Galen: On the Natural Faculties

by Galen

XV

Oukoun chrê thaumazein, ei pantelôs oligon ek tês koilias, hoson an akribôs ê kateirgasmenon, eis tas artêrias paragignetai phthanousas plêrousthai tôn kouphoterôn, all' ekeino gignôskein, hôs dy' eston holkês eidê, to men tê pros to kenoumenon akolouthia, to d' oikeiotêti poiotêtos gignomenon; heterôs men gar eis tas physas ho aêr, heterôs d' ho sidêros hypo tês hêrakleias epispatai lithou; kai hôs hê men pros to kenoumenon akolouthia || 207 to kouphoteron helkei proteron, hê de kata tên tês poiotêtos oikeiotêta pollakis, ei houtôs etyche, to baryteron, an tê physei syngenesteron hyparchê. kai toinyn kai tais artêriais te kai tê kardia, hôs men koilois te kai diastellesthai dynamenois organois, aei to kouphoteron akolouthei proteron, hôs de trephesthai deomenois, eis autous tous chitônas, hoi dê ta sômata tôn organôn eisin, helketai to oikeion. hoson an oun eis tên koilotêta diastellomenôn autôn haimatos metalêphthê, toutou to oikeiotaton te kai malista trephein dynamenon hoi chitônes autoi tôn angeiôn epispôntai.

Tou d' ek tôn phlebôn eis tas artêrias metalambanesthai ti pros tois eirêmenois hikanon kai touto ge tekmêrion. ei pollas kai megalas artêrias diatemôn apokteinai to zôon boulêtheiês, heurêseis autou tas phlebas homoiôs tais artêrias ekkenoumenas, ouk an toutou pote genomenou chôris tôn pros allêlas autais anastomôseôn. hôsautôs de kai kat' autên tên kardian ek tês dexias koilias eis tên aristeran helketai to lepto||208taton echontos tina trêmata tou mesou diaphragmatos autôn, ha mechri men pleistou dynaton estin idein, hoion bothynous tinas ex euryterou stomatos aei kai mallon eis stenoteron proïontas. ou mên auta ge ta eschata perata dynaton eti theasasthai dia te smikrotêta kai hoti tethneôtos êdê tou zôou katepsyktai te kai pepyknôtai panta. all' ho logos kantautha prôton men ek tou mêden hypo tês physeôs gignesthai matên hormômenos exeuriskei tas anastomôseis tautas tôn koiliôn tês kardias; ou gar dê eikê ge kai hôs etychen hoi es stenon houtô teleutôntes egenonto bothynoi.

Deuteron de kak tou dyoin ontoin stomatoin en tê dexia tês kardias koilia tou men eisagontos to haima, tou d' exagontos poly meizon einai to eisagon. hôs gar ou pantos tou haimatos, hoson hê koilê phleps didôsi tê kardia, palin ex ekeinês ekpempomenou tô pneumoni, meizôn estin hê apo tês koilês eis autên emphysis tês emphyomenês eis ton pneumona phlebos. oude || 209 gar tout' estin eipein, hôs edapanêthê ti tou haimatos eis tên autou tou sômatos tês kardias threpsin. hetera gar esti phleps hê eis ekeino kataschizomenê mête tên genesin ek tês kardias autês mête tên tou haimatos echousa metalêpsin. ei de kai dapanatai ti, all' ou tosouton ge meiôn estin hê eis ton pneumona phleps agousa tês eis tên kardian emphyomenês, hoson eikos eis tên trophên anêlôsthai tês kardias, alla pleon pollô. dêlon oun, hôs eis tên aristeran ti metalambanetai koilian.

Kai gar oun kai tôn kat' ekeinên angeiôn dyoin ontôn elatton esti pollô to ek tou pneumonos eis autên eisagon to pneuma tês ekphyomenês artêrias tês megalês, aph' hês hai kata to sôma sympasai pephykasin, hôs an mê monon ek tou pneumonos pneuma metalambanousês autês, alla kak tês dexias koilias haima dia tôn eirêmenôn anastomôseôn.

