
• ——, value and uses of the fur of the, [316].
• Gnats, legions of, in the forests and swamps, [26].
• Goda-foss, the, an Icelandic cascade, [78].
• Gold diggings of Eastern Siberia, [208].
• ——, description of the gold-fields, [214].
• Gomez, his voyages of discovery, [335].
• Goose, bean (Anser segetum), of Nova Zembla, [155].
• Goose, Brent, its migrations to and from the north, [43].
• ——, its rapid flight, [43].
• Graah, Captain, his explorations of the coast of Greenland, [386].
• Graham Land, discovery of, [401].
• Grampus, or orc (Delphinus orca), description of the, [62].
• ——, his ferocity and mode of ploughing the seas, [62].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [155].
• —— of the Antarctic Ocean, [398].
• ——, conflict of one with a whale, [398].
• Grasses, tufted, of the Arctic regions, [20].
• —— of the treeless zone, [21].
• ——, paramount importance of the grasses in Iceland, [79].
• —— of Taimurland, [226].
• Greenland, vast ice-fields of, [27].
• ——, proofs of a former milder climate in, [29].
• ——, enormous dimensions of the glaciers of, [50].
• ——, the, whale, [60].
• ——, transparency of the water on the coast of, [59].
• ——, abundance of animal life in the seas of, [60].
• ——, walruses of the coasts of the north of, [64].
• ——, Kane’s sledge journey along the coast of, [367].
• ——, unknown extent of, [382].
• ——, ancient Scandinavian colonists of, [382].
• ——, the name of, given to it, [382].
• ——, introduction of Christianity in, [382].
• ——, decline and fall of the country, [383].
• ——, subsequent explorations of, [383].
• ——, Hans Egede, the pastor, his voyage to, [384].
• ——, foundation of Godthaab in, [384].
• ——, arrival of Herrenhuth missionaries in, [384].
• ——, explorations of the coast of, [385].
• ——, present Danish settlements of, [386].
• ——, scanty population of, [386].
• ——, mode of life of the people of, [386], [387], [389].
• ——, fisheries of, [388].
• ——, poorness of the land in, [388].
• ——, quantities of drift-wood at, [388].
• ——, minerals of, [389].
• ——, Christianity in, [389].
• ——, climate, mountains, and fjords of, [389].
• ——, ice-caves of the coast of, [390].
• ——, the capital of, [437].
• Greenlanders, their discovery of, and colonies in America, [335].
• ——, destruction of their colonies, [335].
• ——, their habits, [437].
• Greiffenfeld, his imprisonment in Munkholm, [124].
• Grinds. See [Dolphins, black].
• Grinnell Land, vegetation of, [20].
• ——, Dr. Hayes’s discoveries in, [372–374].
• Guanaco, the, of Patagonia, [419].
• Guano, circumstances which favor the deposit of, [418].
• Guillemot, on the Pribilow Islands, [271].
• Gulf Stream, influence of, on the south and west coasts of Iceland, [79];
• and on the climate of Norway, [121].
• Gull, Ross’s, distance north at which it has been seen, [67].
• Gull, ivory, in Taimurland, [227].
• Gustavus I., King of Sweden, his kind treatment of the Lapps, [156].
• Gustavus Adolphus, his foundation of a school for the Lapps, [156].
• H.
• Haddocks, abundance of, on the coast of Iceland, [87].
• Hakon, King of Norway, his annexation of Iceland, [95].
• Hall, Charles Francis, his Arctic expedition, [433–467].
• ——, James, his voyage to Greenland, [383].
• Hammerfest, description of the town of, [129].
• ——, traffic of, [129].
• ——, the people of, [129].
• ——, cargoes of walruses and seals brought from Spitzbergen, [143].
• Hare, the fur of the, of Siberia, [212].
• ——, ice (Lepus glacialis), [317].
• ——found in Taimurland, [227].
• Hare Indians, hunting-grounds of the, [327].
• ——, their women, [328].
• Harold Haafager, or the Fair-haired, his establishment of an absolute monarchy in Norway, [90].
• ——, exodus caused by his tyranny, [91].
• Harp-seal of the Polar seas, [62].
• Hatherton, Cape, discovery of, [365].
• Haven, Lieut, de, his search for Franklin, [357], [358].
• Hawks in the Tundra, in summer, [19].
• Hayes, Dr., his sledge journey over Kennedy Channel, [368].
• ——, his Arctic voyage in 1860, [372–374].
• ——, his opinion as to what may be done in the Arctic regions, [374].
• Hecla, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, [95–97].
• “Hecla” and “Fury” Straits, discovery of, [348].
• Heemskerk, his voyages of discovery, [340].
• Heineson, Mogens, the “sea-cock,” his voyage towards Greenland, [383].
• Hepburn, John, the sailor, his overland journey, [346].
• Herald Island, discovery of, [360].
• Heimaey, or Home Island, description of, [116].
• Herring, the fishery of the coast of Norway, [125].
• ——, food for the rorqual, or fin-whales, [61].
• ——, abundance of the, on the coasts of Iceland, [87].
• Hesperis, the, on the Mary Minturn river, [20].
• Hildringen, agriculture of, [124].
• Hobson, Lieut., his search for Franklin, [362], [364].
• Holme, the, of Norway, [124].
• Hood, Robert, his Arctic journey, [346].
• ——, murdered, [347].
• Horn, Cape, discovery of the passage round, [414].
• Horse, the, in Iceland, [80].
• —— of the Jakuts, [230–232].
• Hrafnagja, [75].
• Hudson, Henry, visit of, to Spitzbergen, [138].
• ——, his the first attempt to sail across the North Pole, [342].
• ——, his subsequent voyages and discoveries, [342].
• ——, his melancholy end, [343].
• Hudson’s Bay, barren lands of, [22].
• ——, characters of the Coniferæ of, [24].
• ——, walruses of the coasts of, [64].
• ——, discovery of, [312].
• Hudson’s Bay Company, account of the fur-trade of the, [304].
• ——, the old coureur des bois and the modern voyageur of, [304], [305].
• ——, history of the, [307].
• ——, formation of a rival company, and subsequent amalgamation of the two, [307–310].
• ——, palmy days of the, [310].
• ——, its reconstruction in 1863, [310].
• ——, its trading-posts, and their management, [310], [311].
• ——, its efforts to civilize the native tribes, [312].
• ——, the standard of exchange, the beaver-skin, [313].
• ——, extent of the fur-trade of, [313].
• ——, account of the fur-bearing animals of the Territory, [313], [314].
• Hudson river, discovery of the, [342].
• Hudson’s Straits, Sebastian Cabot’s discovery of, [335].
• Humboldt Glacier, the Great, [50].
• ——, Kane’s description of the, [367].
• Humming-bird on the peninsula of Aliaska, [269].
• —— in Newfoundland, [378].
• —— of Patagonia, [420].
• Huts of the Esquimaux, [293].
• —— of the Icelanders, [102].
• Hvalö, island of, [129].
• Hvita river, in Iceland, [78].
• I.
• Ice, vast fields of, in the plateaus of Spitzbergen, Greenland, and Nova Zembla, [27].
• ——, floating masses of, in the Polar seas, [45].
• ——, enormous extent of the Polar glaciers, [49], [50].
• ——, causes which prevent the accumulation of Polar ice, [55], [56].
• ——, a bad conductor of heat, [57].
• ——, ice-fields of Iceland, [69].
• ——, glaciers, ice-cliffs, and avalanches of Spitzbergen, [135], [136].
• ——, impediments offered by the hummocks to travellers on the Polar sea, [240].
• ——, icebergs of the Antarctic sea, [392].
• ——, ice-caves of Greenland, [390].
• ——, the great ice-barrier of the Antarctic Ocean, [403].
• ——, pack-ice of the Antarctic Ocean, [404], [405].
• Icebergs, [46].
• ——, forms and size of, [48].
• ——, origin of, [48].
• ——, localities in which most of the icebergs of the North Atlantic are formed, [49].
• ——, Dr. Hayes’s description of, in a midnight sun, [50].
• ——, how distinguished at night and in fogs, [52].
• ——, dangers of collisions with, [52].
• ——, protection to ships afforded by, [53].
• ——, dangers of anchoring to, [53].
• Icebergs, “calving” of, [54].
• ——, crumbling of, [54].
• Ice-blink, description of the phenomenon of, [54].
• ——, its advantages to the Arctic navigator, [54].
• Ice-fields, [46].
• ——, hummocks on, [46].
• ——, collision of, [48].
• ——, dangers caused by, to ships, [48].
• Ice-grotto of Surts-hellir, [77].
• Iceland, volcanic origin of, [68].
• ——, the country in winter and in summer, [68], [79].
• ——, sterile portions of the island, [69].
• ——, its immense ice-fields, [69].
• ——, its lava-streams, [69], [77].
• ——, the burning mountains of Krisuvik, [69].
• ——, the mud-caldrons and hot springs, [70].
• ——, the Great Geysir, [71].
• ——, the Strokkr, [72].
• ——, crystal pools, [73].
• ——, the Almannagja, [73], [74].
• ——, the Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, [77].
• ——, rivers and cascades of, [78].
• ——, influence of the ocean currents on the climate, [78].
• ——, mean annual temperature, [79].
• ——, absence of trees in, [79].
• ——, vegetation and condition of agriculture, [79].
• ——, indigenous land quadrupeds, [80].
• ——, cattle of the Icelanders, [80].
• ——, beverages, [80].
• ——, mode of shearing sheep, [80].
• ——, characteristics and number of horses, [80].
• ——, the reindeer, [80], [81].
• ——, the polar bear, [81].
• ——, the eider-duck, [81], [88].
• ——, the giant auk, [85], [86].
• ——, Icelandic fish and fishing season, [86], [87].
• ——, hospitality of the people, [87].
• ——, minerals of the country, [88].
• ——, fuel used by the Icelanders, [88].
• ——, history of, [89].
• ——, Naddodr’s discovery of the Ice Land, [89];
• which he named Snowland, [99].
• ——, circumnavigated by the pirate Gadar, and called by him Gardar’s holm, [90].
• ——, visited by the viking Floki, and called by him Iceland, [90].
• ——, foundation of Reykjavik by Ingolfr and Leif, [90].
• ——, exodus from Norway to, [91].
• ——, introduction of the Norwegian language and customs, [91].
• ——, code of laws of Uffliot the Wise, [91].
• ——, the ancient Althing at Thingvalla, [91], [92].
• ——, introduction of Christianity into the island, [92].
• ——, the golden age of Icelandic literature, [94].
• ——, history of, annexation of the island to Norway, [95].
• ——, its subsequent misfortunes, [95].
• ——, volcanic eruptions, [95].
• ——, misery caused by the curse of monopoly, [97].
• ——, hope for the future of the islanders, [97].
• ——, account of the Icelanders of the present day, [98].
• ——, Skalkott, the former capital of the island, [98].
• ——, the present capital, Reykjavik, [100].
• ——, state of trade in, [100].
• ——, the merchant and the peasant, [101].
• ——, temperate habits of the people, [101].
• ——, condition of agriculture, [102].
• Iceland, a harvest home, [102].
• ——, winter life, [102], [108], [109].
• ——, huts of the Icelanders, [102], [103].
• ——, churches, [104].
• ——, clergymen all blacksmiths, [101], note, [106];
• their poverty, [106–108].
• ——, the Iceland poet, John Thorlakson, [107].
• ——, education of the clergy and children, [108], [109].
• ——, industry and thirst for knowledge of the people, [109];
• their language, [109].
• ——, the library of Reykjavik, [109].
• ——, the Icelandic Literary Society, [110].
• ——, Icelandic newspapers, [110].
• ——, health of the people, [110].
• ——, difficulties and expense of travelling, [110–113].
• —— moss, eaten and exported by the Icelanders, [79].
• —— moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, [137].
• ——, in the treeless zone, [21].
• Idols of the Samoïedes, [180].
• Igloolik, island of, [348].
• Iligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and passion for music, [348].
• Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, [294].
• ——, their decimation by smallpox and drunkenness, [308].
• ——, efforts of the Hudson’s Bay Company to civilize them, [312], [313].
• ——, the beaver skin their standard of exchange with the Company, [313].
• Inglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, [359].
• ——, his discoveries, [365].
• Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland, and foundation of Reykjavik, [90].
• Innuits, the, see also [Esquimaux], [433], [467].
• ——, their character, [439], [461].
• ——, amusement of, [440].
• ——, their dwellings, [443], [457], [462].
• ——, distress in winter, [444].
• ——, seal, feasts of, [445].
• ——, mode of capturing seals, [446], [448], [452].
• ——, their dogs, [445], [450], [454].
• ——, their opinion of the bear, [451].
• ——, mode of hunting the walrus, [454].
• ——, their implements, [456].
• ——, mode of constructing an igloo, [457].
• ——, their use of the reindeer, [458].
• ——, their clothing, [460].
• ——, reindeer feasts, [459].
• ——, food and mode of eating, [460].
• ——, their religious ideas, [460].
• ——, treatment of the sick, [461].
• ——, gradual extinction, [462].
• Insects of Taimurland, [227].
• Irish colonists on the Westman Islands, [115].
• Irkutsk, extreme cold of, [208].
• ——, Wrangell’s visit to, [233].
• ——, summer flowers of, [233].
• Iron mines near Drontheim, [124].
• Isabella, Cape, discovery of, [365].
• Ishemsk, Castrén’s visit to, [174].
• ——, the Isprawnik of, and his wife, [174], [176].
• Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of the, [18].
• Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, [98].
• Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eastern extremity of Nova Zembla, [150].
• Itälmenes, cruelty of their conquerors, the Russians, [198].
• Ivan Wasiljewitsch I., first Czar of Russia, his defeat of the Tartars, [191].
• Ivan Wasiljewitsch I., subdues the Great Novgorod, [191].
• ——, becomes head of the Greek orthodox Church and the first Czar, [192].
• ——, Chancellor’s visit to him at Moscow, [336].
• Ivan Wasiljewitsch II., his conquest of Kasan, [192].
• ——, his surname of the Terrible, [192].
• Ivory, fossil, in the islands of New Siberia, [202].
• Iwalo river, in Lapland, Castrén’s journey on the, [169].
• J.
• Jakowlew family, [219].
• ——, their enormous wealth in gold mines, [219].
• Jakuts, the, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, [199].
• ——, their snares and traps, [213].
• ——, their energy and cunning, [228].
• ——, their language, origin, character, and personal appearance, [228].
• ——, their summer and winter huts, [229].
• ——, their horses, [230].
• ——, their powers of endurance and sharpness of vision, [230].
• ——, their manufactures and articles of dress, [231].
• ——, their gluttony, [231].
• ——, the universal carriers to the east of the Lena, [231].
• ——, their superstitions, [232].
• ——, their offerings of horsehair to the spirit of the mountains, [232].
• ——, their songs, [232].
• ——, wretched condition of the river, [252].
• Jakutsk, mean temperature of, in summer and winter, [27].
• ——, extreme cold of, [208].
• ——, gloomy appearance of the town, [233].
• ——, trade of, [233].
• Jan Meyen, description of, [146].
• Jelly, made from the horns and claws of the reindeer, [37].
• Jelly-fish (Pleurobrachia pileus) in the sea of Kara, [151].
• Jenissei river, Castrén’s journey to the, [176].
• Jeniseisk, Castrén’s visit to, [177].
• ——, the ostrog of, founded, [195].
• Jyrfalcon (Falco gyrfalco), its head-quarters in Iceland, [85].
• ——, former trade in the, [85].
• Jilibeambaertje, or Num, the Supreme Being of the Samoïedes, [179].
• “John, Gentleman,” the English pirate, [118].
• John’s, St., capital of Newfoundland, [378].
• Jökuls, or ice-mountains of Iceland, [68].
• Jökulsa i Axarfirdi river, in Iceland, [78].
• Jökulsa river, in Iceland, [78].
• Jones’s Sound, discovery of the entrance to, [343].
• Jukahires, chief resource of those of the Aniuj, [237].
• ——, Jelissei Busa’s residence among the, [195].
• K.
• Kadiak, island of, discovery of the, [202].
• Kaiak, island of, landing of Stella on the, [249].
• “Kalewala,” Castrén’s Swedish translation of the, [170].
• Kamchatka, subjugation of, by the Russians, [198].
• ——, cruelty of the conquerors, [198].
• Kamchatka, Steller’s scientific journey to, [248].
• ——, its climate and fertility, [254].
• ——, abundance of fish in the rivers, [255].
• ——, bird-catchers of, [255].
• ——, population, [255].
• ——, mountain chain and volcanoes, [256].
• ——, climate and mineral springs, [256].
• ——, harbors and population, [256].
• ——, healthiness of the people, [257].
• ——, their food, [258].
• ——, their animals, [258], [260].
• ——, character of the people, [260], [261].
• Kane, Dr., his Arctic voyages, [365].
• ——, his account of his first winter in Rensselaer Bay, [365].
• ——, his description of the Polar night, [366].
• ——, his sledge journey along the coast of Greenland, [367].
• ——, his illness on the voyage and recovery, [368].
• ——, resolves to winter a second time in Rensselaer Bay, [369].
• ——, departure and return of part of his crew, [369], [370].
• ——, sufferings of his party, [371].
• ——, abandonment of his ship, and boat journey to Upernavik, [371].
• ——, his return to New York, and death, [372].
• Kara Gate, reached by Stephen Burrough, [336].
• Kara, Sea of, [147].
• ——, expeditions to the, [147].
• Kasan, Russian conquest of, [192].
• Kellett, Captain, his search for Franklin, [359].
• Kendall, Lieut., his voyage to the Coppermine river, [349].
• ——, his account of Deception Island, [393].
• Kennedy, William, his search for Franklin, [358].
• ——, his sledge journey with Bellot, [359].
• Kennedy Channel, Dr. Hayes’s sledge journey across, [368].
• ——, his voyage across, [373].
• Kerguelen Land, climate of, [393].
• Khipsack, destruction of the empire of the Khans of, [191].
• King, Captain, his survey of the Magellan Strait, [415].
• King William’s Island, coast of, traced by Mr. Thomas Simpson, [356].
• Klofa jökul, extent of the, [69].
• Knight, John, his melancholy Arctic voyage, [341].
• ——, murdered by the Esquimaux, [342].
• Koldewey, Captain, his journey towards the North Pole, [374].
• Kolwa, Castrén’s visit to, [174].
• Kolyma river, inundations of the, [237].
• Kolymsk, Nishnei, foundation of the town of, [197].
• ——, Wrangell’s visit to, [234].
• ——, situation and climate of, [234].
• ——, vegetable and animal life, [235].
• ——, population of the district, [236].
• ——, dwellings of the Russian residents, [236].
• ——, mode of life of the natives, [236], [237].
• ——, their dogs, [236], [237].
• ——, berry-gathering in the district, [238].
• ——, famine of the people, [238].
• ——, social parties at, [238].
• Koriaks, the, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, [199].
• Koronnoie Filippowskoi, Von Middendorff’s journey to, [221].
• Kostin Schar, visit of Von Baer to, [152].
• ——, storm in, [152].
• Kötlugja, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, [95], [97].
• Krasnojarsk, Castrén’s visit to, [175], [176].
• ——, extravagance of the gold aristocracy of, [218].
• Krenitzin, his discovery of the peninsula of Aljaska, [202].
• Kresdowosdwishensk, produce of the gold mine of, [218].
• Krisuvik, burning mountains of, [69].
• Krotow, Lieutenant, lost off Nova Zembla, [147].
• Kutchin Indians, their dwelling-place, [331].
• ——, their personal appearance and dress, [331].
• ——, their medium of exchange, [331].
• ——, their women and children, [332].
• ——, their amusements, [332].
• ——, their wars with the Esquimaux, [333].
• ——, their suspicious and timorous lives, [333].
• ——, their mode of pounding the moose-deer, [333].
• ——, their frequent distress, [334].
• ——, their huts, [334].
• Kutchum Khan, his conquest of Siberia, [192].
• ——, defeated by Yermak the robber, at Tobolsk, [193], [194].
• ——, his revenge, [194].
• L.
• Labrador, barren lands of, [22].
• ——, effect of the icy seas and cold currents on the climate of, [22].
• ——, discovered and colonized by Greenlanders, [335].
• Lächow Islands, discovery of the, [202].
• Lagarfliot river, in Iceland, [78].
• Lakes of Newfoundland, [377].
• Lambert, M. Gustave, his opinion as to the route to the Pole, [375].
• Lancaster Sound, discovery of the entrance to, [343].
• Lapps, their history and conversion to Christianity, [156].
• ——, poverty and self-denial of their clergy, [157].
• ——, their ancient gods and present superstitions, [156], [157].
• ——, Evil Spirit of the woods, [157].
• ——, sorcery and witchcraft, [158].
• ——, their personal appearance, [158].
• Lappars, the Fjall, or Mountain Lapps, [159].
• ——, their dwellings, [159].
• ——, their reindeer pens, [160].
• ——, their summer and winter encampments, [161].
• ——, their sledges and skates, [161].
• ——, natural beauties of their country, [162].
• ——, their love of home, [162].
• ——, their mode of hunting the bear and the wolf, [163], [164].
• ——, the wealthy, and their mode of living, [164].
• ——, their annual visits to the fairs, [165].
• ——, their drunkenness, [165].
• ——, their worship of mammon, treasure hoarding, [165].
• ——, their fondness for brandy and tobacco, [165].
• ——, their affectionate disposition, [166].
• ——, the Skogslappars, or Forest Lapps, [166].
• ——, the Fisher, [166].
• Laptew, Lieut. Cheriton, his explorations of the coasts of Taimurland, [200].
• ——, his explorations to the east of the Lena, [200].
• Larch, the, of Siberia, [24].
• ——, of the Hudson’s Bay Territory, [24].
• Lawrence, St., climate and vegetation of the island of, [271].
• Lava streams of Iceland, [69], [77].
• ——, streams of, thrown out by the great eruption of Skaptar Jökul, [95–97].
• Laxaa, or Salmon river, abundance of fish caught in the, [87].
• Leif, the Norwegian jarl, his visit to Iceland, [90].
• ——, murdered by his Irish slaves, [91].
• Lemming, its habitat and food. [42].
• ——, exaggerations of Olaus Magnus and Pontoppidan respecting the, [42].
• ——, its enemies, and accidents to which it is liable, [42].
• ——of New Siberia, [27].
• ——of Nova Zembla, [154].
• Lena river, ascended by the Cossacks, [195].
• ——, importance of the, [17].
• ——, barren grounds near the, [22].
• ——, Wrangell’s journey down the, [233].
• Leprosy, or “likthra,” of Iceland, [110].
• Lichens, gray, of the “barren grounds,” [18].
• ——, food for the reindeer, [27].
• ——, the Lichen rangiferinus, the food of the reindeer, [36].
• ——of Nova Zembla, [153].
• ——of the Pribilow Islands, [271].
• Liddon, Lieut. M., his Arctic voyages, [345].
• Lindenow, Godske, his voyage to Greenland, [383].
• Lion, sea- (Otaria Stelleri), value of the skin of the, [276].
• ——, the sea-, of the Antarctic Ocean, [399].
• Lister, Cape, discovery of, [385].
• Lithuania, the elk of, [39].
• Loaisa, Garcia de, his voyage round the globe, [413].
• Lofoten Islands, the, [125].
• ——, cod-fishery of the, [125], [126].
• Looming objects in the Arctic regions, [55].
• Loschkin, the walrus-hunter, his voyage on the coast of Nova Zembla, [147].
• Löstadius, the Lapp priest, his self-denial and poverty, [157].
• Loucheux. See [Kutchin Indians].
• Louis-Philippe Terre, discovery of, [402].
• Lovunnen, puffins of, [125].
• Löwenorn, his voyage to Greenland, [385].
• Lütke, Admiral, his endeavors to penetrate along the coast of Nova Zembla, [147].
• Lychnis, purple, of the Arctic regions, [20].
• Lynx, Canada, or pishu (Lynx Canadensis), [317].
• ——, value of the fur of the, [212], [317].
• Lyon, Captain, his unsuccessful voyage, [348].
• M.
• Mackenzie, Alexander, his voyages of discovery in North America, [308].
• Mackenzie river, importance of the, [17].
• ——, forests and barren lands near the, [22].
• ——, influence of the southerly winds on the temperature of the valley of the, [27].
• ——, discovery of the, [308].
• Maesnikow, Nikita, his gold-fields in Eastern Siberia, [214], [217], [218].
• Magdalena Bay, description of, [133].
• Magellan, Strait of, [408].
• ——, description of the, [408].
• ——, entrances to, [409].
• ——, opening into the Pacific, [411].
• ——, discovery of the, by Magellan, [413].
• ——, Sir J. Narborough’s chart, [414].
• ——, Captains King and Fitzroy’s surveys of, [415].
• Magerö, island of, [129].
• Magicians of the Samoïedes, [180], [181].
• Malewinsky, Lieutenant, his gold mine of Olginsk, [218].
• Maelstrom, the, [126].
• Mammoth, fossil remains of the, in New Siberia, [202].
• Man, his difficulty in establishing a footing in the Arctic regions, [17].
• ——, how he is able to stand the rigors of an Arctic winter, [28].
• Maps of the Esquimaux, [302].
• Mariinsk, station of, built by the Russians, [196].
• ——, gold mine of, [217].
• Marshes of Newfoundland, [377].
• Marten, pine (Martes abietum), the, [316].
• ——, value of the fur of the, [316].
• Mary Minturn river, flowers of, [20].
• Matiuschkin, his sledge journey over the Polar Sea, [241].
• Matoschkin Schar, visits to, [147–152].
• Matthew, St., island of, inhospitable character of the, [271].
• Matthew’s Straits, visited by Rosmysslow, Pachtussow, and Herr von Baer, [147–152].
• McClintock, Lieut. (now Sir Leopold), his search for Franklin, [360].
• ——, his voyage in the “Fox,” and discovery of the fate of Franklin and his companions, [362–364].
• McClure, Captain, his search for Franklin, [359–361].
• ——, his discovery of the north-west passage, [360].
• Mecham, Lieut., his search for Franklin, [360].
• Mediterranean, dried codfish sent to the, [129].
• Medusæ, enormous numbers of, in the Polar world, [59].
• ——, in the seas off Spitzbergen, [133].
• Melville Bay, enormous glaciers of, [49], [50].
• Melville Island, discovery of, [345].
• Mentschikoff, Prince, his exile and death in Siberia, [205].
• ——, his son restored to the honors of his house, [205].
• Mercy Bay, discovery of, [361].
• Mercy, harbor of, [412].
• Middendorff, Von, his adventures in Taimurland, [220].
• ——, his visit to the Chatanga river, [221].
• ——, his journey down the Taimur river to the Polar Sea, [221–223].
• ——, his return journey and illness, [223–225].
• ——, gratitude of the Samoïedes, [224].
• ——, his observations on the climate and natural productions of Taimurland, [225].
• Midnight, silence of, in Spitzbergen, [135].
• Milk of the reindeer, [36].
• Minerals of Iceland, [88].
• Mink (Vison Americanus), value of the fur of the, [316].
• Misery, Mount, [145].
• Mollusca, small, of the Polar Seas, [59].
• Moonlight nights in the Arctic regions, [32], [33].
• Morse. See [Walrus].
• Morton, one of Dr. Kane’s crew, his illness, [368].
• ——, his discovery of Washington Land, [369].
• Mosquitoes of Nishne-Kolymsk, [235].
• Mosses, dingy, of the “barren grounds,” [18].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [153].
• —— of the Pribilow Islands, [270], [271].
• Mourawieff, Count Nicholas, his annexation of the Amoor, [196].
• Mouse, field, of Spitzbergen, [137].
• Muchamor, the fungus, used as food by the Kamchatkans, [258].
• Mud-springs, boiling, of Iceland, [70].
• Münich, Marshal, his exile to Siberia, [205].
• ——, his return and subsequent life, [206].
• Munk, Jens, his voyages, [343].
• Munkholm, castle of, [124].
• Murderers, treatment of, in Russia, [206].
• Muscovy Company, its endeavors to discover a north-east passage to India, [336].
• Musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus), description of the, [40].
• ——, its former and present habitat, [40], [41].
• Musquash, musk-rat, or ondatra (Fiber zibethicus), [317].
• ——, villages, [318].
• ——, modes of catching the animal, [318].
• ——, value of the fur of the, [318].
• Mussels on the coast of Greenland, [59].
• Myvatn, ducks of the, [84].
• N.
• Naddodr, the Norwegian pirate, his discovery of Iceland, [89].
• Námar, or boiling mud-springs of Iceland, [70].
• Narborough, Sir John, his chart of the Strait of Magellan, [414].
• Narwhal, or sea-unicorn, domain of the, [60].
• ——, its tusk, [61].
• ——, Greenland fishery of the, [387].
• Narym, Castrén’s visit to, [175].
• Necromancy of the Samoïedes, [180].
• Nertschinsk, treaty of, [196].
• ——, criminals at the mines of, [206].
• Ness, Castrén’s visit to the Samoïede village of, [172].
• Newfoundland, discovered and colonized by Greenlanders, [335].
• ——, its desolate appearance, [376].
• ——, its forests, marshes, and barrens, [376], [377].
• ——, its lakes and ponds, [377], [378].
• ——, its fur-bearing animals, [378].
• ——, its reindeer and wolves, [378].
• ——, its climate and inhabitants, [378].
• ——, its capital, St. John’s, [378], [379].
• ——, history of the island, [379].
• ——, taken possession of by the English, [379].
• ——, right of the French and Americans to fish on the banks of, [379].
• ——, the French town of Placentia, [379].
• ——, the whole island ceded to England, [379].
• ——, importance of the cod-fisheries, [379].
• ——, the great banks of, [380].
• ——, account of the mode of fishing, [380].
• ——, fogs and storms, [380], [381].
• ——, seal-catching, [381].
• Newspapers of Iceland, [110].
• Night of a Polar winter, Kane’s description of, [366].
• Nicolayevsk, station of, built by the Russians, [196].
• Noiba, gold-diggings on the, [216].
• Norfolk Bay, position and fur-trade of, [272].
• North-eastern route to India and China, Sebastian Cabot’s idea of, [335].
• ——, attempts to discover it, [335–337].
• North Pole, the first attempt to sail across the, [342].
• ——, the plan first suggested by Thorne, [342].
• ——, Scoresby’s near approach to the, [344].
• ——, Parry’s boat and sledge journey towards the, [350].
• ——, Dr. Hayes’s opinion as to the practicability of reaching the, across Kennedy Channel, [374].
• North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities as to the best way to reach, [374].
• North-west passage to India, attempts to discover the, [342], [343].
• ——, M’Clure’s discovery of the, [360].
• —— Company of Canada, formation and trade of the, [307].
• ——, its wars with the Hudson’s Bay Company, and final amalgamation, [308–310].
• Northumberland Sound, temperature of, [28].
• Notothenia, the, of the Antarctic seas, [400].
• Norway, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, [42].
• ——, an absolute monarchy established by Harold Haarfager in, [90].
• ——, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, [121].
• ——, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators of it, [121–123].
• ——, constitution of, and education of the people, [121].
• ——, population of, [121].
• ——, coast scenery of, [123].
• ——, Drontheim and its industry, [124].
• ——, birds of the coast of, [124], [125].
• ——, the herring and cod fisheries of, [125–128].
• Nova Zembla, investigations of the shores of, [147].
• ——, circumnavigated by Pachtussow, [147], [148].
• ——, meteorological observations of Ziwolka, [150].
• ——, the climate of, [151].
• ——, Von Baer’s scientific journey, [151].
• ——, scientific results of his journey, [152], [153].
• ——, vegetation of, [153].
• ——, solitude and silence of, [154].
• ——, rarity of insects in, [154].
• ——, lemmings and foxes of, [154].
• ——, birds of, [154].
• ——, other animals of, [154], [155].
• ——, wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, [340].
• Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., [191].
• Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, [201].
• Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar seas, [59].
• Nullipores on the coast of Greenland, [59].
• Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the Samoïedes, [179].
• O.
• Obdorsk, Castrén’s visit to, [174].
• ——, description of the town, [188].
• ——, the fair at, [189].
• Obi river, importance of, [17].
• ——, barren grounds near the, [22].
• ——, its importance to the Ostiaks, [185].
• ——, Castrén’s journey to the, [174].
• ——, misery caused by the overflow of the, [175].
• ——, inhabitants of the banks of the, [175].
• Ochota river, the, [246].
• Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks, [195].
• ——, description of the town, [246].
• Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a missionary to Iceland, [93], [94].
• Olginsk, gold mine of, [218].
• Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins every year in, [212].
• Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, [357].
• ——, his discovery of Franklin’s first winter-quarters, [357].
• Onkilon, or sedentary Tchuktchi, [267].
• ——, their mode of life, [267].
• Oraefa Jökul, height of, [69].
• ——, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, [95].
• Orange Island, visited by Barentz, [339].
• Orc. See [Grampus].
• Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the method of reaching the North Pole, [374].
• Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on the Obi, [175].
• ——, their summer huts and mode of life, [185], [186].
• ——, their poverty, [186].
• ——, their winter huts, [186].
• ——, their attachment to their ancient customs, [186], [187].
• ——, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, [187].
• ——, their excellence as archers, [187].
• ——, their personal appearance, and customs, [188].
• ——, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, on them, [194].
• ——, confirmed by the Czar in the possession of their lands, [199].
• Ostrich, Darwin’s, of Patagonia, [420].
• Ostrownoje, town and fair of, [263–265].
• Otter, the sea-, or kalan (Enhydris lutris), value of the fur of the, [211], [212].
• ——, description of, [211].
• ——, chase of the, in Kamchatka, [258].
• —— hunting of the Aleuts, [273].
• Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canadensis), [317].
• ——, fur of the, [317].
• Owl, its favorite food, [43].
• ——, its winter in the highest latitudes, [43].
• Ox, the, in Iceland, [80].
• Oyster, most northerly limit where found, [126].
• P.
• Pachtussow, his circumnavigation of the southern island of Nova Zembla, [148].
• ——, his second voyage and death, [149], [150].
• Pack-ice, [46].
• ——, its tendency to separate in calm weather, [54].
• Paikoff, his discovery of the Fox Islands, [201].
• Parrots of Patagonia, [420].
• Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his Arctic voyages, [344].
• ——, his second voyage, [348].
• ——, his third voyage, [349].
• ——, abandonment of the “Fury,” [349].
• ——, his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, [350].
• ——, his subsequent career, [351].
• Parry, Mount, discovery of, [369].
• ——, Dr. Hayes’s journey to, [373], [374].
• ——, Mountains, discovery of the, [403].
• Päsina river, scanty population of the, [220].
• Patagonia, Captain Fitzroy’s survey of, [415].
• ——, the people of, [417], [420].
• ——, difference of climate between the east and west, [417].
• ——, aridity of the east of, [417], [418].
• ——, large rivers of, [418].
• ——, animals of, [418], [419].
• ——, introduction of the horse, [424].
• ——, fashions of the Patagonians, [421].
• ——, their religious ideas, [421].
• ——, their superstitions and astronomical knowledge, [422].
• ——, their division into tribes, [422].
• ——, their huts, [422].
• ——, their trading routes, [423].
• Patagonians, their system of government, and great cacique, [423].
• ——, their arms, amusements, and character, [424].
• Paul, St., climate of the island, [271].
• ——, chase of the sea-bear on the, [313].
• Paul the First, discovery of the Island of, [274].
• Pekan, or woodshock (Martes Canadensis), fur of the, [316].
• Penas, gulf of, glacier at the, [394].
• Penguin, the, of the Antarctic seas, [395].
• ——, its food, [397].
• Penny, Master, his search for Franklin, [357], [358].
• Peruvian current, influence of the, [394].
• Petermann, Dr. Augustus, his view of the route to the Pole, [374].
• Petrel, the giant (Procellaria gigantea), of the Antarctic seas, [394].
• Petropavlosk, its population, [257].
• ——, unsuccessful attack of the English and French on, [256].
• Petschora river, [149].
• Philip’s bay, [409].
• Phipps, Captain (afterwards Lord Mulgrave), his voyage to discover the north-west passage, [344].
• Pipit (Anthus pratensis), the, of Iceland, [81].
• Plachina, Castrén’s residence and study at, [176].
• Plover island, discovery of, [360].
• Plovers of Iceland, [81].
• Poland, the elk of, [39], [40].
• Pole, North, probable condition of the land (if any) at the, [27].
• Popow, Fedor, his discovery of the gold fields of Eastern Siberia, [214].
• Population of Norway, [122].
• Potato, cultivation of, in Norway, [124].
• Pribilow Islands, climate of, [271].
• ——, sea-lions and guillemots of, [271].
• ——, chase of the sea-bear, [274].
• Prontschischtschew, his fruitless endeavors to double the capes of Taimurland, [200].
• ——, death of him and his wife, [20].
• Prussia, East, the elk of, [39], [40].
• Ptarmigan (Lagopus albus), its residence in the highest latitudes in winter, [43].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• ——, its summer visits to Taimurland, [227].
• —— in the Tundra in summer, [19].
• Pteropods, food for the Greenland whale, [60].
• Puffins of Lovunnen island, [125].
• ——, mode of catching them, [125].
• Punta Arenas, colony of Germans at, [416].
• Pustosersk, visit of Castrén to, [171], [173].
• Pym, Lieut., his sledge journey of search for Franklin, [360].
• R.
• Racoon (Procyon lotor), [315], [378].
• ——, value and trade in the skins of the, [316].
• Rae, Dr., his search for Sir John Richardson, [357].
• ——, his discoveries in the Arctic seas, [357].
• ——, his discovery of the fate of Franklin and his crew, [362].
• Raipass, copper mines at, [128].
• Ranunculus, snow (Ranunculus nivalis), of Nova Zembla, [153].
• Rat, musk-. See [Musquash].
• Ravens of Iceland, [84].
• ——, in Scandinavian mythology, [84], [85].
• ——, superstitions of the Icelanders respecting the, [85].
• Razor-bill, its nests on the most northern rocks, [67].
• Red-knife Indians, their hunting-grounds, [327].
• Red-pole, the, of Spitzbergen, [137].
• Red river colony, destruction of the, [308].
• Red sharks of Iceland, [81].
• Reindeer, its summer and winter quarters in the Arctic regions, [19].
• ——, food found by the, in Spitzbergen, [27].
• ——, its importance to man in the northern regions, [34].
• ——, its formation and adaptation to the circumstances in which it is placed, [34].
• ——, clattering sound of its feet, [34].
• ——, its antlers, [34].
• ——, its young, [35].
• ——, its milk, [36].
• ——, its food and olfactory powers, [36].
• ——, the caribou of North America, [36].
• ——, its geographical range in the Old and New World, [36].
• ——, its love of a cold climate, [36].
• ——, its services to man, [37].
• ——, its enemies, and disorders to which it is liable, [37], [38].
• ——, a nuisance in Iceland, [81].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• ——, the, pens of the Lapps, [160].
• ——, milking the, [160].
• ——, the, sledges of the Lapps, [161].
• ——, attempt made to acclimatize the, in Scotland, [162].
• ——, ravages of wolves in herds of, [164].
• ——, rich Lapp owners of herds of, [164].
• ——, Lapp mode of killing the, [164].
• ——, its two annual migrations, [237].
• —— hunts of the Jukahires of the Aniuj, [237], [238].
• —— races of the Tchuktchi, [266].
• —— hunting of the Esquimaux, [295].
• ——, the Kutchin Indian mode of pounding the, [333].
• ——, chase of the, in Greenland, [388].
• Rensselaer bay, temperature of, in mid-winter, [19], [20].
• ——, Kane’s winters at, [365], [369].
• Resanow, Jakin, his gold-fields, [214].
• “Rescue,” wreck of the, [440].
• Reykjahlid, boiling mud-caldrons of, [70].
• Reykjavik, mean annual temperature of, [78].
• ——, the present capital of Iceland, [91].
• ——, account of, [99], [100].
• ——, the annual fair of, [100].
• ——, salary of the bishop of, [106].
• ——, schools and library of, [108], [109].
• ——, the Icelandic Literary Society, [110].
• Rhinoceros remains found on the coast of Northern Siberia, [203].
• Richardson, Dr. (afterwards Sir John), his Arctic land voyages, [346], [349].
• ——, dreadful sufferings of the party, [346], [347].
• ——, his search for Sir John Franklin, [356].
• Rivers discharging their waters into the Polar ocean, [17].
• —— of Iceland, [78].
• Rocky Mountains, the wild sheep of the, [41].
• Roebuck, near Lake Baikal, [40].
• Rorquals, or fin-whales, habitat and size of the, [60].
• ——, their food, [60].
• Rosmysslow, his investigations of the shores of Nova Zembla, [147].
• Ross, Capt. (afterwards Sir John), Arctic voyages of, [344].
• Ross, Sir John, his second journey, [351].
• ——, his five years in the Arctic Ocean, [351–354].
• ——, his return home and honors, [354].
• ——, Sir James, his Arctic voyages, [351].
• ——, his search for Franklin, [357].
• ——, his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, [402].
• ——, collision between his ships, the “Erebus” and “Terror,” [405], [406].
• ——, his danger between two icebergs, [406].
• Rum, effects of, on an Iceland clergyman, [101].
• Rupert’s Land, held by the Hudson’s Bay Company, [310].
• Russia, character of the coniferæ of, [23], [24].
• ——, the elk of the woods of the northern parts of, [40].
• ——, conquest of, by the Tartars under Baaty Khan, [191].
• ——, liberated from the Tartar yoke by Ivan I., [191].
• ——, advances of, in Siberia, [195].
• ——, annexes the country of the Amoor, [196].
• ——, condition of the natives under the yoke of, [197], [198].
• ——, exiles from, to Siberia, [204–206].
• ——, value of the skins annually imported by, [212], [213].
• ——, life and dwellings in Nishne-Kolymsk, [236].
• ——, first treaty of commerce between England and, [336].
• ——, Company, patent granted to the, to fish off Greenland, [138].
• Russian Fur Company, account of the, and its trade, [272].
• S.
• Sabine, Mount, discovery of, [402].
• Sable, value of the, to the Cossack conquerors of Siberia, [195].
• ——, importance and beauty of the fur of the, [209].
• ——, hunting, [210].
• Sabrina Land, discovery of, [401], [402].
• Sagamen, or historians, of Iceland, [94].
• Sajan Mountains, Castrén’s journey over the, [177].
• Salmon, Alpine (Salmo alpinus), immense numbers of, in Nova Zembla, [155].
• Salmon, shoals of, in the rivers of the Arctic regions, [19].
• ——, abundance of, in Iceland, [87].
• ——, of the Sea of Ochotsk, [246], [247].
• ——, abundance of, in Kamchatka, [255].
• Samoïedes, European, Castrén’s journey among the, [170].
• ——, their drunkenness, [171].
• ——, their impatience of confinement, [171–173].
• ——, their barbarism, [179].
• ——, their Supreme Being, Num, or Jilibeambaertje, [179].
• ——, their recourse to incantations, [180].
• ——, their idols, [180], [181].
• ——, their reverence paid to the dead, [181].
• ——, their mode of taking an oath, [182].
• ——, their personal appearance and habits, [182].
• ——, their wealth in reindeer, [183], [184].
• ——, their entire number in Europe and Asia, [184].
• ——, their traditions of ancient heroes, [184].
• ——, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, [199].
• ——, the companions of Von Middendorff on his journey, [221], [225].
• Sämund Frode, his Icelandic works, [94].
• Sand-bee (Andrena) of Nova Zembla, [154].
• Sand-reed bread used in Iceland, [79].
• Sarmiento, Pedro, his voyage, [414].
• Sawina river, [148].
• Saxifragas, the, of the treeless zone, [20].
• Scalds, or bards, of Iceland, [94].
• Scandinavia, character of the coniferæ of, [22].
• Schalaurow, his journeys on the coast of Siberia, [201].
• Scharostin, his residence at Spitzbergen, [142].
• Schelagskoi, Cape, rounded by Count Michael Staduchin, [197].
• ——, reached by Schalaurow, [201].
• Scoresby, Dr., his visit to Spitzbergen, [132].
• ——, Captain, his near approach to the North Pole, [344].
• ——, his voyage to Greenland, [385], [386].
• Scotia, Nova, discovered and colonized by Greenlanders, [335].
• Scurvy in Spitzbergen, [140–142].
• ——, preservative against, [141].
• ——, Lapp mode of preventing the, [166].
• Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic winter, [27].
• Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions, [391].
• ——, absence of vegetation in the, [391].
• ——, causes of the inferiority of the Antarctic climate, [391], [392].
• ——, immensity of the icebergs of the, [392].
• ——, the Peruvian current, [394].
• ——, birds of the coasts, [394].
• ——, cetaceans, [397–399].
• ——, Austral fishes, [400].
• ——, voyages of discovery, [401].
• ——, storms and pack-ice, [404] et seq.
• Seas, Arctic, dangers peculiar to the, [45].
• ——, floating masses of ice, [45], [46].
• ——, ice-blink, [54].
• ——, summer fogs, [54].
• ——, clearness of the atmosphere and apparent nearness of objects, [55].
• ——, phenomena of reflection and refraction of the atmosphere, [55].
• ——, causes which prevent the accumulation of Polar ice, [55–57].
• ——, the animals of the, [40], [43], [44], [59].
• ——, Russian discoveries off the Siberian coast, [201] et seq.
• ——, Von Middendorff’s journey down the Taimur river to the Polar sea, [221].
• ——, Wrangell’s nights on the Polar sea, [239].
• ——, his observations on the Polar sea, [240].
• ——, Matiuschkin’s sledge journey, [241].
• ——, voyages of the English and Dutch, [335] et seq.
• Sea-bear of Bering’s sea, [62].
• Sea-eagles of the coast of Norway, [125].
• Sea-elephant of the Antarctic Ocean. [398], [399].
• Sea-gulls of the coast of Norway, [124], [125].
• Sea-lion of Bering sea, [62].
• —— of the Pribilow Islands, [271].
• Seal-fishing at Spitzbergen, [142].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [155].
• —— hunts of the Esquimaux, [295], [296].
• —— catching at Newfoundland, [381].
• —— hunting on the coasts of Greenland, [384], [446].
• Seals, the, of the Polar seas, [62].
• ——, their uses to man, [62], [446].
• ——, the Antarctic, [399], [400].
• ——, their igloos, [449].
• Sea-otter, value of the skin and former numbers of the, [201], [202].
• Sedger river, romantic scenery of the, [410].
• Semple, Governor, murder of, [308].
• Sertularians on the coasts of Greenland, [59].
• Service-trees in the Arctic regions, [24].
• Shark, basking, on the northern coasts of Iceland, [87].
• ——, its uses to the islanders, [87].
• ——, oil manufactured from its liver, [87].
• ——, the northern (Scymnus microcephalus), abundance of, off Spitzbergen, [137].
• ——, fishery of, on the coast of Greenland, [387].
• Sheep, wild (Ovis montana), of the Rocky Mountains, description of the, [41].
• ——, the, of Iceland, and their enemies, [80].
• ——, mode of sheep-shearing, [80].
• Shetland Islands, New, account of the, [392], [393].
• Shrimps off Spitzbergen, [133].
• Siberia, extent of the treeless zone of, [22].
• ——, character of the coniferæ of, [23], [24].
• ——, the elk of, [39].
• ——, the roebuck and red deer of, [40].
• ——, the argali, or wild sheep of, [41].
• ——, the white dolphin in the rivers of, [61].
• ——, conquest of, by the Cossacks, for the Russians, [193], [194].
• ——, final conquest of, by the Russians, and foundation of Tobolsk, [195] et seq.
• ——, condition of the natives of, under the dominion of Russia, [197], [198].
• ——, scientific expeditions sent to, [200] et seq.
• ——, its past ages, [203].
• ——, its extent and capabilities, [204].
• ——, the exiles sent there, [204–206].
• ——, their condition there, [206].
• ——, condition of the West Siberian peasants, [207], [208].
• ——, resources of the country, [208].
• ——, extremes of heat and cold, [208].
• ——, fur-bearing animals, [209] et seq.
• ——, the gold-fields of Eastern, and the miners, [214–216].
• ——, value of the produce of some of the mines, [217], [218].
• ——, entire value of the produce of gold in 1856 and 1860, [218].
• ——, luxury and extravagance caused by the wealthy gold speculators, [218], [219].
• ——, the gold of the Ural, [219].
• ——, New, lemmings of, [27].
• ——, discovery of the islands of, [201], [202].
• ——, fossil ivory of, [202].
• Sibir, the capital of the Tartars in Siberia, [192].
• ——, taken by Yermak, the robber, for the Czar, [194].
• Simpson, Mr. Thomas, his Arctic land voyage, [355].
• ——, his discoveries, [356].
• ——, assassinated, [356].
• Sirowatsky, his discovery of the Archipelago of New Siberia, [203].
• Skalholt, the ancient capital of Iceland, account of, [98].
• ——, its present condition, [99].
• ——, its meadow lands and scenery, [99].
• Skaptar jökul, [69].
• ——, the great eruption of, in 1783, [95].
• Skates of Lapps, [161].
• Skeidara, Mr. Holland’s journey across the, [111], [112].
• Skjalfandafljot river in Iceland, [78].
• Skogslappar, or Forest Lapps, account of the, [166].
• Sledges of the Lapps, [161].
• ——, the sacred sledge, Hahengau, of the Samoïedes, [180].
• Smith’s Sound, temperature of, [27].
• ——, icebergs formed in, [48].
• ——, discovery of the entrance to, [343], [365].
• “Smoke, valley of,” in Iceland, [70].
• Snorri Sturleson, the Herodotus of the North, account of him and his “Heimskringla,” [94], [95].
• Snow-buntings of the “barren grounds,” [18].
• Snow, its protection of the vegetation of the Arctic regions, [19].
• ——, warmth caused by, [19].
• ——, no land yet found covered to the water’s edge with eternal snow, [27].
• ——, amount of the fall of, in Taimurland, [225], [226].
• ——, probable diminution of the fall of, advancing towards the pole, [226].
• ——, its protection against cold, [226].
• Socialism among the Dog-rib Indians, [329].
• Solfataras of Iceland and Sicily compared, [88].
• Solovetskoi, convent of, [180].
• Sorcery of the Laplanders, [158].
• ——, of the Samoïedes, [180].
• Spain, salted cod-fish imported into, [129].
• Spasy, produce of the gold mine of, [218].
• Spirits, invisible, of the Samoïedes, [180], [181].
• Spitzbergen, flowers of, [20].
• ——, vast fields of ice in the plateau of, [27].
• ——, food of the reindeer of, [27].
• ——, proofs of a former milder climate in, [29], [30].
• ——, birds of, [43], [44].
• ——, apparent nearness of objects at, in clear weather, [54].
• ——, the walrus of the coast of, [64].
• ——, description of the archipelago of, [131], [132].
• ——, the west coast, [132].
• ——, Scoresby’s ascent of a mountain, and excursion along the coast, [132], [133].
• ——, Magdalena bay, [133–136].
• ——, ice-cliffs and avalanches of ice, [135].
• ——, scientific exploring expeditions sent to, [136].
• ——, flora and fauna of, [136], [137].
• ——, fisheries of, [139].
• ——, coal and drift-wood of, [137], [138].
• ——, history of, [138].
• ——, attempts made to colonize it, [139–141].
• ——, Russian hunters’ mode of wintering at, [142].
• ——, walrus and seal-fishing at, [142].
• ——, discovery of, [340].
• Spout, the, of Newfoundland, [376].
• Springs, hot, of Iceland, [70].
• ——, the Geysir, [71].
• ——, the Strokkr, [72].
• Spruce fir of the Hudson’s Bay territory, [24].
• Squirrel, value of the fur of the, [212].
• Stadolski Island, visit of Pachtussow to, [148].
• Staduchin, Count Michael, his foundation of the town of Nishnei-Kolymsk, [196], [197].
• —— navigates the sea eastward of Cape Schelagskoi, [197].
• Stawinen river, [148].
• Steller, G. W., notice of him, [248].
• ——, his scientific journey to Kamchatka, [248].
• ——, ill-treated by Bering, [250].
• ——, his sufferings on Bering’s Island, [251].
• ——, death of his commander, Bering, [252].
• ——, his return to Kamchatka, [252].
• ——, persecuted by the Siberian authorities, [253].
