CONTENTS

PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

PAGE
Introduction[1]
1. The Idea of Christianity[1]
2. The Fathers and Heterodoxies[10]
3. Church and State[23]

SECTION ONE

Arabian Philosophy[26]
A. The Philosophy of the Medabberim[30]
B. Commentators of Aristotle[34]
C. Jewish Philosophers: Moses Maimonides[35]

SECTION TWO

The Scholastic Philosophy[37]
A. Relationship of the Scholastic Philosophy to Christianity[45]
B. General Historical Points of View[60]
1. The Building up of Dogmas on Metaphysical Grounds[61]
a. Anselm[61]
b. Abelard[67]
2. Methodical Representation of the Doctrinal System of the Church[68]
a. Peter Lombard[69]
b. Thomas Aquinas[71]
c. John Duns Scotus[72]
3. Acquaintanceship with Aristotelian Writings[73]
a. Alexander of Hales[73]
b. Albertus Magnus[75]
4. Opposition between Realism and Nominalism[77]
a. Roscelinus[78]
b. Walter of Mortagne[80]
c. William Occam[82]
d. Buridan[85]
5. Formal Dialectic[86]
a. Julian, Archbishop of Toledo[87]
b. Paschasius Radbertus[88]
6. Mystics[91]
a. John Charlier[91]
b. Raymundus of Sabunde[91]
c. Roger Bacon[92]
d. Raymundus Lullus[92]
C. General Standpoint of the Scholastics[94]

SECTION THREE

Revival of the Sciences[108]
A. Study of the Ancients[109]
1. Pomponatius[111]
2. Bessarion, Ficinus, Picus[112]
3. Gassendi, Lipsius, Reuchlin, Helmont[112]
4. Ciceronian Popular Philosophy[113]
B. Certain Attempts in Philosophy[115]
1. Cardanus[116]
2. Campanella[119]
3. Bruno[119]
4. Vanini[137]
5. Petrus Ramus[143]
C. The Reformation[146]

PART THREE

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Introduction[157]

SECTION ONE

Modern Philosophy in its First Statement[170]
A. Bacon[170]
B. Jacob Boehme[188]

SECTION TWO

Period of the Thinking Understanding[217]
Chapter I.—The Metaphysics of the Understanding[220]
A. First Division[220]
1. Descartes[220]
2. Spinoza[252]
3. Malebranche[290]
B. Second Division[295]
1. Locke[295]
2. Hugo Grotius[313]
3. Thomas Hobbes[315]
4. Cudworth, Clarke, Wollaston[319]
5. Puffendorf[321]
6. Newton[322]
C. Third Division[325]
1. Leibnitz[325]
2. Wolff[348]
3. German Popular Philosophy[356]
Chapter II.—Transition Period[360]
A. Idealism and Scepticism[363]
1. Berkeley[364]
2. Hume[369]
B. Scottish Philosophy[375]
1. Thomas Reid[376]
2. James Beattie[377]
3. James Oswald[377]
4. Dugald Stewart[378]
C. French Philosophy[379]
1. The Negative Aspect[388]
2. The Positive Aspect[392]
a. Materialism[393]
b. Robinet[394]
3. Idea of a Concrete Universal Unity[397]
a. Opposition between Sensation and Thought[398]
b. Montesquieu[399]
c. Helvetius[400]
d. Rousseau[400]
D. The German Illumination[403]

SECTION THREE

Recent German Philosophy[409]
A. Jacobi[410]
B. Kant[423]
C. Fichte[479]
1. The First Principles of Fichte’s Philosophy[481]
2. Fichte’s System in a Re-constituted Form[505]
3. The More Important of the Followers of Fichte[506]
a. Friedrich von Schlegel[507]
b. Schleiermacher[508]
c. Novalis[510]
d. Fries, Bouterweck, Krug[510]
D. Schelling[512]
E. Final Result[545]
Index[555]
Corrigenda in Vols. I. and II.[570]

PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES