APPENDICES
Appendix I
THE DRIFT OF OUR RURAL POPULATION CITYWARD
(An editorial)
To an individual who from whatever motives of personal advantage or mere curiosity has made himself an observer of current tendencies, the drift of our rural population cityward gives food for serious reflection. This drift is one of the most pronounced of the social and economic phenomena of the day. Its consequences upon the life, welfare, and future of the great nation to which we are proud to acknowledge our whole-hearted allegiance are matters of such paramount importance to all concerned that we should turn aside more often than we do from the distracting exactions of our ordinary activities to give them prolonged and earnest consideration.
A generation or so ago human beings were content to spend the full term of their earthly existence amid rural surroundings, or if in their declining days they longed for more of the comforts and associations which are among the cravings of mortality, it was an easy proposition to move to the nearest village or, if they were too high and mighty for this simple measure to satisfy them, they could indulge in the more grandiose performance of residing in the county seat. But nowadays our people want more. Rich or poor, tall or dumpy, tottering grandmothers or babies in swaddling-clothes, they long for ampler pastures. Their brawny arms or hoary heads must bedeck nothing less than the metropolis itself, and perchance put shoulders to the wheel in the incessant grind of the urban treadmill. Can you beat it? Unquestioned profit does not attend the migration. It stands to reason that some of the very advantages sought have been sacrificed on the altar of the drift cityward. Let us say you have your individual domicile or the cramped and sunless apartment you dub your habitation within corporate limits. Does that mean that the privileges of the city are at your disposal, so that you have merely to reach forth your hand and pluck them? Well, hardly! You certainly do not reside in the downtown section, or if you do, you wish to heaven you didn't. And you can reach this section only with delay and inconvenience, whether in the hours of business or in the subsequent period devoted to the glitter of nocturnal revelry and amusement.
But whatever the disadvantages of the city, the people who endure them are convinced that to go back to the vines and figtrees of their native heath would be jumping out of the frying pan into the fire. Why? Well, for one thing, there is no such thing as leisure in the areas that lie beyond those vast aggregations of humanity which constitute our cities. Not only are there innumerable and seemingly interminable chores that must follow the regular occupations of the day, but a thousand emergencies due to chance, weather, or the natural cussedness of things must be disposed of as they arise, regardless of what plans the rustic swain cherishes for the use of his spare time. Urban laborers have contrived by one means or another to bring about a limitation of the number of hours per diem they are forced to toil. To the farmers such an alleviation of their hardships is not within the realm of practicability. They kick about it of course. They say it's a blooming nuisance. But neither their heartburnings nor their struggles can efface it as a fact.
Again, the means of entertainment are more limited, and that by a big lot, with the farmer than with those who dwell in the cities. It is all very well to talk about the blessings of the rural telephone, rural free delivery, and the automobile. These things do make communication easier than it used to be, but after all they're only a drop in the bucket and do little to stop the drift cityward. We may remark just here that if you live a thousand miles from nowhere and are willing to drive your Tin Lizzie into town for "the advantages," you aren't likely to get much even along the line of the movies, and you'll get less still if what you're after is an A-1 school for your progeny.
Finally, the widespread impression that the farmer is a bloated and unscrupulous profiteer has done much to disgust him with his station and employment in life. We don't say he's the one and only when it comes to the virtues. Maybe he hasn't sprouted any wings yet. What if he hasn't? The cities, with their brothels, their big business, and their municipal governments—you wouldn't have the face to say that there's anything wrong with them, now would you? Oh, no! Of course not! The farmer pays high for his machinery and goes clear to the bottom of his pocketbook when he has to buy shoes or a sack of flour, but let him have a steer's hide or a wagon load of wheat to sell, and it's somebody else's ox that's gored. Consumers pay big prices for farm products, goodness knows, but they don't pay them to the farmer. Not on your tintype. The middleman gets his, you needn't question that. We beg pardon a thousand times. We mean the middle_men_. There's no end to those human parasites.
And so farmer after farmer breaks up the old homestead and contributes his mite to the drift cityward. What will be the result that comes out of it all? The effect upon the farmer deserves an editorial all to itself. Here we must limit ourselves to the effects on the future of our beloved American nation. And even these we can now do no more than mention; we lack space to elaborate them. One effect, if the tendency continues, will be such a reduction in home-produced foodstuffs that we shall have to import from other countries lying abroad a good portion of the means of our physical sustenance, and shall face such an increase in the cost of the same that thousands and thousands of our people will find it increasingly harder as the years pass by to maintain their relative economic position. Another effect will be that our civilization, which to this point has sprawled over broad acres, will become an urban civilization, penned in amid conditions, restraints, privations, and perhaps also opportunities unprecedented in our past history and unknown to the experience we have had hitherto. A final effect will be that our most conservative class, the rural populace, will no longer present resistance that is formidable to the innovations which those who hold extreme views are forever exhorting us to embrace; and the result may well be that the disintegration of this staying and stabilizing element in our citizenship—one that retards and mollifies if it does not inhibit change—will produce consequences in its train which may be as dire as they are difficult to foretell.
Appendix 2
CAUSES FOR THE AMERICAN SPIRIT OF LIBERTY
(From the Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies)
By EDMUND BURKE
In this character of the Americans, a love of freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole; and as an ardent is always a jealous affection, your Colonies become suspicious, restive, and untractable whenever they see the least attempt to wrest from them by force, or shuffle from them by chicane, what they think the only advantage worth living for. This fierce spirit of liberty is stronger in the English Colonies probably than in any other people of the earth, and this from a great variety of powerful causes; which, to understand the true temper of their minds and the direction which this spirit takes, it will not be amiss to lay open somewhat more largely.
First, the people of the Colonies are descendants of Englishmen. England, Sir, is a nation which still, I hope, respects, and formerly adored, her freedom. The Colonists emigrated from you when this part of your character was most predominant; and they took this bias and direction the moment they parted from your hands. They are therefore not only devoted to liherty, but to liberty according to English ideas, and on English principles. Abstract liberty, like other mere abstractions, is not to be found. Liberty inheres in some sensible object; and every nation has formed to itself some favorite point, which by way of eminence becomes the criterion of their happiness. It happened, you know, Sir, that the great contests for freedom in this country were from the earliest times chiefly upon the question of taxing. Most of the contests in the ancient commonwealths turned primarily on the right of election of magistrates; or on the balance among the several orders of the state. The question of money was not with them so immediate. But in England it was otherwise. On this point of taxes the ablest pens, and most eloquent tongues, have been exercised; the greatest spirits have acted and suffered. In order to give the fullest satisfaction concerning the importance of this point, it was not only necessary for those who in argument defended the excellence of the English Constitution to insist on this privilege of granting money as a dry point of fact, and to prove that the right had been acknowledged in ancient parchments and blind usages to reside in a certain body called a House of Commons. They went much farther; they attempted to prove, and they succeeded, that in theory it ought to be so, from the particular nature of a House of Commons as an immediate representative of the people, whether the old records had delivered this oracle or not. They took infinite pains to inculcate, as a fundamental principle, that in all monarchies the people must in effect themselves, mediately or immediately, possess the power of granting their own money, or no shadow of liberty can subsist. The Colonies draw from you, as with their life-blood, these ideas and principles. Their love of liberty, as with you, fixed and attached on this specific point of taxing. Liberty might be safe, or might be endangered, in twenty other particulars, without their being much pleased or alarmed. Here they felt its pulse; and as they found that beat, they thought themselves sick or sound. I do not say whether they were right or wrong in applying your general arguments to their own case. It is not easy, indeed, to make a monopoly of theorems and corollaries. The fact is, that they did thus apply those general arguments; and your mode of governing them, whether through lenity or indolence, through wisdom or mistake, confirmed them in the imagination that they, as well as you, had an interest in these common principles.