• ——, his death, [253].
• Stockfish of Iceland, [87].
• Storms on the White Sea, [169].
• —— of the Tundras, [172], [173].
• —— of the Arctic zone, [225], [226].
• —— off Newfoundland, [381].
• —— in the Antarctic ocean, [404], [405].
• ——, the williwaws, or hurricane squalls, of the Strait of Magellan, [412].
• Strogonoff, foundation of the Russian family of, [192], [193].
• Strokkr, description of the, [72].
• Strongbow Indians of the Rocky Mountains, the, [327].
• Sukkertoppen, seen by Davis, [337].
• Sulphur of Iceland, [88].
• ——, compared with that of Sicily, [88].
• Summer, the perpetual daylight of, [36].
• ——, fogs of, [54].
• —— in Taimurland, [225].
• Sun, the midnight, effect of, on icebergs, [50–52].
• Sunset, magnificence of a, [32].
• Surgut, Castrén’s visit to, [175].
• Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, description of, [77].
• Suslik, the, of Siberia, [212].
• ——, value of its fur, [212].
• Sviatoinoss, Cape, fossil ivory at, [202].
• Sviatoi-noss, doubled by the Russians, [200].
• Swans of Iceland, [81], [84].
• T.
• Tabin, the imaginary Cape, of the Dutch navigators, [339].
• Tadibes, or sorcerers of the Samoïedes, [180].
• ——, their dress and incantations, [180].
• Tagilsk, Nishne, the gold-producing town of, [219].
• Taiga, melancholy character of the, [230].
• ——, gold-fields of the, [213].
• Taimur Lake, visited by Lieut. Laptew, [200].
• ——, storm on the, [223].
• Taimur river, visited by Lieut. Laptew, [200].
• ——, Von Middendorff’s journey to the, [221–223].
• Taimurland, endeavors of Prontschischtschew to double the capes of, [200].
• ——, Middendorff’s adventures in, [220], [221].
• ——, his observations on the climate and natural productions of, [225].
• ——, amount of the fall of snow in, [225], [226].
• Tana river, discovery of the, by Jelissei Busa, [195].
• Tarn Mount, Darwin’s ascent of, [411].
• Tartars, their subjection of the Russians, [191].
• —— driven out by Ivan I., [191].
• —— permanently overthrown by Ivan II., [192].
• Tattooing, Cree Indian mode of, [323].
• Tchendoma, the, visited by Jelissei Busa, [195].
• Tchuktchi, barren grounds in the land of the, [21], [22].
• ——, the land of the, [262].
• ——, pipes of, [264].
• ——, their short summer, [262].
• ——, their independence and commercial enterprise, [263].
• —— ladies, Matiuschkin’s visit to some, [265].
• ——, amusements of the people, [266].
• ——, the wandering and sedentary, [267].
• ——, their mode of life, [267].
• ——, population of the land of the, [267].
• Tea-parties at Nishne-Kolymsk, [238].
• Temperature of Rensselaer bay in mid-winter, [19], [20].
• ——, effect of the sea on, of the Arctic regions, [27].
• Temperature, influence of the winds on, [27].
• ——, former milder, of the Arctic regions, [29].
• ——, probable causes of the changes in the Arctic climate, [29].
• ——, the lowest ever felt by man, [28].
• ——, how man is enabled to bear extraordinary low, [28].
• —— of Iceland at different places, [78].
• Tennyson’s Monument, Dr. Kane’s description of, [367].
• Terror, Mount, [403].
• Terski Lapps, Castrén’s attempted journey to the, [170].
• Thangbrand, Christian missionary to Iceland, [93], [94].
• Thingvalla, plain of, [76].
• ——, site of the ancient Icelandic Althing at, [91], [92].
• ——, pastor of, [104].
• ——, church of, [105].
• Thingvalla Lake, in Iceland, [92].
• Thiorsa river, in Iceland, [78].
• Thorlakson, Jon, the poet of Iceland, account of him and his works, [107].
• Thorne, Robert, his suggestion for sailing across the North Pole, [342].
• Thorwald the traveller, the first Christian Icelander, his career, [92], [93].
• Tides, effect of the, in preventing the accumulation of Polar ice, [57].
• Tinné Indians, defeated by the Crees, [319].
• ——, their retaliation, [320].
• ——, their wars with the Blackfeet, [320].
• ——, their wigwams, or tents, [324].
• ——, various tribes of the, and their range, [327].
• ——, their appearance, manners, and customs, [327–329].
• ——, improvements in their condition, [329], [330].
• ——, their wives and children, [330].
• ——, their cruelty to the aged, [330].
• Tjumen, the first settlement of Russians in Siberia, [195].
• ——, Steller’s grave at, [253].
• Tobacco, fondness of the Lapps for, [165], [167].
• ——, eagerness of the wild tribes of the North for, [264].
• Tobolsk, battle of, [193], [195].
• ——, foundation of the city of, [195].
• ——, condition of the southern part, [207], [208].
• Tolstoi Ness, Castrén’s visit to, [177].
• Tolstych, Adrian, his discoveries, [201].
• Tomsk, criminals of, [206], [207].
• Tornea, reindeer gloves of, [37].
• Torsteinson Jon, the martyr of the Westman Islands, [118].
• Tookoolito, [442], [466].
• Train-oil of Tromsö, [128].
• Transbaikalia, Castrén’s visit to, [177].
• Travelling in Iceland, [110], [111].
• Treeless zone of Europe, Asia, and America, [18–22].
• Treurenberg bay, deer of, [137].
• Trölladyngja, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, [95].
• Tromsö, cod-fishery and cod-liver oil of, [128].
• ——, description of the town and island, [128].
• Tschirigow, his voyages, [201].
• Tucutuco (Ctenomys Magellanica), the, of Patagonia, [419].
• Tundri, or barren grounds of the Arctic regions, [18], [19].
• —— of the European Samoïedes, [171].
• Tundri, storms of the Tundras, [172].
• Tung-ower, or hot spring at Reikholt, in Iceland, [70].
• Tungusi, the, their relationship to the Mantchou, [244].
• ——, their conquests and final subjugation by the Russians, [244].
• ——, their intellectual development, [244].
• ——, their tribes and population, [244].
• ——, their wretchedness, [244].
• ——, their manners and customs, [245].
• Tunguska river, gold-fields of the Upper, [214].
• Turkey-buzzard, the, of Patagonia, [419].
• Turuchansk, Castrén’s visits to, [176], [177].
• Tyndall glacier, enormous size of, [50].
• U.
• Uffliot the Wise, his first code of laws in Iceland, [91].
• Unalaschka, climate of, [269].
• ——, vegetation of, [269], [270].
• ——, people of, [273].
• Union, Cape, Dr. Hayes’s sledge voyage to, [373], [374].
• United States, right of, to fish on the banks of Newfoundland, [379].
• Ural Mountains, Castrén’s passage of the, [174].
• ——, first discovery of gold in the, [214].
• ——, quantity of gold found in the, [219].
• Ustsylmsk, Castrén’s visit to, and ill-treatment at, [173], [174].
• Utzjoki, the pastor of, [169].
• Uusa river, Castrén’s journey up the, [174].
• V.
• Vaage, cod-fishery of, [126].
• ——, ancient importance of, [126].
• Vancouver’s Island, placed under the management of the Hudson’s Bay Company, [310].
• Vapor baths of the Cree Indians, [324].
• Väre, the, of Norway, [124].
• Vegetation, protection afforded by snow to, [19].
• ——, distinctive characters of the Arctic forests, [22–24].
• —— of the “barren grounds,” [18], [21], [22].
• ——, length of time necessary for the formation of even small stems of trees in the Arctic regions, [25].
• ——, harmless character of the Arctic plants, [25].
• ——, no land yet discovered in which it is entirely subdued by winter, [27].
• ——, former, of the northern regions of the globe, [29].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [136].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [152].
• —— of Taimurland, [226].
• —— of Kamchatka, [254].
• —— of the Bay of Awatscha, [256].
• —— of the Pribilow Islands, [271].
• —— of Newfoundland, [376].
• —— of Greenland, [388].
• ——, absence of, in the Antarctic regions, [391].
• —— of Port Famine, [410].
• Verchnei Ostrog, in Kamchatka, built, [198].
• Verazzani, his voyages, [335].
• Vestfjord, cod-fishery of the, [126].
• Victoria Land, discovery of, [402].
• Videy, eider-ducks of, [81], [82].
• Vigr, eider-ducks of, [83].
• ——, Mr. Shepherd’s visit to, [83], [84].
• Vikings, their courage and discoveries, [89].
• Virgins, Cape, [409].
• Vogelsang, deer of, [137].
• Volcanic eruptions in Iceland since its colonization, [95].
• Volcanoes giving birth to Iceland, [68].
• ——, those now existing there, [69].
• ——, the Esk, on Jan Meyen, [146].
• ——, of Kamchatka, [256].
• ——, eruption of Mount Erebus, [403].
• Vole, field (Arvicola œconomus), indigenous to Iceland, [80].
• Voyageur, the, of North America, [304].
• ——, his life and character, [304], [305].
• W.
• Walrus, or morse (Trichechus rosmarus), description of the, [62–64].
• ——, its affectionate temper, [64].
• ——, its parental love, [64].
• ——, its chief resorts and food, [64].
• —— fishing at Spitzbergen, [144].
• —— hunted on Bear Island, [144].
• —— of Nova Zembla, [155].
• —— hunting on the coast of Aliaska, [275].
• ——, pieces of skin of, a medium of exchange, [276].
• ——, Esquimaux mode of hunting it, [298].
• Washington Land, discovery of, [369].
• ——, Dr. Hayes’s journey to, [373].
• Wassiljew, his visit to the Lena, [195].
• Waygatz, island of, the sacred island of the Samoïedes [180].
• Weasel, the Siberian (Viverra Siberica), the fur of, [211].
• Weddell, Captain, his Antarctic voyages, [401].
• Welden, his visit to Bear Island, [144].
• Wellington Channel, temperature of, [28].
• ——, discovery of, [345].
• Wenjamin, the Archimandrite, [170].
• Western, Thomas, preaches Christianity to the Lapps, [156].
• Westman Islands, description of the, [114].
• ——, difficulty of access of the, [114].
• ——, how they became colonized, [115].
• ——, Heimaey, or Home Island, [116].
• ——, food and trade of the people, [117].
• ——, population and mortality of the children, [118].
• ——, their sufferings from pirates, [118], [119].
• Weymouth, his voyage to Hudson’s Bay, [341].
• Whale, the Greenland (Balæna mysticetus), or smooth-back, [60].
• —— off Nova Zembla, [155].
• ——, the white, or beluga, [61].
• ——, the “ca’ing,” [62].
• ——, a stranded, at Spitzbergen, [133].
• ——, the fin-back, [59], [60].
• —— of Spitzbergen, [137].
• —— off Nova Zembla, [155].
• ——, smooth-backed, of the Antarctic seas, [397].
• ——, sperm, of the Antarctic Ocean, [398].
• Whalers, their dangers, in the Arctic seas, [48].
• ——, depressing effect of the summer fogs, [54].
• ——, their operations in the Polar seas, [59].
• ——, whale chases of the Aleuts, [275].
• ——, whale-hunts of the Esquimaux, [295].
• ——, abundance of whales in the Antarctic seas, [397].
• ——, battle between a whale and a grampus, [398].
• Whale Sound, enormous glaciers of, [50].
• White-fish, or Coregonus, of North America, [310], [311].
• White Sea, Castrén’s journey to the, [170].
• ——, Chancellor’s discovery of the passage from England to the, [192].
• ——, an English expedition in the, [336].
• Whymper, Frederick, travels in Alaska, [277–289].
• Wilkes, Captain, his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, [402].
• Wilkes’s Land, discovery of, [402].
• Williwaws of the Strait of Magellan, [412].
• Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his voyage and death, [336].
• Willow, polar (Salix polaris), of Nova Zembla, [153].
• ——, dwarf, of the treeless zone, [21].
• ——, dwarf, on the shores of the rivers and lakes, [24].
• Wind-hole Strait of the Dutch navigators, [339].
• Winds, effects of the cold sea-winds on vegetation, [22].
• ——, influence of the, on an Arctic climate, [27].
• Winter Harbor, Parry’s winter in, [345].
• Winteria aromatica, the, [410].
• Witchcraft and witches of the Laplanders, [158].
• Wolf, its attack of the reindeer, [37], [38].
• ——, Lapp mode of hunting the, [164].
• —— in Newfoundland, [378].
• Wolverine. See [Glutton].
• ——, fur of the, [316].
• Wood, length of time necessary for the formation of, in the Arctic regions, [25].
• Woman, dying, abandoned, [462].
• Wrangell, Lieut. von, his services as an Arctic explorer, [233].
• Wrangell, his journey to the shores of the Polar sea, [234].
• ——, his winters at Kolymsk, [238].
• ——, his night on the Polar sea, [239].
• ——, his danger, and return to St. Petersburg, [241–243].
• Wrestling for a wife among the Tinné Indians, [330];
• and among the Kutchin Indians, [332].
• Y.
• Yenisei river, importance of, [17].
• Yermak Timodajeff, the Cossack robber, [192].
• ——, his conquest of Siberia and death, [194].
• ——, his monument in Tobolsk, [194], [195].
• York roads, beauty of, [412].
• Yukon river, [278–289].
• ——, ice in, [283].
• Yukon, fort, [284].
• Z.
• Zembla, Nova, vast ice-fields of, [27].
• ——, mean temperature of, in summer and winter, [27].
• ——, the narwhal of the seas of, [60].
• ——, the walruses of the coasts of, [64].
• Zinzendorf, Count, his interest in Greenland, [384].
• Ziwolka, the Russian steersman, his voyages, [149], [150].
• ——, his meteorological observations, [150].

THE END.

---

HARPER & BROTHERS’

LIST OF NEW BOOKS.

☞ Harper & Brothers will send any of the following books by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price.

Harper’s Catalogue, with Classified Index of Contents, sent by mail on receipt of Five Cents, or it may be obtained gratuitously on application to the Publishers personally.

LOSSING’S WAR OF 1812. The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the Last War for American Independence. By Benson J. Lossing, Author of “The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution.” With 882 Illustrations, engraved on Wood by Lossing & Barritt, chiefly from Original Sketches by the Author. Complete in One Volume, 1084 pages, large 8vo. Price, in Cloth, $7 00; Sheep, $8 50; Full Roan, $9 00; Half Calf or Half Morocco extra, $10 00.

Mr. Lossing not only writes excellent history, but he collects the materials from which that history is made; and we are reminded of Herodotus, who traveled into many lands to obtain the materials from which his immortal work was composed, and whose skillfulness in acquiring knowledge, and sagacity and truthfulness in using his acquisitions, modern research and criticism are putting beyond all question, thus refuting that ignorance which would have it that the Father of History was the Father of Lies. Mr. Lossing’s industry is equaled only by his conscientiousness, which leads him to treat all parties to the War of 1812 with the utmost impartiality, and to give all the facts that throw light upon the contest, which is a novelty in writing about it, for never was the history of an important war told in a more partisan manner than that of our second conflict with England. * * * The time has come when it is possible to write of it with candor as well as with spirit, as Mr. Lossing writes its history; and the time has come, too, when we are beginning to understand its real effect on the country, and when it is possible to discuss its character and its consequences in a philosophical manner, as Mr. Lossing discusses them. * * * It is proper that the history of such a contest should be given in a sound manner; and such is the work that Mr. Lossing has placed before his countrymen, after immense exertions to make it worthy of their approbation. That they will well appreciate what he has done so thoroughly is a thing of course. For young persons who would have correct views of their country’s history, no better book can be named. Its minuteness, its liveliness, its accuracy, its high tone, and its exhaustive character, render it a fine opening work for youthful readers, whose minds are always injured by the perusal of superficial histories. * * * The volume is perfectly printed, no European or American book ever having come from the press in a more elegant state. The paper and the binding are faultless. In fact, the book pleases the eye as much as it affords food for the mind. It should be in every library, public and private, and in the hands of all persons who would understand American history, and who would acquire knowledge thereof from the highest available sources.—Boston Traveller.

Worthy of the highest praise for its full and vivid recital of the stirring events on land and sea that ended with the Battle of New Orleans, and for its valuable summary of political affairs from the close of the Revolution to the Peace of Ghent.—Evening Post.

HARTWIG’S POLAR WORLD. The Polar World: a Popular Description of Man and Nature in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions of the Globe. By Dr. G. Hartwig, Author of “The Sea and its Living Wonders,” “The Harmonies of Nature,” and “The Tropical World.” With Additional Chapters and 160 Illustrations by the American Editor. 8vo, Cloth.

Those of our readers who are acquainted with Dr. Hartwig’s former books on Physical Geography, especially his “Tropical World,” will not be disappointed by his description of man and nature in the Arctic and Antarctic regions of the globe. Whereas within the tropics the variety and abundance of nature throw man and his works into the shade, in the “Polar World” man becomes the most important and interesting animal. A great part of Dr. Hartwig’s book is taken up with the adventures and hair-breadth escapes of discoverers by land and sea—Norsemen, Finns, Cossacks, Russians, Dutch, English, and Americans. Among these, the Finn philologist Castrén is perhaps the most interesting. He wore out his life traveling across the frozen deserts of Northern Europe and Asia, from Lapland to Lake Baikal, studying the languages of the most remote tribes, and died soon after his return to the University of Helsingfors. Equally interesting is the account of the Cossack conquest of Siberia by the adventurous robber Yermak Timodajeff. The book contains several lively sketches of the natives of these inclement regions, including not only the Lapps, Samoyedes, Jakuts, etc., of Europe and Asia, but also the Esquimaux and Indians of Arctic America.—Pall Mall Gazette.

SCOTT’S FISHING-BOOK. Fishing in American Waters. By Genio C. Scott. 170 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3 50.

Contains a vast amount of information concerning the sea and fresh-water fishes of our American waters, the various methods of capturing them, the tackle to be employed, etc. Important in respect of fish-culture. This book, like the author of it, is eminently practical, and every angler ought to have it. We doubt whether there is another man in America capable of writing and illustrating, as Mr. Scott has done, such a book as this.—Spirit of the Times.

The author is a skillful votary of the fascinating art, to which he has given many years of successful practice, not only with an unusual knowledge of the subject, but with a keen sense of its manifold enjoyments. * * * Describes the principal varieties of the American salt and fresh water fishes, offers minute directions for the most feasible methods of capture, and enlivens his statements by relations of personal adventures in many waters, and picturesque descriptions of nature.—N. Y. Tribune.

The book has certainly been got up with painstaking care and a devoted love of the subject, and it unquestionably contains a vast mass of valuable information and innumerable useful directions.—N. Y. Citizen.

UPHAM’S MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. Mental Philosophy; embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will. By Thomas C. Upham, D.D., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Bowdoin College. In Two Volumes. Vol. I.: Intellect, Language; Vol. II.: Sensibilities, Will. 12mo, Cloth, $1 75 per volume.

HARPER’S HAND-BOOK OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. Harper’s Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East. Being a Guide through France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, and Great Britain and Ireland. With a Railroad Map corrected up to 1869. By W. Pembroke Fetridge. Revised Edition: Eighth Year. Large 12mo, Leather, Pocket-Book Form, $7 50.

HARPER’S PHRASE-BOOK; or Hand-Book of Travel Talk for Travellers and Schools. Being a Guide to Conversations in English, French, German, and Italian, on a New and Improved Method. Intended to accompany “Harper’s Hand-Book for Travellers.” By W. Pembroke Fetridge. Assisted by Professors of Heidelberg University. With concise and explicit Rules for the Pronunciation of the different Languages. Square 16mo, Flexible Cloth, $1 50.

WALLACE’S MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel. 1854–1862. With Studies of Man and Nature. By Alfred Russel Wallace. With Ten Maps and Fifty-one Elegant Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3 50.

Mr. Wallace’s style is as charming as Darwin’s, and greater praise it could not have. His scientific observations are as interesting as other people’s adventures: he is a truly intelligent writer—one who has the power to interest others in his pursuits, investigations, and speculations. Those who have read Mr. Darwin’s “Voyage of a Naturalist,” a book too little known, will find in this a companion volume as absorbingly interesting and as clear and instructive as that.—N. Y. Evening Post.

In short, no book of travels, adventure, and observations of our time can be pronounced superior to this, in which Mr. Wallace gives an accurate account of that rich and wonderful part of the globe, the great and lavishly-endowed Malay Archipelago, and which the American publishers have reproduced in admirable style.—Boston Traveller.

A vivid picture of tropical life, which may be read with unflagging interest, and a sufficient account of his scientific conclusions to stimulate our appetite without wearying us by detail. In short, we may safely say that we have seldom read a more agreeable book of its kind.—Saturday Review.

ABBOTT’S NEW TESTAMENT TRUTHS. Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths. By Lyman Abbott, Author of “Jesus of Nazareth, his Life and Teachings,” &c. Elegantly Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth. (Nearly Ready.)

ABBOTT’S JOSEPH BONAPARTE. The History of Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples and of Italy. By John S. C. Abbott, Author of “The History of Napoleon Bonaparte,” “The French Revolution,” &c. 16mo, Cloth, $1 20. Uniform with

Abbotts’ Illustrated Histories.

By Jacob Abbott and John S. C. Abbott. 16mo, Cloth, $1 20 per Volume.

Cyrus the Great,
Darius the Great,
Xerxes,
Alexander the Great,
Romulus,
Hannibal,
Pyrrhus,
Julius Cæsar,
Cleopatra,
Nero,
Alfred the Great,
William the Conqueror,
Richard I.,
Richard II.,
Richard III.,
Mary Queen of Scots,
Queen Elizabeth,
Charles I.,
Charles II.,
Josephine,
Maria Antoinette,
Madame Roland,
Henry IV.,
Peter the Great,
Genghis Khan,
King Philip,
Hernando Cortez,
Margaret of Anjou.

LOOMIS’S ASTRONOMY. Elements of Astronomy. Designed for Academies and High Schools. By Elias Loomis, LL.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, and Author of a “Course of Mathematics.” 12mo, Sheep, $1 50.

We took up Prof. Loomis’s Elements of Astronomy, confident that we should here find, brought within the comprehension of unscientific minds, the higher truths of a science whose grandeur is lost to the common people by the technicalities in which it is enshrined. We have not been disappointed. We know of no treatise on Astronomy to which we should turn for an explanation of any of its elementary principles with such confident assurance of receiving real satisfaction, and none which we should so soon place in the hands of a young person who desired an introduction to this study.—New Monthly Magazine.

NEVIUS’S CHINA. China and the Chinese: a General Description of the Country and its Inhabitants; its Civilization and Form of Government; its Religious and Social Institutions; its Intercourse with other Nations; and its Present Condition and Prospects. By the Rev. John L. Nevius, Ten Years a Missionary in China. With a Map and Illustrations. l2mo, Cloth, $1 75.

The great merit of the book seems to be that it undertakes to tell, in a plain and practical manner, those main things which intelligent people desire to learn about China, its people, life, customs, religions, etc., and does it without encumbering itself with overmuch of detail or profundity. Reading it is much like having a series of talks with a Chinaman who is able freely to answer all those questions which a curious Yankee is prompted to ask about his nation, and who does so. We incline to think it the best book yet published in our language for giving a general description of China and its people, without being overburdened in any direction with details.—Congregationalist.

When Mr. Nevius tells us about the fashions, the ways of talking, shopping, teaching, trading, praying, eating, marrying, burying, gambling, reading, writing, which he saw among them, he makes the scenes life-life; the interests treated he makes altogether human: and so he leads us on in a path almost as entertaining as a journey of our own.—N. Y. Evening Post.

ROOSEVELT’S FIVE ACRES TOO MUCH. Five Acres Too Much. A Truthful Elucidation of the Attractions of the Country, and a Careful Consideration of the Question of Profit and Loss as involved in Amateur Farming, with much Valuable Advice and Instruction to those about Purchasing Large or Small Places in the Rural Districts. By Robert B. Roosevelt, Author of “Game Fish of North America,” “Superior Fishing,” “Game Birds,” &c. With Characteristic Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

One of the pleasantest bits of satire we have read for some time. The author has written the book for the purpose of having a good-humored fling at the writers of works which profess to show how, out of half a dozen acres of land any where, the veriest novice can make splendid profit and good time as a practical farmer. So Mr. Roosevelt tells us how, fired with the noble inspiration these books suggest, he got his five acres, built his house, bought his horse, cows, pigs, and poultry, and went to work to convert himself into a successful agriculturist. His experiences are very droll, and the financial results he arrives at highly ingenious and satisfactory. There is not too much extravagance in the book—just enough to make one laugh, not enough to convert the mirth into broad farce and grotesquerie.—Independent.

An injunction should be put upon the sale of this book, for we consider it a dangerous thing to be let loose upon the community. This opinion is formed from its effect upon ourselves. Though progressive in most matters, we have some old fogy notions about books, and one of these is to read them before noticing them. We read “Five Acres Too Much,” and when we laid it down felt as lame and sore as if we had done a hard day’s work at mowing or rowing. Is a book which makes one laugh until he cries, laugh until he is tired and can not laugh any more, a safe thing? We call the attention of the Board of Health to the Harpers, and give ours to the book. It is the story of a city lawyer who went to the country to farm it on five acres, and contains an account of the blunders of a novice. There is a perfect breeze of fun through the whole, not boisterous fun, but charming and irresistible, and it is marked by a genial appreciation of the ludicrous. We have not for a long time been so thorougly amused as in reading this book, and laughed none the less at the gentle digs he gives us as editors in general, and of the Agriculturist in particular.—American Agriculturist.

BOURNE’S LONDON MERCHANTS. Famous London Merchants. A Book for Boys. By H. R. Fox Bourne. With Portrait of George Peabody and 24 Illustrations, 16mo, Cloth, $1 00.

Tells pleasantly, and with much casual information about commerce and foreign countries, the story of the lives of thirteen London merchants, from famous Dick Whittington to our honored countryman, George Peabody. Most of them were self-made men, and surely no better incentives to a proper ambition can be placed before boys than these simple stories of real and honored lives. It is a book, too, which boys will seize upon gladly, since it allows the subjects to speak for themselves, and attempts no moralizing. We know of no book which a father could better buy for his boys.—N. Y. Evening Mail.

GUICCIOLI’S RECOLLECTIONS OF LORD BYRON. My Recollections of Lord Byron: and those of Eye-Witnesses of his Life. By the Countess Guiccioli. Translated by Hubert E. H. Jerningham. Portrait, 12mo, Cloth, $1 75.

This book is of great value; for it collects the various opinions of Lord Byron’s biographers, presents them at one glance, illustrates them by the letters and journal of the poet himself, and subjects them to a final criticism.—Pall Mall Gazette.

FLAGG’S EUROPEAN VINEYARDS. Three Seasons in European Vineyards. Treating of Vine-Culture; Vine Disease and its Cure; Wine-Making and Wines, Red and White; Wine-Drinking, as affecting Health and Morals. By William J. Flagg. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

A pleasant, gossipy book of travels through those portions of France rarely visited by tourists, with fresh pictures, touches of historical lore, glimpses of ancient chateaux buried in trees, of the queer characters one meets with in a diligence, of rural amusements, of firesides in the inn kitchens, of quaint customs and odd sayings, and all related in a simple and natural way, with here and there a touch of humor, must always be acceptable to the general reader. He holds the book lightly in his hand, as if he could lay it down at any moment; but he does not lay it down—a smile lingers on his lips, and he enjoys it to the last page. * * * Such a book is the one now before us, and if this were its only merit, we should say no more. But interwoven with the narrative of travel are some suggestions, hints, and thoughts drawn from acute observation, which enhance the value of the book ten—or rather ten times ten—fold. His theme is, Vine-Culture in Europe. His object is to use the long experience of the old world in this branch of science for the promotion of Vine-Culture in America. Thus, like a true master, he makes his narrative pleasant to attract readers, his description of Vine-Culture in Europe minute, accurate, and valuable; and the application of his suggestions to our own methods of this growing branch of home industry he leaves to the sagacity of the reader to use or to improve upon. * * * There is probably no person better qualified in this country to write upon this subject.—Evening Post.

Besides being a summary of useful information concerning the produce of the grape, the present book contains an extremely pleasant sketch of travel, interspersed with reflections of much interest and observations of considerable originality, affording a picture of a certain phase of French life unknown and unseen by ordinary tourists. It is full of that kind of entertaining reading which Sir Philip Sidney styles “trifles triflingly handled;” and congenial fancy kindles over descriptions of the beautiful scenery, the oddities of local customs, the luxurious vineyards, the genial atmosphere, “the incense of fruitful summer, the incense of fruit-time,” the village feasts and pastimes, and, rarest of all, the happy peasantry, not yet rendered unhappy by demagogues and visionaries.—Round Table.

A livelier, racier, more entertaining volume on a practical subject has not yet been written. Mr. Flagg shows such a hearty delight in his subject that the most indifferent reader can not escape the infection; while all his willful, irrepressible play of humor, his flashes of personal tastes and prejudices, his occasional misconceptions of character and customs, leave untouched the sharp, clear perception, and shrewd common-sense which form the staple of the book.—N. Y. Tribune.

WHYMPER’S ALASKA. Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska, formerly Russian America, now Ceded to the United States—and in various other Parts of the North Pacific. By Frederick Whymper. Map and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 50.

This agreeable book of travel and adventure. * * * The purchase of Alaska by the United States Government has awakened a lively interest in that region; and whatever relates to its natural features, its inhabitants, its existing state, and its possible resources, comes to us with the two-fold charm of novelty and material interest. Mr. Whymper was able to take with him the requisite qualifications for breaking ground in that new and, in many respects, rough and uncivilized quarter, as the results of his exploration in the clearly-written and cleverly-illustrated volume before us testify. * * * All that is most original and striking in his narrative centres in his experiences of life in the lately-ceded territory, and in the estimate which his graphic pictures of its physical aspects and of its people encourage us to draw for the future.—Saturday Review.

THE STUDENTS OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. The Old Testament History. From the Creation to the Return of the Jews from Captivity. Edited by Wm. Smith, LL.D. With Maps and Woodcuts. Large 12mo, Cloth, $2 00. (Uniform with the Student’s New Testament History.)

The history of the Jews is here told in a better manner than in any other work of the same size, and all the results of the deep and accurate inquiries into that history are incorporated with the narrative. It is, indeed, a popular, though grave and learned commentary on the Old Testament, a commentary taking the form of regular historical writing, and written with force and clearness.—Boston Traveller.

In the preparation of the text it is evident that great care has been taken to render the work one that, while reverent and recognizing the sanctity and claims of Revelation, should be suitable for the characteristic criticism and exegesis of the age. It is an excellent condensation of nearly all the valuable matter that criticism, historical, ethnographical, topographical, and chronological investigations have accumulated round the Old Testament Word of God.—Presbyterian (Chicago).

THE STUDENT’S NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. The New Testament History. With an Introduction, connecting the History of the Old and New Testaments. Edited by William Smith, LL.D., Classical Examiner in the University of London. With Maps and Woodcuts. Large 12mo, 780 pages, Cloth, $2 00.

A valuable and cheap compendium of accurate information drawn from the most recent results of scholarship.—Advance.

Those who have read the New Testament only in a desultory fashion, or in the disorderly method in which it is arranged in our version, will find a new light cast upon it by the study of the Book in its chronological order, and with such helps as Dr. Smith has here presented.—American Presbyterian (Philadelphia).

Sabbath-school teachers, and the more advanced pupils of Sabbath-schools, as well as intelligent private students of the Scriptures, will find this a helpful and remunerative volume.—Congregationalist.

HALPINE’S POEMS. (MILES O’REILLY.) The Poetical Works of Charles G. Halpine (Miles O’Reilly). Consisting of Odes, Poems, Sonnets, Epics, and Lyrical Effusions which have not heretofore been collected together. With a Biographical Sketch and Explanatory Notes. Edited by Robert B. Roosevelt. Portrait on Steel. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 50.

His poetry will not be soon neglected or forgotten. There is a charm about his verses which must make them ever welcome. Tenderness, sentiment, and humor abound in them; the absence of malice or bitterness is characteristic of the writer’s whole-souled nature. * * * Few can read the poems without pleasure—none can read them without interest.—N. Y. Herald.

MRS. HALE’S WOMAN’S RECORD; or, Biographical Sketches of all Distinguished Women, from the Creation to the Present Time. Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of each Era. By Mrs. S. J. Hale. Illustrated with more than 200 Portraits, engraved by Benson J. Lossing. A New Edition, with Additions. 8vo, Cloth. (Nearly Ready.)

HAYDN’S DICTIONARY OF DATES, relating to all Ages and Nations. For Universal Reference. Edited by Benjamin Vincent, Assistant Secretary and Keeper of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain; and Revised for the Use of American Readers. 8vo, Cloth. (Nearly Ready.)

HAVEN’S RHETORIC. Rhetoric: a Text-Book, designed for Use in Schools and Colleges, and for Private Study. By Rev. E. O. Haven, D.D., LL.D., President of the Northwestern University, Evanston, and late President of Michigan University, 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

I welcome the book heartily, and shall adopt it in my classes here.

Dr. Haven seems to me to have aimed to produce a useful book rather than a showy one. Too many who deal with the subject are only theoretical rhetoricians: on every page of Dr. Haven’s book I find the good effects of his being also a practical rhetorician. Hitting the happy mean between the excess and the total rejection of the old technical phraseology, he has given to us a series of just such sensible, suggestive, and helpful talks about writing and speaking the English language as one would expect from a man of his great experience as a speaker, writer, and teacher. This, after all, is precisely what American students need.

Upon the whole, the book has these great merits: it is a growth, and not a manufacture; it is fresh, sincere, lively, clear, practical; finally, instead of being, like so many text-books on this subject, dry and deadening, it will prove throughout positively interesting to the student—it will stimulate, cheer, and guide him.—Moses Coit Taylor, M.A., Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature, University of Michigan.

Concise, direct, lucid, and arranged in a natural order of topics.—Advance.

This book, by President Haven, had its growth in a class-room. This accounts for its character, which is decidedly practical. It is no high-flying treatise or deeply-profound discussion on this subject of rhetoric. It is plain and concise, and every way a good statement of those principles and rules which must be observed in order to a correct and happy expression of one’s thoughts and feelings.—Watchman and Reflector.

I have carefully read “Haven’s Rhetoric.” It is a good elementary book, and has the merit of presenting many new illustrations instead of the hackneyed quotations usually found in compilations.—Wm. Preston Johnston, Professor of History and English Literature, Washington College, Va.