Hoti d' ameinon ên tois tou sômatos moriois tois men hypo katharou kai leptou kai atmôdous haimatos trephesthai, tois d' hypo pacheos kai tholerou kai hôs oud' entautha ti pareôratai tê physei, tês || 210 peri chreias moriôn pragmateias estin, hôst' ou chrê nyn hyper toutôn eti legein, all' hypomnêsantas, hôs dyo eston holkês eidê, tôn men eureiais hodois en tô diastellesthai tê pros to kenoumenon akolouthia tên helxin poioumenôn, tôn d' oikeiotêti poiotêtos, ephexês legein, hôs ta men protera kai porrhôthen helkein ti dynatai, ta de deutera ek tôn engytatô monôn. auliskon men gar hoti mêkiston eis hydôr enesti kathenta rhadiôs anaspan eis to stoma di' autou to hygron; ou mên ei g' epi pleon apagagois tês hêrakleias lithou ton sidêron ê tous pyrous tou keramiou—kai gar kai toiouton ti prosthen elegeto paradeigma—dynait' an eti genesthai tis holkê.

Saphestata d' an auto mathois epi tôn en tois kêpois ochetôn; ek toutôn gar eis men ta parakeimena kai plêsion hapanta diadidotai tis ikmas, eis de ta porrhôterô proselthein ouketi dynatai, kai dia tout' anankazontai pollois ochetois mikrois apo tou megalou tetmêmenois eis hekaston meros tou kêpou tên epirrhysin tou hydatos epitechnasthai; kai têlikauta ge ta || 211 metaxy diastêmata toutôn tôn mikrôn ochetôn poiousin, hêlika malista nomizousin arkein eis to hikanôs apolauein helkonta tês hekaterôthen autois epirrheousês hygrotêtos. houtôs oun echei kan tois tôn zôôn sômasin. ochetoi polloi kata panta ta melê diesparmenoi paragousin autois haima kathaper en kêpois hydreian tina. kai toutôn tôn ochetôn ta metaxy diastêmata thaumastôs hypo tês physeôs euthys ex archês diatetaktai pros to mêt' endeôs chorêgeisthai tois metaxy moriois helkousin eis heauta to haima mête kataklyzesthai pot' auta plêthei perittês hygrotêtos akairôs epirrheousês.

Ho gar dê tropos tês threpseôs autôn toiosde tis esti. tou synechous heautô sômatos, hoionper to haploun angeion Erasistratos hypotithetai, ta men epipolês merê prôta tês homilousês apolauei trophês; ek de toutôn au metalambanei kata to syneches helkonta ta toutôn hexês, eit' ex ekeinôn authis hetera kai tout' ou pauetai gignomenon, achris an eis hapant' autou diadothê ta moria tês trephousês ousias hê poiotês. hosa de tôn moriôn epi pleon || 212 alloioumenou deitai tou mellontos auta threpsein chymou, toutois hôsper ti tamieion hê physis pareskeuasen êtoi koilias ê sêrangas ê ti tais sêranxin analogon. hai men gar sarkes hai te tôn splanchnôn hapantôn hai te tôn myôn ex haimatos autou trephontai bracheian alloiôsin dexamenou. ta d' osta pampollês en tô metaxy deitai tês metabolês, hina traphê, kai estin hoionper to haima tais sarxi, toioutos ho myelos tois ostois en men tois mikrois te kai akoiliois kata tas sêrangas autôn diesparmenos, en de tois meizosi te kai koilias echousin en ekeinais êthroismenos.

Hôs gar kai dia tou prôtou grammatos edeiknyto, tois men homoian echousi tên ousian eis allêla metaballein enchôrei, tois de pampoly diestôsin amêchanon allêlois homoiôthênai chôris tôn en mesô metabolôn. toiouton ti kai tois chondrois esti to perikechymenon myxôdes kai tois syndesmois kai tois hymesi kai tois neurois to paresparmenon en autois hygron glischron; hekaston gar || 213 toutôn ex inôn synkeitai pollôn, haiper homoiomereis t' eisi kai ontôs aisthêta stoicheia. kata de tas metaxy chôras autôn ho oikeiotatos eis threpsin parespartai chymos, hon heilkysan men ek tôn phlebôn tou haimatos, hoson hoion t' ên eklexamenai ton epitêdeiotaton, exomoiousi de kata brachy kai metaballousin eis tên heautôn ousian.