They were further confirmed in this pleasing error by the form of their provincial legislative assemblies. Their governments are popular in an high degree; some are merely popular; in all, the popular representative is the most weighty; and this share of the people in their ordinary government never fails to inspire them with lofty sentiments, and with a strong aversion from whatever tends to deprive them of their chief importance.
If anything were wanting to this necessary operation of the form of government, religion would have given it a complete effect. Religion, always a principle of energy, in this new people is no way worn out or impaired; and their mode of professing it is also one main cause of this free spirit. The people are Protestants; and of that kind which is the most adverse to all implicit submission of mind and opinion. This is a persuasion not only favorable to liberty, but built upon it. I do not think, Sir, that the reason of this averseness in the dissenting churches from all that looks like absolute government is so much to be sought in their religious tenets, as in their history. Every one knows that the Roman Catholic religion is at least coeval with most of the governments where it prevails; that it has generally gone hand in hand with them, and received great favor and every kind of support from authority. The Church of England too was formed from her cradle under the nursing care of regular government. But the dissenting interests have sprung up in direct opposition to all the ordinary powers of the world, and could justify that opposition only on a strong claim to natural liberty. Their very existence depended on the powerful and unremitted assertion of that claim. All Protestantism, even the most cold and passive, is a sort of dissent. But the religion most prevalent in our Northern Colonies is a refinement on the principle of resistance; it is the dissidence of dissent, and the protestantism of the Protestant religion. This religion, under a variety of denominations agreeing in nothing but in the communion of the spirit of liberty, is predominant in most of the Northern Provinces, where the Church of England, notwithstanding its legal rights, is in reality no more than a sort of private sect, not composing most probably the tenth of the people. The Colonists left England when this spirit was high, and in the emigrants was the highest of all; and even that stream of foreigners which has been constantly flowing into these Colonies has, for the greatest part, been composed of dissenters from the establishments of their several countries, who have brought with them a temper and character far from alien to that of the people with whom they mixed.
Sir, I can perceive by their manner that some gentlemen object to the latitude of this description, because in the Southern Colonies the Church of England forms a large body, and has a regular establishment. It is certainly true. There is, however, a circumstance attending these Colonies which, in my opinion, fully counterbalances this difference, and makes the spirit of liberty still more high and haughty than in those to the northward. It is that in Virginia and the Carolinas they have a vast multitude of slaves. Where this is the case in any part of the world, those who are free are by far the most proud and jealous of their freedom. Freedom is to them not only an enjoyment, but a kind of rank and privilege. Not seeing there, that freedom, as in countries where it is a common blessing and as broad and general as the air, may be united with much abject toil, with great misery, with all the exterior of servitude; liberty looks, amongst them, like something that is more noble and liberal. I do not mean, Sir, to commend the superior morality of this sentiment, which has at least as much pride as virtue in it; but I cannot alter the nature of man. The fact is so; and these people of the Southern Colonies are much more strongly, and with an higher and more stubborn spirit, attached to liberty than those to the northward. Such were all the ancient commonwealths; such were our Gothic ancestors; such in our days were the Poles; and such will be all masters of slaves, who are not slaves themselves. In such a people the haughtiness of domination combines with the spirit of freedom, fortifies it, and renders it invincible.
Permit me, Sir, to add another circumstance in our Colonies which contributes no mean part towards the growth and effect of this untractable spirit. I mean their education. In no country perhaps in the world is the law so general a study. The profession itself is numerous and powerful; and in most provinces it takes the lead. The greater number of the deputies sent to the Congress were lawyers. But all who read, and most do read, endeavor to obtain some smattering in that science. I have been told by an eminent bookseller, that in no branch of his business, after tracts of popular devotion, were so many books as those on the law exported to the Plantations. The Colonists have now fallen into the way of printing them for their own use. I hear that they have sold nearly as many of Blackstone's Commentaries in America as in England. General Gage marks out this disposition very particularly in a letter on your table. He states that all the people in his government are lawyers, or smatterers in law; and that in Boston they have been enabled, by successful chicane, wholly to evade many parts of one of your capital penal constitutions. The smartness of debate will say that this knowledge ought to teach them more clearly the rights of legislature, their obligations to obedience, and the penalties of rebellion. All this is mighty well. But my honorable and learned friend on the floor, who condescends to mark what I say for animadversion, will disdain that ground. He has heard, as well as I, that when great honors and great emoluments do not win over this knowledge to the service of the state, it is a formidable adversary to government. If the spirit be not tamed and broken by these happy methods, it is stubborn and litigious. Abeunt studia in mores. This study renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defence, full of resources. In other countries, the people, more simple, and of a less mercurial cast, judge of an ill principle in government only by an actual grievance; here they anticipate the evil, and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle. They augur misgovernment at a distance, and snuff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze.
The last cause of this disobedient spirit in the Colonies is hardly less powerful than the rest, as it is not merely moral, but laid deep in the natural constitution of things. Three thousand miles of ocean lie between you and them. No contrivance can prevent the effect of this distance in weakening government. Seas roll, and months pass, between the order and the execution; and the want of a speedy explanation of a single point is enough to defeat a whole system. You have, indeed, winged ministers of vengeance, who carry your bolts in their pounces to the remotest verge of the sea. But there a power steps in that limits the arrogance of raging passions and furious elements, and says, So far shalt thou go, and no farther. Who are you, that you should fret and rage, and bite the chains of nature? Nothing worse happens to you than does to all nations who have extensive empire; and it happens in all the forms into which empire can be thrown. In large bodies the circulation of power must be less vigorous at the extremities. Nature has said it. The Turk cannot govern Egypt and Arabia and Kurdistan as he governs Thrace; nor has he the same dominion in Crimea and Algiers which he has at Brusa and Smyrna. Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster. The Sultan gets such obedience as he can. He governs with a loose rein, that he may govern at all; and the whole of the force and vigor of his authority in his center is derived from a prudent relaxation in all his borders. Spain, in her provinces, is, perhaps, not so well obeyed as you are in yours. She complies, too; she submits; she watches times. This is the immutable condition, the eternal law of extensive and detached empire.
