Archæology and the Bible

by George A. Barton

INDEX

Abana, [214]
Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, [80]
Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, [76]
Abi-Adda, [80]
Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, [35];
purchase of the cave of Machpelah, [76];
home in Mesopotamia, [112];
sacrifice of Isaac, [172]
Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, [108], [290]
“Absalom’s Pillar,” [183]
Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, [46]
Abu Shusheh (Gezer), [93]
Abydos, chief town of This, [25]
Acts, archæological light on the book of, [438]
Adab (Bismya), [47], [57]
Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, [53]
Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, [61], [365]
Adam, Biblical account of, [289];
Babylonian forms of the name, [266]
Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, [260]
Adime, [266]
“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” [28]
Adzes, [153]
Ælia Capitolina, [122], [212]
Africanus, Julius Sextus, Chronigraphiai of, [21]
Agade (Sippar), [54], [57], [266]
Agricultural implements, [134];
calendar, [138]
Agriculture, [134]
Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, [61];
palace of, [100];
pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, [369]
Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, [62];
altar of, [198]
Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, [110]
Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), [98]
Ain Kades, [95]
Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), [94]
Ain Sitti Miriam, see [Gihon].
Akkad, derivation of, [58]
Akra, [203]
Alaparos, [271]
Alexander Jannæus, [120], [201], [205]
Alexander the Great, empire of, [33];
conquests of, [66];
death of, [119]
Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, [120]
Alorus, [271]
Altar of incense, [173]
Amanus, source of cedar, [58], [358]
Amēlon, [271]
Amelu, [267], [271]
Amempsinos, [271]
Amenemhet I, [76]
Amenemhet III, [28]
Amenophis I, [23], [110]
Amenophis III, [60], [304]
Amenophis III and IV, [29]
American Exploration Society, [86]
American Palestine Exploration Society, [86]
American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, [99]
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, [221]
Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), [66];
inscription of, [381]
Amman, [218]
Ammenon, [271]
Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, [108], [109]
Ammi-zadugga, reign of, [53]
Amorites, conquests of the, [107]
Amosis I, [29]
Amosis II, [32]
Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, [86]
Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, [436]
Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, [47];
inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, [52]
Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, [24];
domestic, [138]
Anklets, [157]
Antigonus, [120], [205]
Antiochus III, [130]
Antiochus IV, [203]
Antipas, [121]
Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, [19];
of Babylonian, [41]
Antonia, fortress, [205]
Anu, [260]
Anubanini, King of Lulubi, [57]
Apollophanes, tomb of, [183]
Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, [58]
Aramæans, migration of, [113]
Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, [79]
Araunah the Jebusite, [168]
Archæological Institute of America, [99]
Archelaus, [121]
Areopagus, [220]
Aretas, see [Haretat IV].
Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, [58]
Aripi, [266]
Aristobulus I and II, [120]

Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, [81]
Arpad, overthrow of, [371]
Arrows, [153]
Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, [77];
alliance with Thothmes IV, [77]
Artatama II, King of the Harri, [78]
Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, [48]
Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, [66]
Asarjik, Hittite remains at, [70]
Asenath, wife of Joseph, [33]
Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, [169]
Ashmolean Museum, [19]
Ashteroth-Karnaim, [215]
Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, [173]
Ashur, [47], [60]
Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, [64];
his account of his campaign against Tyre, [378];
proverbs from library of, [407]
Ashur-dan, [52]
Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, [60];
military exploits of, [61];
advance toward Hebrew territory, [360]
Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, [53], [60]
Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, [60]
Asia, churches of, [221]
Asmonæan coins, [164]
Asmonæans, [120]
Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, [101];
collection of flint implements, [103]
Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, [31]
Assyria, wars with Egypt, [31];
the land, [40];
explorations in, [47];
relations to Babylonia, [59];
early period of, [60];
second period of, [61]
Atbara, [18]
Athenæ Polias, temple of, [225]
Athens, [219]
Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, [403]
Atys, worship of, [226]
Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, [178]
Awls, [152]
Axes, [152]
Azariah (Uzziah), [367]
Azekah, excavation at, [90]
Aziru, Amorite king, [79], [113], [304]
Babylon, capture of, [383]
Babylonia, the land, [40];
exploration by Harper and Banks, [47];
historical periods, [55];
early period, [59];
Persian period, [66];
psalms from, [398];
proverbs from, [407]
Babylonian column, [50]
Babylonian creation epic, [235], [247];
account of the flood, [273]
Babylonian exile, [65];
termination of, [118]
Bacchides, Syrian general, [124]
Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, [67]
Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, [66]
Baking-trays, [150]
Balata, [102]
Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, [71]
Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, [47]
Barada, [214]
Bar Chocaba, [121]
Baris, castle of, [204]
Barsalnunna, [267]
Baskets, [153]
Bath, [158]
Beads, [156]
Beautiful gate, [210]
Bees, [139]
Behistun inscription of Darius I, [50]
Beit Jibrin, caves at, [106]
Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, [55];
Babylonian hymn to, [401]
Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, [382]
Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, [61]
Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, [42]
Beqa, [161]
Bergama, [224]
Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, [54];
Babylonian priest, [247];
list of kings, [270]
Bethesda, Pool of, [210]
Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), [95]
Beth-shemesh, excavations at, [94];
capture of, [117];
walls of, [125];
gates of, [129];
burial caves at, [180]
Bezetha, hill, [212]
Birds, [139]
“Bishop Gobat’s School,” [191]
Bismya (Adab), mound of, [47];
Luguldaudu, King of, [57]
Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, [91]
Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, [89]
Boghaz Koi, excavations at, [69];
Hittite kingdom at, [77];
the “Hittite City,” [78]
Bor (Tyan), [82]
Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, [73]
Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, [43]
Bowls, [150]
Bracelets, [156]
Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, [23];
Ancient Records, Egypt, [76], [352]
British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, [70]
Bruce, James, [20]
Brugsch, H., History of Egypt, [76];
inscription at Elephantine, [305]
Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, [71];
explorations in Edom, [88]
Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, [31]
Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, [70]
Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, [85]
Burial customs, [180]
Burnaburiash, [60]
Burnouf, Eugène, [50]
Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, [102], note;
excavations at Sardis, [228]
Cab, [158]
Cain, list of descendants, [269]
Cairo, [17], [19]
Calah, made capital of Assyria, [60]
Calendar, [138]
Calvary, site of, [211]
Cambyses, son of Cyrus, [32];
extends power of Persia, [66]
Canaanites, migration of the, [109]
Capernaum, identification of, [98]
Caphtor, home of the Philistines, [115], [116]
Captivity, Babylonian, [65]
Carchemish, excavations at, [70];
alliance with Assyria, [81]
Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, [342]
Cataracts of the Nile, [18]
Cave-dwellers, [142], [187]
Caves of the stone age, [104]
Chaldæan Empire, [65]
Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), [21], [22]
Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, [160]
Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, [70];
Travels and Studies in the Nearer East, [73]
Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, [85]
Chedorlaomer, [295]
Cheops, [25]
Child sacrifice, [172]
Chisels, [152]
Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, [122]
Christian Nubians, [39]
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, [211]
Churches of Asia, [221]
Cistern burial, [180]
Cities, topography of Palestinian, [123];
situated near springs, [186]
City gates, [129]
Clark, Herbert, [160]
Clay, A. T., Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection, [384]
Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, [88], [89], [198];
Moabite Stone, [363]
Code of Hammurapi, [313]
Coins, [162];
Roman, [165]
“Columbarium,” [182]
Combs, [156]
Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., The Hittites and Their Language, [72];
survey of Palestine, [88]
Constantine, interest in holy places, [84], [85], [122]
Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, [48]
Cor (Homer), [158]
Corinth, [220]
Corners, considered sacred, [128]
Cossæans, see [Kassites].
Creation, epic of, [235];
comparison with first chapter of Genesis, [247];
second account of, found at Babylon, [255];
compared with second chapter of Genesis, [256]
Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, [278]
Cremation, [179]
Crœsus, temple of, [223];
wealth of, [227];
overthrown by Cyrus the Great, [163], [383]
Cromlech (heap of stones), [104]
Cros, Gaston, explorations of, [45]
Crucifixion, site of the, [211]
“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, [56]
Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, [102]
Cybele, worship of, [226];
temple of, [228]
Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, [57]
Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, [32];
conquests of, [66];
overthrows Crœsus, [163], [383];
captures Sardis, [227];
inscription of, [385]
Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, [88]
Damascus, [213], [248], [369]
Danaoi, migration of, [115]
Daniel, book of, [384]
Daonos (Daos), [271]
Daphne, [38]
Darics, [163]
Darius I, rule in Egypt, [32];
inscriptions of, [48];
extends power of Persia, [66];
coinage of, [163]
Darius the Mede, [384]
David, conquests of, [117], [118];
captures Jebus, [188];
Tower of, [206]
Decapolis, description of, [213]
Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, [74]
Deutscher Palästina-Verein, [96]
Dilmun, [283]
Dion, [216]
Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, [88]
Domestic animals, [138]
Doorway tombs, [182]
Dor, excavations at, [117]
Drachma, [165]
Drovetti, M., collection of, [22]
Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, [81]
Dûdu, [304]
Dulcimer, [155]
Dumuzi, [271]
Dung Gate, [202]
Dungi, King of Babylonia, [58]
Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, [69];
two El-Amarna letters from, [71];
contemporary with Amenophis IV, [77];
death of, [78]
“Dynastic tablets,” [52]
Ea, [260]
Eannatum, King of Lagash, [56]
Early Assyrian period, [60]
Early Babylonian period, [59]
Earth-graves, [181]
Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, [113]
Ebed-Hepa, [187];
letters of, [345];
history of, [349]
Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, [50]
Ecclesiastes, parallel to, [412]
Ecclesiasticus, [203]
Eclipse at Nineveh, [51]
Egypt, the land, [17];
history of, [21], [23];
division of, [24];
Roman period, [33];
Hyksos invasion of, [34];
period of the Oppression and the Exodus, [35];
Jewish colony in, [387];
psalms from, [402];
parallels to Song of Songs from, [413];
social conscience in, [418];
wisdom literature of, [421]
Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, [59]