Hapant' oun tauta kai allêlois homologei kai tois emprosthen apodedeigmenois hikanôs martyrei kai ou chrê mêkynein eti ton logon; ek gar tôn eirêmenôn enestin hekastô ta kata meros hapanta kath' hontina gignetai tropon exeuriskein hetoimôs, hôsper kai dia ti pollois kôthônizomenois pampoly tachista men anadidotai to pothen, oureitai d' oligou dein hapan entos ou pollou chronou. kai gar kantautha tê te tês poiotêtos oikeiotêti kai tê tês hygrotêtos leptotêti kai tê tôn angeiôn te kai tôn kat' auta stomatôn eurytêti kai tê tês helktikês dynameôs eurôstia to tachos synteleitai tês anadoseôs, tôn men plêsion tês koilias tetagmenôn moriôn oikeiotêti poiotêtos || 214 heautôn heneka helkontôn to poma, tôn d' hexês toutois exarpazontôn kai autôn eis heauta kapeita tôn ephexês palin ek toutôn metalambanontôn, achris an eis tên koilên aphikêtai phleba, tounteuthen d' êdê tôn nephrôn to oikeion epispômenôn. hôst' ouden thaumaston oinon men hydatos analambanesthai thatton oikeiotêti poiotêtos, auton de ton oinon ton men leukon kai katharon hetoimôs anadidosthai dia leptotêta, ton d' au melana kai tholeron ischesthai te kata tên hodon kai bradynein hypo pachous.

Eiê d' an tauta kai tôn hyper tôn artêriôn emprosthen eirêmenôn ou smikra martyria. pantachou gar hoson oikeion te kai lepton haima tou mê toioutou rhaon hepetai tois helkousin. atmon oun helkousai kai pneuma kai lepton haima kata tas diastaseis hai artêriai tôn kata tên koilian kai ta entera periechomenôn chymôn ê oud' holôs ê pantapasin epispôntai brachy.

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[INDEX AND GLOSSARY]

(The numbers refer to the pages of the present edition; fuller references will be found in the footnotes.)

• Abortifacient drugs, [285]
• Abortion, [231], [285]
• Absorption from digestive tract (v. Anadosis)
• Acidity of urine, [245], [287]
• Activity (function), [13]
  