Then, Sir, from these six capital sources—of descent, of form of government, of religion in the Northern Provinces, of manners in the Southern, of education, of the remoteness of situation from the first mover of government-from all these causes a fierce spirit of liberty has grown up. It has grown with the growth of the people in your Colonies, and increased with the increase of their wealth; a spirit that unhappily meeting with an exercise of power in England which, however lawful, is not reconcilable to any ideas of liberty, much less with theirs, has kindled this flame that is ready to consume us.
Appendix 3
PARABLE OF THE SOWER
(Matthew 13:3,8 and 18-23)
And he spake many things unto them in parables, saying,
Behold, a sower went forth to sow;
And when he sowed, some seeds fell by the way side, and the fowls came and devoured them up:
Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth:
And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away.
And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them:
But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit, some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold.
Hear ye therefore the parable of the sower.
When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart. This is he which received seed by the way side.
But he that received the seed into stony places, the same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it.
Yet he hath not root in himself, but dureth for a while: for when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.
He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful.
But he that received seed into the good ground is he that heareth the word, and understandeth it; which also beareth fruit, and bringeth forth, some an hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
Appendix 4
THE SEVEN AGES OF MAN
(As You Like It, II, vii, 139-166)
By WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose well say'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Appendix 5
THE CASTAWAY
(From Robinson Crusoe)
By Daniel Defoe
And now our case was very dismal indeed; for we all saw plainly that the sea went so high that the boat could not escape, and that we should be inevitably drowned. As to making sail, we had none, nor, if we had, could we have done anything with it; so we worked at the oar towards the land, though with heavy hearts, like men going to execution; for we all knew that when the boat came near the shore, she would be dashed in a thousand pieces by the beach of the sea. However, we committed our souls to God in the most earnest manner; and the wind driving us towards the shore, we hastened our destruction with our own hands, pulling as well as we could towards land.
What the shore was, whether rock or sand, whether steep or shoal, we knew not; the only hope that could rationally give us the least shadow of expectation, was if we might happen into some bay or gulf, or the mouth of some river, where by great chance we might have run our boat in, or got under the lee of the land, and perhaps made smooth water. But there was nothing of this appeared; but as we made nearer and nearer the shore, the land looked more frightful than the sea.
After we had rowed, or rather driven, about a league and a half, as we reckoned it, a raging wave, mountain-like, came rolling astern of us, and plainly bade us expect the coup de grâce. In a word, it took us with such a fury that it overset the boat at once; and separating us as well from the boat as from one another, gave us not time hardly to say, "O God!" for we were all swallowed up in a moment.
Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt, when I sank into the water; for though I swam very well, yet I could not deliver myself from the waves so as to draw breath, till that wave having driven me, or rather carried me, a vast way on towards the shore, and having spent itself, went back, and left me upon the land almost dry, but half dead with the water I took in. I had so much presence of mind, as well as breath left, that seeing myself nearer the mainland than I expected, I got upon my feet, and endeavored to make on towards the land as fast as I could, before another wave should return and take me up again; but I soon found it was impossible to avoid it; for I saw the sea come after me as high as a great hill, and as furious as an enemy, which I had no means or strength to contend with: my business was to hold my breath, and raise myself upon the water, if I could; and so by swimming to preserve my breathing, and pilot myself towards the shore if possible; my greatest concern now being that the wave, as it would carry me a great way toward the shore when it came on, might not carry me back again with it when it gave back towards the sea.
The wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty feet deep in its own body, and I could feel myself I carried with a mighty force and swiftness towards the shore a very great way; but I held my breath, and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my might. I was ready to burst with holding my breath, when as I felt myself rising up, so, to my immediate relief, I found my head and hands shoot out above the surface of the water; and though it was not two seconds of time that I could keep myself so, yet it relieved me greatly, gave me breath and new courage. I was covered again with water a good while, but not so long but I held it out; and finding the water had spent itself, and began to return, I struck forward against the return of the waves, and felt ground again with my feet. I stood still a few moments to recover breath, and till the waters went from me, and then took to my heels, and ran with what strength I had, farther towards the shore. But neither would this deliver me from the fury of the sea, which came pouring in after me again; and twice more I was lifted up by the waves and carried forwards as before, the shore being very flat.
The last time of these two had well-nigh been fatal to me; for the sea having hurried me along, as before, landed me, or rather dashed me, against a piece of a rock, and that with such force as it left me senseless, and indeed helpless, as to my own deliverance; for the blow, taking my side and breast, beat the breath as it were quite out of my body; and had it returned again immediately, I must have been strangled in the water; but I recovered a little before the return of the waves, and seeing I should be covered again with the water, I resolved to hold fast by a piece of the rock, and so to hold my breath, if possible, till the wave went back. Now, as the waves were not so high as at first, being nearer land, I held my hold till the wave abated, and then fetched another run, which brought me so near the shore that the next wave, though it went over me, yet did not so swallow me up as to carry me away; and the next run I took I got to the mainland; where, to my great comfort, I clambered up the cliffs of the shore, and sat me down upon the grass, free from danger and quite out of the reach of the water. I was now landed, and safe on shore, and began to look up and thank God that my life was saved, in a case wherein there was some minutes before scarce any room to hope. I believe it is impossible to express, to the life, what the ecstasies and transports of the soul are when it is so saved, as I may say, out of the very grave: and I do not wonder now at that custom, when a malefactor, who has the halter about his neck, is tied up, and just going to be turned off, and has a reprieve brought to him—I say, I do not wonder that they bring a surgeon with it, to let him blood that very moment they tell him of it, that the surprise may not drive the animal spirits from the heart, and overwhelm him.
"For sudden joys, like griefs, confound at first."
I walked about on the shore, lifting up my hands, and my whole being, as I may say, wrapt up in a contemplation of my deliverance; making a thousand gestures and motions, which I cannot describe; reflecting upon all my comrades that were drowned, and that there should not be one soul saved but myself; for, as for them, I never saw them afterwards, or any sign of them, except three of their hats, one cap, and two shoes that were not fellows.
I cast my eyes to the stranded vessel, when, the breach and froth of the sea being so big, I could hardly see it, it lay so far off; and considered, Lord! how was it possible I could get on shore?
After I had solaced my mind with the comfortable part of my condition, I began to look round me, to see what kind of place I was in, and what was next to be done: and I soon found my comforts abate, and that, in a word, I had a dreadful deliverance: for I was wet, had no clothes to shift me, nor anything either to eat or drink, to comfort me; neither did I see any prospect before me but that of perishing with hunger, or being devoured by wild beasts: and that which was particularly afflicting to me was, that I had no weapon, either to hunt and kill any creature for my sustenance, or to defend myself against any other creature that might desire to kill me for theirs. In a word, I had nothing about me but a knife, a tobacco-pipe, and a little tobacco in a box. This was all my provision; and this threw me into terrible agonies of mind, that for awhile I ran about like a madman. Night coming upon me, I began with a heavy heart, to consider what would be my lot if there were any ravenous beasts in that country, seeing at night they always come abroad for their prey.