WOOD’S WEDDING DAY IN ALL AGES. The Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries. By Edward J. Wood, Author of “The Curiosities of Clocks and Watches from the Earliest Times,” and “Giants and Dwarfs.” l2mo, Cloth, $1 25.

One of the most curious books we have seen for a long time. It is packed full of facts. Beginning with the institution of marriage, the author successively treats of all the strange and picturesque customs by which different peoples have given character and interest to the marriage ceremony. The past has been ransacked, and the present investigated. History, poetry, philosophy, archæology, have all been drawn upon, and the result is one of the most entertaining books we have seen for a long time.—N. Y. Commercial Advertiser.

A compilation of historical facts relating to the marriage ceremony as it has been conducted in ancient and modern times among all the peoples of the earth. A great deal of antiquarian research has been expended upon it, and the curious reader will find the topics of the wedding ring, the marriage bells, the bridal cake, flinging the old shoe, etc., etc., fully treated by the author.—N. Y. Evening Post.

MARCH’S PARSER AND ANALYZER. A Parser and Analyzer for Beginners, with Diagrams and Suggestive Pictures. By Francis A. March, Professor of the English Language and Comparative Philology in Lafayette College, Author of “Method of Philological Study of the English Language,” “Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” &c. 16mo, Flexible Cloth, 40 cents.

The volume is small, but compact and serviceable. Its design is to introduce beginners to the laws of the English Language by appealing directly to their rational powers, and as little as possible to memory. It abolishes mere recitation, and makes the work of learning more nearly recreative than any attempt yet brought to our notice. The teacher can easily perceive its scope and purpose. It will not relieve him of care, but will so change his duty that, instead of sitting and hearing tasks, he will be called upon to stimulate and guide development. The work unites the pupil and teacher in their theme, and the processes of teaching and learning take an identity which does away with estrangement and begets naturalness. It combines all the benefits of object-teaching, by fullness of illustration, with that active inquiry common to youth when matters touching history, biography, geography, or every-day occurrences are suggested. It is more and more seen that the duty of education is to bring the pupil into direct relation with things, that he may reflect or exercise judgment upon them. The lessons or suggestions in this work are so arranged as to keep as nearly as possible an even pace with healthful development. * * * A look into it will prove almost as profitable as a glance at nature. They can learn without memorizing to a harmful extent, and what they learn will not be forgotten. We commend the work to general attention upon its merits. Its author is one of the first philologists in the land, and no man has a keener appreciation of our language, or understands better the true methods of introducing the young mind to its beauties.—Philadelphia Press.

Beginning with the definitions of simple nouns, the lessons ascend by easy stages to the highest form of grammatical construction. The diagram analysis and illustrations are admirable aids to the student in the lessons, impressing them upon the mind.—N. Y. Herald.

BARNES’S NOTES ON THE PSALMS. Notes, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical, on the Book of Psalms. By Albert Barnes, Author of “Notes on the New Testament,” “Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity,” &c. Three Volumes. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50 per volume.

* * * There is the same blending of the critical and the practical, with constant expression of devout feelings and sentiments, which, in a work on the Psalms, is peculiarly congruous with the book which Mr. Barnes is interpreting.—Presbyterian (Philadelphia).

These Notes on the Psalms are characterized by the excellences which made Mr. Barnes’s earlier expository works so eminently successful.—American Presbyterian.

BALDWIN’S PRE-HISTORIC NATIONS. Pre-Historic Nations; or, Inquiries concerning some of the Great Peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity, and their Probable Relation to a still Older Civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia. By John D. Baldwin, Member of the American Oriental Society. 12mo, Cloth, $1 75.

Mr. Baldwin has treated an interesting subject with great lucidity and breadth, while his reading and research are apparent on every page.—Examiner and London Review.

Both instructive and suggestive.—Nation.

SIGHTS AND SENSATIONS in France, Germany, and Switzerland; or, Experiences of an American Journalist in Europe. By Edward Gould Buffum, Author of “Six Months in the Gold Mines,” &c. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

* * * A book at once entertaining and instructive. * * * Fashionable tourists who are leaving this port for a trip to Europe will find Mr. Buffum’s “Sights and Sensations in France, Germany, and Switzerland” a delightful and serviceable traveling companion. At the same time the thousands who are to spend the summer at home, either in town, in the country, or on the sea-shore, may, by the help of this little book, enjoy many of the pleasures of foreign travel while they escape its annoyances. * * * It will doubtless be more heartily welcomed by the public than any similar work which has appeared.—N. Y. Herald.

A refreshing and entertaining book, which will interest every body.—N. Y. Evening Mail.

Mr. Buffum’s style is remarkably good and graphic, and his descriptions of the scenes he has witnessed are among the best we have seen—so simple, animated, and to the point. He seems to have had a genius for observation and the happy management of facts, and every thing he sees is distinctly seen by the reader as well.—N. Y. Times.

It differs from the common run of books of modern travel by looking at life from a more practical—it might be said, literal—side, and by describing things not often touched in a sparkling and instructive way.—Conpregationalist.

It is one’s self walking about, as it were, and saying these things in his own ears with unexpected and most admired cleverness. The story of the Mont Cenis Tunnel is quite the best description of that incredible miracle which has fallen under our observation. Baden-Baden and Homburg seem as familiar to us, on this bright traveler’s introduction, as Long Branch or Rockaway, and much more interesting.—N. Y. Tribune.

MOTLEY’S DUTCH REPUBLIC. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A History. By John Lothrop Motley, LL.D., D.C.L. With a Portrait of William of Orange. New Edition. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $10 50.

MOTLEY’S UNITED NETHERLANDS. History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years’ Truce—1609. With a full View of the English-Dutch Struggle against Spain, and of the Origin and Destruction of the Spanish Armada. By John Lothrop Motley, LL.D., D.C.L. New Edition. 4 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $14 00.

GREENWOOD’S SEVEN CURSES OF LONDON. The Seven Curses of London. By James Greenwood, the “Amateur Casual,” Author of “The True History of a Little Ragamuffin,” “Reuben Davidger,” “Wild Sports of the World,” &c. 8vo, Paper, 25 cents.

James Greenwood, the “Amateur Casual,” whose revelations of “A Night in a Workhouse” created so much excitement in England two or three years since, in “The Seven Curses of London” discloses many startling facts concerning the social life of the lower classes. The seven curses treated of by the author are: I. Neglected Children; II. Professional Thieves; III. Professional Beggars; IV. Fallen Women; V. The Curse of Drunkenness; VI. Betting Gamblers; VII. Waste of Charity.

ABBOTT’S LIFE OF CHRIST. Jesus of Nazareth: his Life and Teachings; founded on the Four Gospels, and Illustrated by Reference to the Manners, Customs, Religious Beliefs, and Political Institutions of his Times. By Lyman Abbott. With Designs by Doré, De Laroche, Fenn, and others. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges, $3 50.

This is remarkable for its valuable endeavors, first to prepare the way for the intelligent comprehension of the life of the Redeemer, by four preliminary chapters, which discuss: (1) the peculiarities, physical and otherwise, of the Holy Land itself; (2) the Jewish Commonwealth, its religious sanctions and moral precepts, its judicial peculiarities, its measure of popular education, its political economy, its national Church, and its Scriptures; (3) the decay of that Commonwealth, the captivity, and the Roman subjugation; (4) the civilization of the Jews, and the whole manner of their dress, food, manners, pursuits, and daily life. The way thus being prepared, and the background painted in, the Christ is outlined and then colored upon it, from Bethlehem to Calvary. Second, for the extremely fresh and interesting way in which the events of Christ’s life are told. And third, for the temper of the book, which is unaffectedly written from the Christian stand-point, as Renan’s was from that of rationalism.—Congregationalist.

The simplicity of the plan specially pleases me. Yet you really accomplish, in its execution, more than I find in some other lives of Christ which make a good deal more pretension. You have hit upon a very valuable combination of Biblical resources with researches in related fields. It is a real pleasure to be able to turn to a life of Christ which stimulates thought and refreshes the heart.—Prof. Austin Phelps, of Andover.

BEECHER’S (HENRY WARD) SERMONS. Sermons by Henry Ward Beecher, Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. Selected from Published and Unpublished Discourses, and Revised by their Author. In two Volumes, with Steel Portrait by Halpin. 8vo, Cloth, $5 00.

The published sermons of the Plymouth pastor, like wind-wafted seed, have carried the germs of a new life to all quarters of the world, and have awakened the immortal longings of the hunter in his prairie cabin, and the sailor on the distant sea. No one needs that we should speak of the exuberance of illustration and the felicity of expression that make these books as fascinating as the pages of old Thomas Fuller or the essays of “Elia.” Every body has come under the glamour of Mr. Beecher’s style, and every one of these pages abounds in his peculiar beauties. Here is no garden, but (according to the author’s own lavish idea of the desirable) a whole prairie of flowers.—N. Y. Times.

Judged as the free utterance of a great and loving heart, as the spontaneous appeals of a powerful, emotional man, striving with all his strength to lift his hearers from the dominion of sin and sorrow to the highest and noblest plane of human feeling and action, their wisdom and healthful influence will be appreciated: while their usefulness will be increased by the fact that to so many readers the written word will be vivified by the recollection of the ringing voice, the vehement action, and the vast amount of magnetic energy which lies enchained and inspired within the auditorium of Plymouth Church.—N. Y. Evening Post.

YONGE’S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON: Containing all the Greek Words used by Writers of good Authority, in Chronological Order, for every Word used; explaining the Construction, and giving the Declension or Conjugation of each Word when Irregular, and marking the Quantities of all Doubtful Syllables. Edited, with large Additions, by Henry Drisler, LL.D., Professor of Latin in Columbia College, N. Y. Royal 8vo, Sheep extra. (In Press.)

ROMANCE OF SPANISH HISTORY. By John S. C. Abbott, Author of “The French Revolution,” “The History of Napoleon Bonaparte,” &c. With Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth. (In Press.)

SANDS’S PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING. The Teacher, the Pupil, the School. By Nathaniel Sands. 8vo, Cloth, $1 00.

A thoughtful book on a subject of the highest importance.—Worcester Spy.

There are many excellent suggestions in this little treatise of Mr. Sands, who has evidently given much thought to the philosophy and the process of education. He would have a radical change in the system of teaching, by which there shall be less stuffing and more feeding; fewer books, and more of the living instructor’s effort. It is a small volume, but compact with thought.—New Bedford Mercury.

* * * Contains many valuable suggestions deserving of earnest consideration by parents and teachers. The work of the teacher is a high, honorable, and important one. Education is essential to the stability of our institutions and the success of our industries. Mr. Sands would develop, not cram the intellect; he would furnish the nutriment necessary to the natural growth of the mind, not retard it by a forcing process. He would place before the scholar the aliment of everyday life. He would teach him practical science and useful art. He would open before him the beauties of the world, and show him the laws of growth every where. We are told now that dead languages are necessary to the discipline of the mind, and so we go back among the catacombs and study the laws of speech of the ancient departed. These laws are necessary. Linguistic science is one of the most valuable in the world. But why should it be made the basis of educational systems? It is time that scientific training should be awarded the high place which of right belongs to it in mental culture, and that linguistic lore should be left to its proper sphere, as the foundation simply of the knowledge of language and the relations of nations.—Albany Evening Journal.

DIXON’S HER MAJESTY’S TOWER. Her Majesty’s Tower. Historic Studies in the Tower of London. With Frontispiece Plan of the Tower. By Wm. Hepworth Dixon. l2mo, Cloth, 60 cents.

A valuable and attractive addition to our historical literature: one which, from the nature of its materials and its bright and vivid method of treatment, is certain to interest as well as to instruct the reader.—London Review.

From first to last, this volume overflows with new information and original thought, with poetry and picture. In these fascinating pages Mr. Dixon discharges alternately the functions of the historian and the historic biographer, with the insight, art, humor, and accurate knowledge which never fail him.—Morning Post.

THOMSON’S (W. M.) LAND AND BOOK. The Land and the Book; or, Biblical Illustrations drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and the Scenery of the Holy Land. By W. M. Thomson, D.D., Twenty-five Years a Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. in Syria and Palestine. With two elaborate Maps of Palestine, an accurate Plan of Jerusalem, and several Hundred Engravings, representing the Scenery, Topography, and Productions of the Holy Land, and the Costumes, Manners, and Habits of the People. Two elegant Large l2mo Volumes, Cloth, $5 00. (New Edition, just Ready.)