• Adhesion (prosphysis) of nutriment to tissues, [39]
• Affinity, [33]
• Alimentary canal, [119], [309]
  • coats of, [23], [263]
• Allopathic treatment, [199]
• Alteration (qualitative change), [7], [9], [241], [251]
• Anadosis (absorption from digestive tract), [63], [119]
• Anæmia, [173]
• Anasarca (dropsy), [41]
• Anastomoses (communications between arteries and veins), [321]
• Anaxagoras, “preformationist” doctrine of, [7]
• Ancient writers, value of, [279]
• Animal life, [3]
• Animals (v. also History, Natural)
  • cold-blooded, [181]
  • long-necked, [275]
• Anorexia (want of appetite), [247]
• Aorta (main artery of body), [143], [323]
• Appetite, [249]
• Aristotle, [9], et passim (v. also Peripatetic School)
• Arrows, drugs for extracting heads of, [83]
• “Art” of Nature (i.e. of the living organism), [57]
• Arteries, structure of, [283]
  • to-and-fro motion in, [313]
  • attraction of air by, through skin, [317]
• Artery, pulmonary, [121], [323]
• Artificer, [133]
• Asclepiades, [49], et passim
• Asepsis (absence of corruption), [201]
• Assimilation, [33]
• Asthenia (weakness), [239]
• Atomist School in Medicine, [45]
• Atrabiliary (melancholic) humour, [209]
• Attraction (v. also Horror vacui)
  • physiological, [45]
  • magnetic, [73]
• Auricle, left, of heart, [315]
  • right, of heart, [321]
• Authority, value of, [279]
• Aversion, [249]
• Baking, [259]
• Beauty, [47]
• Bile, yellow, [63], [123], [177], [191], [289]
• • “vitelline,” [209]
  • black, [203] (v. also Melancholic humour)
• Bile-passages, mechanical blocking of, [171]
• Biliousness, [193]
• Biology, repudiation of, by Atomist School, [45]
• Bladder, urinary, [51], [53], et passim
  • for bile (v. Gall-bladder)
• Blood-production, [17], [169], [183], [191], [201]
• Boiling, [259]
• Boils, [253]
• Bone, structure of, [327]
• Bone-marrow, [327]
• Borborygmi (gurglings) in stomach, [237]
• Bread, constitution of, [11]
• Bubo (swollen lymphatic glands in groin), [185]
• Butchers (as the primitive anatomists), [51]
• Pg 336
• Cadaver (corpse), experiment on, [265]
• Cartilage (gristle), [329]
• Catarrh (mucous discharge), [215]
• Cattle (as typifying “herd-morality”), [47]
• “Cell,” of animal tissues, [153]
  • nutrition of, [327]
• Change, qualitative (v. Alteration)
• Channels (v. Morphological hypothesis)
• Cheese-making, [91]
• Childbirth, [231], [285]
• Children’s game, [27]
• Chill, [171], [203] (v. also Cold)
• Cholagogues (drugs that draw off bile), [65]
• Cholera, [299]
• Chorion (membrane enclosing unborn child), [229]
• Chrysippus, [9]
• Chyle (emulsified contents of stomach), (v. Emulsification)
• Cirrhosis (induration) of liver, [171]
• Coats (tunics), [23]
• Cold, action of, on skin, [301]
• Cold-in-the-head, [215] (v. also Chill)
• Colon (large intestine), [313]
• Colour, [5]
• Conception, of semen, [233]
• Congius (measure), [111]
• Contractions (v. Peristalsis)
• Cooking, [191]
• Corn, attractive power of, [87]
• Coryza (mucous discharge: now a “cold”), [215]
• Crisis, [75]
• Cyathus (measure), [65]
• Decay, [7]
• Deductive reasoning, [227]
• Deglutition (swallowing), [95], [261], [265], [273]
• Democritus, [153]
• Deposits (in tissues), [297]
• Desire (appetite), [249], [269]
• Destruction (act of perishing), [7]
• Diaphragm (midriff), [255]
• Diarrhœa, [247], [299]
• Diet, [35], [179], [255]
• Digestion, cause of, [243]
• • impairment of, [185], [217], [237]
• Digestive tract, action on food, [251], et seq.
  • structure (v. Alimentary Canal)
• Diocles, [51]
• Disease, definition of, [197]
• Diseases, the four primary, [185]
• Disjunctive argument, [167]
• Distribution (diadosis) of nutriment to tissues, [163]
• Dropsy, [41], [67], [171]
• Drugs, [65], [285], [293] (v. also Poisons)
• Dyscrasia (abnormal blending of the four qualities), [189]
• Dysentery, [205]
• Dyspepsia (v. Indigestion)
• Education, [279]
• Effect (product, work done), [13]
• Emaciation, [161]
• Emanations, [77]
• Embryo, [229]
• Emesis (v. Vomiting)
• Empiricist physicians, [69], [193]
• Emulsification, [239]
• Epicurus, [71]
• Epigastric muscles, [237]
• Epispastic (attractive), [117]
• Erasistratus, [95]
• Erasistrateans, [105]
• Etna, [259]
• Eucrasia (proper blending of the four qualities), [189]
• Evaporation, [51], [87], [251]
• Experience (v. Empiricist physicians)
• Expulsive faculty, [231]
• Faculty (potentiality), [13]
• Fæces (ordure from bowel), [255]
• Fermentation, [209]
• Fever as a cause of indigestion, [185]
• Fibres, [329]
• • of blood, [215]
  • circular and longitudinal, [263]
  • oblique, [281]
• Filtration, [91]
• Fish, voraciousness of, [269]
• Flavour, [5]
• Fluxions, [297]
• Fœtus (unborn child), [233]
  • death of, [287]
• Forced-feeding, [247]
• Forces, material, [127], [301]
• Function (activity), cause of, [197]
• Gall-bladder, [147], [245]
• • absence of nerves in, [289]
• Gardens, irrigation of, [325]
• Pg 337 Genesis (development of embryo), [19]
• Germander (drug), [67]
• Gestation (carrying of embryo by mother), [229]
• Give-and-take between organs, [295]
• Gravity (explaining secretion of urine), [107]
• Greediness, [271]
• Growth, [27], [137]
• Gullet, [263]
  • use of, by stomach, [271]
  • function of its two coats, [273]
• Gurgling in stomach, [237]
• Habit of body, [69]
• Hæmorrhage, intestinal, [297]
• Hæmorrhoids (v. Piles)
• Heartburn, [287]
• Heat, innate, [41], [141], [185]
• Hepatic veins (entering vena cava from liver), [147]
• Herophilus, [233]
• Hippocrates, [9], et passim
• Histogenesis (tissue-production), [21]
• History, natural, [269]
• Homœomeries (similar parts), [169]
• Homœopathy, p. 199, [Note 1]
• Honey, [179], [191]
• Horror vacui (“Nature’s abhorrence of a vacuum”), [99], [155]
• Humours, the four, origin of, [167], [183], [209]
• Hydragogues (drugs that draw water out of the system), [65]
• Ileus volvulus (obstruction of bowels), [299], [303]
• Illusions, sensory, [7]
• Indigestion, [185], [217], [237]
• Inductive reasoning, [227]
• Inflammation, [89], [233]
• Interaction of any two bodies, [251]
• Intestine, small, [255]
• Intestines, structure of, [283]
• • movements of, [243]
• Ionia, [29]
• Iron, [71]
• Irrigation of gardens and tissues, [325]
• Jaundice, [179], [207]
• Jejunum (part of small intestine), [299]
• Kidneys, [49], [89]
• Labour (v. Childbirth)
• Larynx (voice-box), involved in swallowing, [265]
• Leprosy, [41]
• Leucippus, [153]
• Lichen (a skin-disease), [253]
• Liver, proper tissue of, [311]
• • transverse fissure of, [147]
  • induration of, [171]
  • give-and-take between it and stomach, [291]
• Lodestone, [71]
• Love, [47]
• Lumen (internal cavity of a vessel), [119]
• Lycus, [109]
• Magnetism, [71]
• Marrow of bones, [327]
• Mastication, [253]
• Material forces, [127]
• Medicine, taking of, [269] (v. also Drugs)
• Melancholic (v. Atrabiliary)
• Membranes, fœtal, [231], [285] (v. also Chorion)
• Menander, [105]
• Menodotus, [81]
• Menstrual blood, [131], [171]
• Metabolism, diseases of, [41]
• Midwife, [235]
• Miscarriage, (v. Abortion)
• Molecules (of Asclepiades), [63]
• Morphological hypothesis of bile-secretion, [125], [147]
• Motion, active and passive, [57]
• Mouth, lining of, [261]
• • digestion in, [253]
• Mucus, [203], [215]
• Muscles, voluntary, [263]
• “Nature,” [1];
• • its “Art,” [57]
• Nature-lore (v. Physiology)
• Nausea, [287]
• “Nerve,” [151], [273]
• Nutriment, [41]
• Nutrition, [31], [149]
• Obstetric chair, [235]
• Obstruction of bowels, [299], [303]
• Œsophagus (v. Gullet)
• Omentum (an apron-like fold of fat, overlying the intestine), [143], [255], [313]
• Pg 338 Organism, unity of, [61]
• Organs, nutrition of, [307]
• Os uteri (mouth of womb), [229]
• Ovum, human, [135]
• Oxidation, [211]
• Oxygen (v. Pneuma)
• Pain, [287]
• Parturition, [231]
• Pathology, relation to Physiology, [189], [287]
• Peasants, [87]
• Perch (v. Fish)
• Peripatetic (Aristotelian) School, [139]