All the remedy that offered to my thoughts, at that time, was to get up into a thick busby tree, like a fir, but thorny, which grew near me, and where I resolved to sit all night, and consider the next day what death I should die, for as yet I saw no prospect of life. I walked about a furlong from the shore, to see if I could find any fresh water to drink, which I did to my great joy; and having drunk, and put a little tobacco in my mouth to prevent hunger, I went to the tree, and getting up into it, endeavored to place myself so that if I should sleep I might not fall. And having cut me a short stick, like a truncheon, for my defense, I took up my lodging; and being excessively fatigued, I fell fast asleep, and slept as comfortably as, I believe, few could have done in my condition, and found myself more refreshed with it than I think I ever was on such an occasion.
When I waked it was broad day, the weather clear, and the storm abated, so that the sea did not rage and swell as before; but that which surprised me most was, that the ship was lifted off in the night from the sand where she lay, by the swelling of the tide, and was driven up almost as far as the rock which I at first mentioned, where I had been so bruised by the wave dashing me against it. This being within about a mile from the shore where I was, and the ship seeming to stand upright still, I wished myself on board, that at least I might save some necessary things for my use.
When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me again, and the first thing I found was the boat, which lay, as the wind and sea had tossed her up, upon the land, about two miles on my right hand. I walked as far as I could upon the shore to have got to her; but found a neck, or inlet, of water between me and the boat, which was about half a mile broad; so I came back for the present, being more intent upon getting at the ship, where I hoped to find something for my present subsistence.
A little after noon I found the sea very calm and the tide ebbed so far out, that I could come within a quarter of a mile of the ship. And here I found a fresh renewing of my grief; for I saw evidently that if we had kept on board, we had been all safe: that is to say, we had all got safe on shore, and I had not been so miserable as to be left entirely destitute of all comfort and company, as I now was. This forced tears to my eyes again; but as there was little relief in that, I resolved, if possible, to get to the ship-, so I pulled off my clothes, for the weather was hot to extremity, and took the water. But when I came to the ship, my difficulty was still greater to know how to get on board; for, as she lay aground, and high out of the water, there was nothing within my reach to lay hold of. I swam round her twice, and the second time I espied a small piece of rope, which I wondered I did not see at first, hanging down by the fore-chains so low that, with great difficulty, I got hold of it, and by the help of that rope got up into the forecastle of the ship. Here I found that the ship was bulged, and had a great deal of water in her hold; but that she lay so on the side of a bank of hard sand, or rather earth, that her stern lay lifted up upon the bank, and her head low, almost to the water. By this means all her quarter was free, and all that was in that part was dry; for you may be sure my first work was to search, and to see what was spoiled and what was free. And, first, I found that all the ship's provisions were dry and untouched by the water, and being very well disposed to eat, I went to the bread-room, and filled my pockets with biscuit, and ate it as I went about other things, for I had no time to lose. I also found some rum in the great cabin, of which I took a large dram, and which I had, indeed, need enough of to spirit me for what was before me. Now I wanted nothing but a boat, to furnish myself with many things which I foresaw would be very necessary to me.
It was in vain to sit still and wish for what was not to be had; and this extremity roused my application. We had several spare yards, and two or three large spars of wood, and a spare topmast or two in the ship: I resolved to fall tp work with these, and I flung as many of them overboard as I could manage for their weight, tying every one with a rope, that they might not drive away. When this was done I went down the ship's side, and pulling them to me I tied four of them together at both ends, as well as I could, in the form of a raft, and laying two or three short pieces of plank upon them, crossways, I found I could walk upon it very well, but that it was not able to bear any great weight, the pieces being too light. So I went to work, and with the carpenter's saw I cut a spare topmast into three lengths, and added them to my raft, with a great deal of labor and pains. But the hope of furnishing myself with necessaries encouraged me to go beyond what I should have been able to have done upon another occasion.
My raft was now strong enough to bear any reasonable weight. My next care was what to load it with, and how to preserve what I laid upon it from the surf of the sea: but I was not long considering this. I first laid all the planks or boards upon it that I could get, and having considered well what I most wanted, I first got three of the seamen's chests, which I had broken open and emptied, and lowered them down upon my raft; the first of these I filled with provisions—viz., bread, rice, three Dutch cheeses, five pieces of dried goat's flesh (which we lived much upon), and a little remainder of European corn, which had been laid by for some fowls which we brought to sea with us, but the fowls were killed. There had been some barley and wheat together; but, to my great disappointment, I found afterwards that the rats had eaten or spoiled it all. As for liquors, I found several cases of bottles belonging to our skipper, in which were some cordial waters; and, in all, about five or six gallons of arrack. These I stowed by themselves, there being no need to put them into the chest, nor any room for them. While I was doing this, I found the tide began to flow, though very calm; and I had the mortification to see my coat, shirt, and waistcoat, which I had left on shore upon the sand, swim away. As for my breeches, which were only linen, and open-kneed, I swam on board in them and my stockings. However, this put me upon rummaging for clothes, of which I found enough, but took no more than I wanted for present use, for I had other things which my eye was more upon; as, first, tools to work with on shore: and it was after long searching that I found out the carpenter's chest, which was indeed a very useful prize to me, and much more valuable than a ship-lading of gold would have been at that time. I got it down to my raft, whole as it was, without losing time to look into it, for I knew in general what it contained.
My next care was for some ammunition and arms. There were two very good fowling-pieces in the great cabin, and two pistols. These I secured first, with some powder-horns, a small bag of shot, and two old rusty swords. I knew there were three barrels of powder in the ship, but knew not where our gunner had stowed them; but with much search I found them, two of them dry and good, the third had taken water. Those two I got to my raft, with the arms. And now I thought myself pretty well freighted, and began to think how I should get to shore with them, having neither sail, oar, nor rudder; and the least capful of wind would have overset all my navigation.
I had three encouragements: first, a smooth, calm sea; secondly, the tide rising, and setting in to the shore; thirdly, what little wind there was blew me towards the land. And thus, having found two or three broken oars, belonging to the boat, and besides the tools which were in the chest, two saws, an axe, and a hammer, with this cargo I put to sea. For a mile, or thereabouts, my raft went very well, only that I found it drive a little distant from the place where I had landed before: by which I perceived that there was some indraught of the water, and consequently, I hoped to find some creek or river there, which I might malze use of as a port to get to land with my cargo.
As I imagined, so it was. There appeared before me a little opening of the land. I found a strong current of the tide set into it; so I guided my raft as well as I could, to keep in the middle of the stream.
But here I had like to have suffered a second shipwreck, which, if I had, I think verily would have broken my heart; for, knowing nothing of the coast, my raft ran aground at one end of it upon a shoal, and not being aground at the other end, it wanted but a little that all my cargo had slipped off towards the end that was afloat, and so fallen into the water. I did my utmost, by setting my back against the chests, to keep them in their places, but could not thrust off the raft with all my strength; neither durst I stir from the posture I was in; but holding up the chests with all my might, I stood in that manner near half an hour, in which time the rising of the water brought me a little more upon a level; and a little after, the water still rising, my raft floated again, and I thrust her off with the oar I had into the channel, and then driving up higher, I at length found myself in the mouth of a little river, with land on both sides, and a strong current or tide running up. I looked on both sides for a proper place to get to shore, for I was not willing to be driven too high up the river; hoping in time to see some ship at sea, and therefore resolved to place myself as near the coast as I could.
At length I spied a little cove on the right shore of the creek, to which, with great pain and difficulty, I guided my raft, and at last got so near, that reaching ground with my oar, I could thrust her directly in. But here I had like to have dipped all my cargo into the sea again; for that shore lying pretty steep-that is to say, sloping—there was no place to land but where one end of my float, if it ran on shore, would lie so high, and the other sink lower, as before, that it would endanger my cargo again. All that I could do was to wait till the tide was at the highest, keeping the raft with my oar like an anchor, to hold the side of it fast to the shore, near a flat piece of ground, which I expected the water would flow over; and so it did. As soon as I found water enough, for my raft drew about a foot of water, I thrust her upon that flat piece of ground, and there fastened or moored her, by sticking my two broken oars into the ground-one on one side, near one end, and one on the other side, near the other end; and thus I lay till the water ebbed away, and left my raft and all my cargo safe on shore.
Appendix 6
READING LISTS
One of the best ways to know words is through seeing them used by the masters. For this reason, as well as for many others, you should read extensively in good literature. The following lists of prose works may prove useful for your guidance. They are not intended to be exclusive, not intended to designate "the hundred best books." Rather do they name some good books of fairly varied types. These are not all of equal merit, even in their use of words. Some use words with nice discrimination, some with splendid vividness and force. For each author only one or two books are named, but in many instances you will wish to read further in the author, perhaps indeed his entire works.
<Biography and Autobiography>
Boswell, James: Life of Samuel Johnson
Bradford, Gamaliel: Lee the American; American Portraits, 1875-1900
Franklin, Benjamin: Autobiography
Grant, U. S.: Personal Memoirs
Irving, Washington: Life of Goldsmith
Paine, A. B.: Life of Mark Twain
Walton, Izaak: Lives
<Essays, Adventure, etc.>
Addison, Joseph: Spectator Papers
Bryce, Sir James: The American Commonwealth
Burke, Edmund: Speech on Conciliation
Burroughs, John: Wake Robin
Chesterton, G. K.: Heretics
Crothers, S. M.: The Gentle Reader
Dana, R. H., Jr.: Two Years Before the Mast
Darwin, Charles: Origin of Species
Emerson, R. W.: Essays
Irving, Washington: Sketch Book
Lincoln, Abraham: Speeches and Addresses
Lucas, E. V.: Old Lamps for New
Macaulay, T. B.: Essays
Muir, John: The Mountains of California
Thoreau, H. D.: Walden
Twain, Mark: Life on the Mississippi
<Fiction>
Allen, James Lane: The Choir Invisible
Austen, Jane: Pride and Prejudice
Barrie, Sir James M.: Sentimental Tommie
Bennett, Arnold: The Old Wives' Tale
Blackmore, R. D.: Lorna Doone
Bunyan, John: Pilgrim's Progress
Cable, G. W.: Old Creole Days
Conrad, Joseph: The Nigger of the Narcissus
Defoe, Daniel: Robinson Crusoe
Dickens, Charles: David Copperfield
Eliot, George: Adam Bede
Galsworthy, John: The Patrician
Goldsmith, Oliver: The Vicar of Wakefield
Hardy, Thomas: The Return of the Native
Harte, Bret: The Luck of Roaring Camp (short story)
Hawthorne, Nathaniel: The Scarlet Letter
Hergesheimer, Joseph: Java Head
Hudson, W. H.: Green Mansions
Kingsley, Charles: Westward Ho!
Kipling, Rudyard: Plain Tales from the Hills (short stories)
London, Jack: The Call of the Wild
Merrick, Leonard: _The Man Who Understood Women (volume of short
stories); The Actor Manager
Mitchell, S. Weir: Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker
Norris, Frank: The Octopus
Poe, Edgar Allan: The Fall of the House of Usher (short story)
Poole, Ernest: The Harbor
Scott, Sir Walter: Ivanhoe
Smith, F. Hopkinson: Colonel Carter of Cartersville
Stevenson, R. L.: Treasure Island
Tarkington, Booth: Monsieur Beaucaire
Thackeray, W. M.: Vanity Fair
Twain, Mark: Huckleberry Finn
Wells, H. G.: Tono Bungay
Wharton, Edith: Ethan Frome
Wister, Owen: The Virginian
INDEX.
The index comprises, besides miscellaneous items, four large classes of matter: (1) topics, including many minor ones not given separate textual captions; (2) all individual words and members of pairs explained or commented on in the text; (3) the key syllables, but not the separate words, of family groups; (4) the first or generic term, but not the other terms, in all assemblies of synonyms; hence, this book can be used as a handbook of ordinarily used synonyms.
Abandon, Synonyms of, Abase, Synonyms of, Abettor, Synonyms of, Abolish, Synonyms of, Abridge Abstract vs. concrete terms. Also see Words Absurd Accumulate Acknowledge, Synonyms of, Acquit, Synonyms of, Act family Active, Synonyms of, Advise, Synonyms of, Aeronautics, Familiar terms in, Affair Affect Affecting, Synonyms of, Affront, Synonyms of, Afraid, Synonyms of, Ag family Agnostic, Synonyms of, Allay, Synonyms of, Allopath Allow, Synonyms of, Altitude Amicable Amuse, Synonyms of, Analysis. See Vocabulary and Synonyms Analysis, Rhetorical, Anglo-Saxon words in modern English. See Native words Anim family Anni, annu family Announce, Synonyms of, Answer, Synonyms of, Antipathy, Synonyms of, Antonyms Appreciate Apprehend Apricot Ardor Argument Artful Artifice, Synonyms of, Ascend Ascend, Synonyms of, Ascribe Ascribe, Synonyms of, Ask, Synonyms of, Assail Associate, Synonyms of, Attach, Synonyms of, Attack; Synonyms of, Attention Audi, auri family Audience, Adapting discourse to, Auto family Avert Awkward, Synonyms of,
Backhanded Bald heads Bare Base Bear Bedlam Beef Begin, Synonyms of, Belief, Synonyms of, Belittle, Synonyms of, Bind, Synonyms of, Bit, Synonyms of, Bite, Synonyms of, Blood relationships between words. Small groups of words so related. Also see Words Bluff, Synonyms of, Boast, Synonyms of, Body, Synonyms of, Bold Bombastic, Synonyms of, Books of synonyms, List of, Boor Boorish, Synonyms of, Booty, Synonyms of, Boys, Kinds of, Brand, brun family Break Break, Synonyms of, Breakfast Bridegroom Bright Brittle, Synonyms of, Brotherly Building, Synonyms of, Burke, Edmund. See Causes for the American Spirit of Liberty Burn family Burn, Synonyms of, Burn with indignation Busy, Synonyms of, By and by
Cad family Calf Call, Synonyms of, Calm, Synonyms of, Cant family Cap(t) family Capricious Care, Synonyms of, Careful, Synonyms of, Cart before the horse, Cas family "Castaway, The" (Defoe). Comments and assignments on, "Causes for the American Spirit of Liberty" (Burke). Comments and assignments on, Cede, ceed, cess family Ceive, ceit, cept family Celebrate, Synonyms of, Celibates, Verbal, Censure Cent family Cent family Charm (noun), Synonyms of, Charm (verb), Synonyms of, Chant family Cheat, Synonyms of, Child. See How a child becomes acquainted, etc. Choke, Synonyms of, Choose, Synonyms of, Chron family Church Churl Cid family Cide family Cigar Cip family Circumstances Cis(e) family Classes of words, in general, (also see Words); in your own vocabulary, Classic words, distinguished from native; in modern English, Clear Clodhopper Close Close the door to, Coax, Synonyms of, Cold Coleridge, S. T., Quotation from, Color, Synonyms of, Combine, Synonyms of, Comfort, Synonyms of, Common Companion Complain, Synonyms of, Conchology Concise, Synonyms of, Condescend, Synonyms of, Condition Confirm, Synonyms of, Confirmed, Synonyms of, Confound Congregate Connect, Synonyms of, Connotation Constable Contagious Continual, Synonyms of, Continuous, continual Contract, Synonyms of, Conversation Copy, Synonyms of, Cordiality Corp(s) family Corrode Corrupt, Synonyms of, Costly, Synonyms of, Coterie, Synonyms of, Counterfeit Courage, Synonyms of, Course family Coxcomb Crafty Crease, cresce, cret, crue family Cred, creed family Crestfallen Crisscross Critical, Synonyms of, Criticism Crooked, Synonyms of, Cross Cross, Synonyms of, Crowd, Synonyms of, Crowsfeet Crude Cruel, Synonyms of, Cry Cry, Synonyms of, Cunning Cur family Cure family Curious, Synonyms of, Cut, Synonyms of,
Daily Dainty, Synonyms of, Daisy Dandelion Danger, Synonyms of, Darken, Synonyms of, Dead, Synonyms of, Deadly, Synonyms of, Death, Synonyms of, Decay, Synonyms of, Deceit, Synonyms of, Deceptive, Synonyms of, Decorate, Synonyms of, Decorous, Synonyms of, Deface, Synonyms of, Defeat, Synonyms of, Defect, Synonyms of, Definitions, of words; Dictionary vs. informal; How to look up in a dictionary, Defoe, Daniel. See The Castaway Degrade Delay, Synonyms of, Demean Democrat Demon Demoralize, Synonyms of, Deny, Synonyms of, Deportment, Synonyms of, Deprive, Synonyms of, Description Despise, Synonyms of, Despondency, Synonyms of, Destroy, Synonyms of, Detach, Synonyms of, Determined, Synonyms of, Deviate Devilish Devout, Synonyms of, Dexterity Dic, dict family Dictionaries, List of; How to use, Die, Synonyms of, Differ Difficulty, Synonyms of, Dign family Dilapidated Dip, Synonyms of, Dirty, Synonyms of, Disaster Discernment, Synonyms of, Discharge Discords, Verbal Discourse, at first hand; adapted to audience, Disease, Synonyms of, Disgraceful, Synonyms of, Disgusting, Synonyms of, Dishonor, Synonyms of, Disloyal, Synonyms of, Dispel, Synonyms of, Dissatisfied, Synonyms of, Diurnal Divide, Synonyms of, Do, Synonyms of, Doctrine, Synonyms of, Doom, Doomsday Dream, Synonyms of, Dress, Synonyms of, "Drift of Our Rural Population Cityward, The" (Editorial), Comments and assignments, Drink, Synonyms of, Drip, Synonyms of, Drunk, Synonyms of, Dry, Synonyms of, Duc, duct family Dull Dur(e) family
Early, Synonyms of, Eat, Synonyms of, Editorial. See The Drift of Our Rural Population Cityward Effect Egregious Ejaculate Elicit, Synonyms of, Embarrass, Synonyms of, Embrace Encroach, Synonyms of, End, Synonyms of, Enemy Enemy, Synonyms of, Engine Enni family Enormity, enormousness Enough, Synonyms of, Entice, Synonyms of, Erase, Synonyms of, Error family Error, Synonyms of, Estimate, Synonyms of, Eternal, Synonyms of, Eu family Eugenics Ex family Examination Example, Synonyms of, Exceed, Synonyms of, Exclude Excuse, Synonyms of, Expand, Synonyms of, Expel, Synonyms of, Experiment, Synonyms of, Explain, Synonyms of, Explanation (Exposition) Explicit, Synonyms of, Expression
Face, Synonyms of, Fact family Faculty, Synonyms of, Failing, Synonyms of, Fair False Fame, Synonyms of, Families, Verbal, Famous, Synonyms of, Fashion, Synonyms of, Fast Fast, Synonyms of, Fasten Synonyms of, Fat, Synonyms of, Fate, Synonyms of, Fatherly Fawn, Synonyms of, Fear, Synonyms of, Feat, fect, feit family Feign, Synonyms of, Fellow Feminine, Synonyms of, Fer family Fertile, Synonyms of, Fic(e) family Fiddle Fiendish, Synonyms of, Fight, Synonyms of, Financial, Synonyms of, Fin(e) family Firm Fit, Synonyms of, Flag, The Flame, Synonyms of, Flat Flat, Synonyms of, Flatter, Synonyms of, Flect, flex family Flee, Synonyms of, Fleeting, Synonyms of, Flexible, Synonyms of, Flit, Synonyms of, Flock, Synonyms of, Flock together Flow, Synonyms of, Flu, fluence, flux family Foe Follow, Synonyms of, Follower, Synonyms of, Fond Fond, Synonyms of, Force, Synonyms of, Foretell, Synonyms of, Fort family Fossils in modern English, List of, Found family Fract, frag family Fracture Frank, Synonyms of, Franklin, Benjamin, and Spectator Papers, Fraternal Free Free, Synonyms of French and Norman-French words occurring in modern English Freshen, Synonyms of, Fret Friendly Friendly, Synonyms of, Frighten, Synonyms of, Frigid Frown, Synonyms of, Frugal, Synonyms of, Frustrate, Synonyms of, Fug(e) family Fuse family Fy family
Game, Synonyms of, Gather, Synonyms of, Gen family General facts and ideas with which acquaintance assumed, General ideas, as best basis for study of synonyms, General vs. specific terms. Also see Words Genus and species Ger, gest family Germanic words in modern English Get, Synonyms of, Get on to "Gettysburg Address" (Lincoln); Comments on, Ghost Ghost, Synonyms of, Gift, Synonyms of, Give, Synonyms of, Glad, Synonyms of, Go out of one's way Good Good family Goodby Grade family Gram family Grand, Synonyms of, Graph family Gray hair Great Greedy Greek prefixes List of, Greek stems, List of, Greek words in modern English Greet, Synonyms of, Gress family Grief, Synonyms of, Grieve, Synonyms of, Groom Grudgingly Guard, Synonyms of, Guileless
Hab family Habit, Synonyms of, Habitation, Synonyms of, Hale family Half-baked Harass, Synonyms of, Hard Harmful, Synonyms of, Harsh Haste, Synonyms of, Hate, Synonyms of, Hatred, Synonyms of, Have, Synonyms of, Hayseed Head foremost Headstrong, Synonyms of, Heal family Healthful, Synonyms of, Heathen Heavy, Synonyms of, Height Help (noun), Synonyms of, Help (verb), Synonyms of, Hesitate, Synonyms of, Hib family Hide, Synonyms of, High, Synonyms of, Highstrung Hinder Synonyms of, Hint, Synonyms of, Hot family Hole, Synonyms of, Holy, Synonyms of, Home Homeopath Homesickness Hopeful, Synonyms of, Hopeless, Synonyms of, Hose House How a child becomes acquainted with the complexity of life and language Hug, Humor Hussy Idiot Idle Ig family Ignorant, Synonyms of, Imp Imperfectly understood facts and ideas Impolite, Synonyms of, Importance, Synonyms of, Imposter, Synonyms of, Imprison, Synonyms of, Improper, Synonyms of, Impure, Synonyms of, In a minute Inborn, Synonyms of, Incense Incite, Synonyms of, Incline, Synonyms of, Inclose, Synonyms of, Increase, Synonyms of, Indecent, Synonyms of, Infantry Infectious Ingenious Inner Innocent Innuendo Insane, Synonyms of, Insanity, Synonyms of, Insinuate Insipid, Synonyms of, Instances Instigate Insult Intention, Synonyms of, Internal Interpose, Synonyms of, Investigate Irreligious, Synonyms of, Irritate, Synonyms of, It family "Ivanhoe" (Scott), Quotation from, Ject family Join, Synonyms of, Journey, Synonyms of, Jud family Jump on Junct family Jur, jus family Jure family Just
Key-syllables, Variations in form of; Misleading resemblance between; Lists of, Kick Kill, Synonyms of, Kind, Synonyms of, Kindle, Synonyms of, Kinships between words. See Blood relationships between words; Marriages between words; Words Knave Knowledge
Lack, Synonyms of, Lame, Synonyms of, Large, Synonyms of, Late family Latin prefixes, List of, Latin stems, List of, Latin words in modern English. See Classic words Laugh, Synonyms of, Laughable, Synonyms of, Lead, Synonyms of, Lect, leg family Lengthen, Synonyms of, Lessen, Synonyms of, Lewd Liberal, Synonyms of, Lie (noun), Synonyms of, Lie (verb), Synonyms of, Lig family Likeness, Synonyms of, Limp, Synonyms of, List, Synonyms of, Literal vs. figurative terms and applications. Also see Words Loc, loco, local, locate family Locu family Log family Look, Synonyms of, Loose use of words Loquy family Lord Lose steam Loud, Synonyms of, Love Love, Synonyms of, Low, Synonyms of, Loyal, Synonyms of, Luc, lum, lus family Lude, lus family Lunatic Lurk, Synonyms of, Lust
Make, Synonyms of, Make one's pile Man, as a generic term, Man, manu family Mand family Manifest, Synonyms of, Manly Many, Synonyms of, Many-sided words Margin, Synonyms of, Marriage, Synonyms of, Marriages between words. Also see Words Marshal Masculine, Synonyms of, Matinée Matrimonial, Synonyms of, Meaning, Synonyms of, Meet, Synonyms of, Meeting, Synonyms of, Melt, Synonyms of, Memory, Synonyms of, Mercy, Synonyms of, Mere, merely Meter, metri family Military terms, Familiar Mis(e), mit family Misrepresent, Synonyms of, Mix, Synonyms of, Mob family Model, Synonyms of, Modern Mono family Mort family Mortal Mortify Mot(e) family Mother Motive, Synonyms of, Move family Move, Synonyms of, Mot(e) family
Name, Synonyms of, Narration Nasturtium Nat(e) family Native words, distinguished from classic; in modern English, Near, Synonyms of, Neat, Synonyms of, Needful, Synonyms of, Negligence, Synonyms of, New, Synonyms of, Nice, Synonyms of, Nickname Noble family Noise Noisy, Synonyms of, Nostalgia Nostril Nostrum Not(e), nor(e) family Noticeable, Synonyms of,
Objective Occupation, Synonyms of, Offspring Old, Synonyms of, Ology family Omen, ominous Opposites Order (noun), Synonyms of, Order (verb), Synonyms of, Oversight, Synonyms of, Ox
Pacify, Synonyms of, Pagan Pairs, Three types of; Lists of or assignments in; as Synonyms, Pale, Synonyms of, Pan family Pantaloon "Parable of the Sower"; Comments and assignments on, "Parable of the Prodigal Son"; Comments on, Parallels Paraphrasing Pard Parlor Parson Part, Synonyms of, Parts of Speech, Wrong, Pass, path family Pastor Paternal Patience, Synonyms of, Patter Pay (noun), Synonyms of, Pay (verb), Synonyms of, Ped family Pen Pend, pense family Penetrate, Synonyms of, Perspiration Pet family Petit, petty family Petr, peter family Phil(e) family Phone family Pin-money Pity, Synonyms of, Place, Synonyms of, Plain Plan, Synonyms of, Playful, Synonyms of, Plentiful, Synonyms of, Plic(ate), ply family Plunder, Synonyms of, Pocket handkerchief Pod family Poli family Polite Polite, Synonyms of, Pond family Ponder Pone, pose family Poor Porcine Pork Port family Portent, portentous Poten(t) family Poverty, Synonyms of, Precocious Prehend family Preposterous Presbyterian Presently Pretty, Synonyms of, Prise family Prob family Prod up Profitable, Synonyms of, Progeny Prompt, Synonyms of, Proud, Synonyms of, Pull, Synonyms of, Pulse family Punish, Synonyms of, Push, Synonyms of, Put(e) family Puzzle, Synonyms of,
Qualm Quarrel, Synonyms of, Quean Queer, Synonyms of, Quick Quickly, Dame Quiet Quotations from literature, embodying old senses of words
Raise, Synonyms of, Rash, Synonyms of, Reading Lists Rebellion, Synonyms of, Recant Recover, Synonyms of, Recrudescence Reflect, Synonyms of, Refuse Regret, Synonyms of, Relate, Synonyms of, Relinquish, Synonyms of, Renounce, Synonyms of, Replace, Synonyms of, Reprove, Synonyms of, Republican Repulsive, Synonyms of, Requital, Synonyms of, Residence Responsible, Synonyms of, Reveal, Synonyms of, Reverence, Synonyms of, Rich, Synonyms of, Ridicule, Synonyms of, Right Ripe, Synonyms of, Rise Rise, Synonyms of, Rival Robber, Synonyms of, Rog, rogate family Rogue, Synonyms of, Rough Round, Synonyms of, Routine Rub, Synonyms of, Ruminate Run, Synonyms of, Rapt family Rural, Synonyms of,
Sabotage Sad, Synonyms of, Sal, sail family Salary Sandwich Sans Sarcasm Satiate, Synonyms of, Saws Say, Synonyms of, Scandinavian words in modern English Science, scit(e) family Scoff, Synonyms of, Scott, Sir Walter, Quotation from, Scribe, script family Secret, Synonyms of, Sect family Secu, sequ family Sed family See, Synonyms of, Seep, Synonyms of, Sell Sell, Synonyms of, Sens(e), sent family Serious "Seven Ages of Man, The" (Shakespeare); Comments and assignments on, Severe Shakespeare, William. See The Seven Ages of Man Shamefaced Shape, Synonyms of, Share, Synonyms of, Sharp Sharp, Synonyms of, Shear family Shine, Synonyms of, Shore family Shore, Synonyms of, Shorten Shorten, Synonyms of, Show (noun), Synonyms of, Show (verb), Synonyms of, Shrink, Synonyms of, Shun, Synonyms of, Shy, Synonyms of, Side Sid(e) family Sidetrack Sign family Sign, Synonyms of, Silent, Synonyms of, Silly Simple, Synonyms of, Sing, Synonyms of, Sing another tune Sinister Sist family Skilful, Synonyms of, Skin, Synonyms of, Slander, Synonyms of, Slang Sleep, Synonyms of, Sleepy, Synonyms of, Slovenliness Slovenly, Synonyms of, Sly, Synonyms of, Smell, Synonyms of, Smile, Synonyms of, Smoke in one's pipe Solitary, Synonyms of, Solve, solu family Song, Synonyms of, Soon Sources for modern English, Variety of, Sour, Synonyms of, Sow Speak, Synonyms of, Spect, spic(e) family "Spectator Papers, The" (Addison) Speech, Synonyms of, Spend, Synonyms of, Spire, spirit family Spirit Spond, spons(e) family Spot, Synonyms of, Spruce, Synonyms of, Sta, sti family Stale, Synonyms of, Stay, Synonyms of, Stead family Steal, Synonyms of, Steep, Synonyms of, Stiff Stingy, Synonyms of, Stirrup Storm, Synonyms of, Straight, Synonyms of, Strain, string, strict family Strange, Synonyms of, Strike, Synonyms of, Strong Strong, Synonyms of, Struct, stru(e) family Stubborn, Synonyms of, Stupid, Synonyms of, Suave, Synonyms of, Subjective Succeed, Synonyms of, Succession, Synonyms of, Sue family Sullen, Synonyms of, Sult family; Superfluous details, Supernatural, Synonyms of, Suppose, Synonyms of, Surprise, Synonyms of, Swearing, Synonyms of, Sweat Swine Synonyms, Necessity for; Similar not identical in meaning; List of books of; How to acquire; Analysis of your use of; Progress from the general to the specific; Pertinent rather than comprehensive; Lists of, or assignments in, (also see Pairs)
Tact family Tail family Tain family Take down a notch Take hold of Take the hide off Take umbrage Talk (noun) Talk (verb), Synonyms of, Talkative, Synonyms of; Tameness, Tang family Teach, Synonyms of, Tear, Synonyms of, Telegrams and night letters Ten, tent family Tend, tens, tent, ten family Tender Tennyson, Alfred, Quotation from, Tension Term, termin family Ter(re), terra family Thank your lucky stars Thesis, theme family Thing(s) Thoughtful, Synonyms of, Throw, Synonyms of, Throw in the shade Throw out a remark Tin family Tire, Synonyms of, Tool, Synonyms of, Tone Tone, Unity of. See Discords, Verbal Tort family Track Tract, tra(i) family Translation Trifle, Synonyms of, Triteness Trivial Trust, Synonyms of, Truth Try, Synonyms of, Tum family Turb family Turn, Synonyms of,
Ugly, Synonyms of, Umpire Understood Unsophisticated Unwilling, Synonyms of,
Vade, vasion family Vail, vol(e) family Vain Vapid Veal, veau Vend Vene, vent family Veracity Vers(e), vert family Vid family Villain Vince, vict family Vinegar Violin Vir family Virile Virtue Vis family Viv(e) family Voc, voke family Vocabulary, Ready, wide, or accurate; Speaking or writing; Analysis of your own Volve, volute family Voluntary Voracious Vulgar
Walk. Synonyms of, Watchful, Synonyms of, Wave (noun), Synonyms of, Wave (verb), Synonyms of, Weak Weak, Synonyms of, Weariness, Synonyms of, Wearisome, Synonyms of, _Classes of words, Abstract vs. Wench Wet (adjective), Synonyms of, Wet (verb), Synonyms of, Wheedle Whim, Synonyms of, Whip, Synonyms of, Whole family Wicked, Synonyms of, Wild Willing Wind, Synonyms of, Wind (verb), Synonyms of, Winding, Synonyms of, Wis, wit family Wisdom Wise, Synonyms of, Wizard Wonderful, Synonyms of, Wordiness Words, as realities; as instruments; to be learned in various ways; like people; in combination; Individual; to learn first; The past of; Buried meanings of; Poetry of; Dignified and unassuming; Literal, concrete, and specifc; General; Exaggerative; Debased; as celibates; related in blood or by marriage; examined for relationships; related in meaning; often confused; Native and classic; Many-sided; Supplementary list of. Also see _concrete terms, Literal vs. figurative terms, General vs. specific terms, Slang, Vocabulary, Synonyms, Fossils, Loose use of words Work, synonyms of, Workman, Synonyms of, Worm in Write, Synonyms of, Writing as an aid to memory Wrong
Yearn, Synonyms of, Young, Synonyms of,