• Peristalsis (contraction and dilatation), [97], [243], [263]
• Peritoneum, [53]
• Phidias, [129]
• Philistion, [173]
• Philotimus, [183]
• Phlegm, [67], [201], [215]
• Phlegmatic temperament, [193]
• “Physiology,” [139]
• Piles, [171]
• Plant-life, [3]
• Plato, [173], [203], [215]
• Plethora (congestion), [119]
• Pneuma (as a vital principle), [153];
• • (as oxygen), [187]
• Poisons, action of, [251]
• Porch, the (Stoic School), [145]
• “Pores” (v. Channels)
• Portal vein, [147]
• Potter’s earth, [213]
• Practitioner, [197]
• Praxagoras, [51]
• Praxiteles, [129]
• “Preformationist” doctrine of Anaxagoras, p. 7, [Note 5]
• Presentation (prosthesis) of nutriment to tissues, [39]
• Prevention and Cure, [169]
• Principles, the four fundamental (v. Qualities)
• Prodicus, [201]
• Prolapse of uterus, [235]
• Propulsive faculty, [231]
• Prosphysis (v. Adhesion)
• Prosthesis (v. Presentation)
• Psyche, [3], [153]
• Psychology, repudiation of, by Atomist School, [45]
• Pulmonary artery, [121]
• Pylorus (outlet of stomach), [239]
  • regurgitation through, [289]
• Pyrrhonists (typical sceptics), [197]
• Qualities, the four fundamental, [9], [183], [259]
• • derivative, [21]
• Relativity, [17]
• Renal veins, [107]
• Respiration, [175], [305]
• Retentive faculty, [225]
• Rhetoric, [97]
• Safflower (drug), [67]
• Saliva, action of, [253]
• Scammony (drug), [67]
• Schools, two contrasted, in Medicine, [45]
• Scientist, [197]
• Scorpions, [253]
• Sculpture, [129]
• Sectarianism, [55]
• Sects, medical (v. Schools)
• Self-control, [47]
• Self-education, [279]
• Semen, [131], [233]
• Sensation, [47]
• Septum, perforated, between ventricles of heart, [321]
• Serum (watery part of blood or milk), [91], [213]
• Shaping (development of organs), [19]
• Sieves, [91]
• Skin-diseases, [253] (v. also Leprosy and Lichens)
• Slaves, [103]
• Sociability, [47]
• Sophistry, [219], [279]
• Sophists, [7]
• Soul, [45]
• Specific selection of nutriment by tissues (v. Attraction, physiological)
• Spermatic ducts, [57]
• Spirit (v. Pneuma)
• Spleen, function and diseases of, [205]
• • “uselessness” of, [143]
  • as an emunctory of the liver, [277]
• Statues, [129]
• Sting-ray (fish), bite of, [85]
• Stoics, [15], [145]
• Pg 339 Stomach, function of, [197], [237], [251], [255]
  • coats of, [261]
  • independent habits of, [271]
  • give-and-take between it and liver, [291]
• Stone in bladder, [51]
• Strength, relative, of different organs, [293]
• Substance, [9]
• Superfluities (waste-substances), [35], [291]
• Swallowing (v. Deglutition)
• Symptoms, [13]
• Synapse, [147]
• Teeth, [253]
• Temperament (crasis, mixture of elementary principles), [15], [139], [193]
• Temperance, [47]
• Theophrastus, [139]
• Thorns, drugs for extracting, [83]
• Tissues, development of, [21]
• • their action in producing humours, [179], [195]
• Trachea (windpipe), [305]
• Transference (passive motion), [7]
• Transpiration, [153]
• Treatment, principles of, [199]
• Tricuspid orifice of heart, [321]
• Tubes, rigid, [119], [317], [325]
• Unity of organism, [61]
• Ureters, [23], [51]
• Urine, [51]
• “Useless” organs (Erasistratus), [143]
• Uterus (womb), [227]
• Vacuum, tendency to refill (v. Horror vacui)
• Valves of heart, [121], [315]
• Vaporisation (v. Evaporation)
• Vegetable diet, [35], [179]
• Vegetative life, [3]
• Veins, structure of, [283]
• • “arterial” (v. Pulmonary artery)
  • coronary, [323]
  • hepatic, [147]
  • mesenteric, [293], [305]
  • portal, [147]
  • renal, [107], [143]
  • vena cava (chief vein of body), [91]
  • collapse of, [119]
• Ventricles of heart, communication between, [321]
• Vipers, [85]
• Vitalist School in Medicine, [45]
• Vivisection, [59], [241], [273]
• Voluntary motion, [3]
• Volvulus (intestinal obstruction), [299], [303]
• Vomiting, [241], [247], [267]
  • fæcal, [299]
• Waste-products (v. Superfluities)
• Whey (v. Serum)
• Wine, [209], [329]
• Womb (v. Uterus)
• Wounds, [185]
• Wrestling, [125]
• Zeno, of Citium, [9]