El-Amarna letters, [35], [60];
from Dushratta, [69];
Palestinian cities mentioned in, [112];
source of information regarding Jerusalem, [187];
selections from, [303];
from Rib-Adda of Gebal, [344];
from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, [345];

reflecting conditions in Palestine, [348]
Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, [56];
invade Babylonia, [60]
Elephantine, papyri discovered at, [37], [387]
El-Gib, [130]
Elisha’s Fountain, [98]
“Eloquent Peasant, The,” [28], [418]
El-Wad, [185]
Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, [81]
Enlil, [279];
see also [Bel].
Enmeduranki, King of Sippar, [266], [271]
Enmeirgan, [267]
Enmenunna, [267]
Enoch, identified with Etana, [266]
Enosh, [267]
En-rogel, [186]
Enrolment of Quirinius, [432]
Entemena, successor of Eannatum, [57]
Enu-ilu, King of Hamath, [82]
Ephah, [158]
Ephesus, [221]
Ephraim, gate of, [202]
Epic of creation, text of, [235]
Epiphanius, on measures, [158], [159]
Epistles, archæological light on the, [440]
“Eponym Canon,” [359]
“Eponym Lists,” [51]
Erech, exploration at, [44], [47];
dynasties of, [54];
founding of, [55]
Eridu, [55], [283]
Esarhaddon, invasion of Egypt, [31];
succeeds Sennacherib, [64];
money in reign of, [163];
kings conquered by, [378]
Eski Hissar, [230]
Etana, [266];
identified with Abel, [270]
Etruscans, relation to Lydians, [227]
Euedorachos, [271]
Eumenes I, [224]
Euphrates river, [40]
Eusebius, Chronicon of, [21];
list of Palestinian names, [85], [133]
Evil-Merodach (Amil-Marduk), [66];
inscription of, [381]
Exile, Babylonian, [65];
termination of, [382]
Eye-paint, [156]
Eyuk, Hittite monuments at, [78]
Ezekiel, [65]
Fahl, [216]
Famine, the seven years of, [305]
Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit, [258]
Feeding-bottles, [150]
Fibulæ, [156]
Files, [153]
Fish Gate, [199]
Fish-hooks, [154]
Flesh-hooks, [151]
Flood, Babylonian account of, [273];
comparison with the Biblical account of, [277];
second Babylonian account of, [277]
Forks, [151]
Foundation sacrifices, [128]
Fountain Gate, [202]
Fraktin, Hittite remains at, [70]
Fruits, [136]
“Furnaces, Tower of the,” [202]
Gadara, [216]
Gallio, [439]
Galumum, [266]
Gate, see descriptive name.
Gateways, [129]
Gath (Tell es-Safi), [91];
walls of, [124]
Gebal, excavations at, [117]
Gebel Fureidis, [121], [131]
Gennath, gate of, [211]
Genouillac, H. de, exploration at Ukhaimir, [48]
Gerasa, topography of, [123], [216]
Gerizim, Mount, [119]
Germer-Durand, Père, [159]
Gethsemane, Garden of, [137], [210]
Gezer, excavations at, [92];
caves at, [104];
walls of, [109], [124];
besieged by Merneptah, [115];
captured by the Hebrews, [117];
gates of, [129];
pottery at, [142], [145];
weights found at, [160];
sanctuary at, [167];
high place of, [169];
temple at, [175];
tombs at, [179]
Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite remains at, [70]
Gibeon, water supply of, [130]
Gihon, springs at, [87], [186];
caves at, [101], [106]
Gilgal (menhirs set in a circle), [104];
burial in, [180]
Gilgamesh, epic, [256]
Glassware, [150]
Gobryas, [384]
Golgotha, site of, [211]
Gordon, Gen. C. E., suggestion regarding Golgotha, [211]
Granaries, [134]
Green, William Henry, [269]
Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt, discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, [39], [428]
Griffith, F. L., [39]
Grinding, [135]
Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, interpretation of inscriptions found at Persepolis, [49]
Gudea, ruler at Lagash, [58];
rebuilds Eninnû, [358]
Guérin. H. V., explorations in Palestine, [86]
Gurun, Hittite remains at, [70]
Guthe, H., excavations in Jerusalem, [96]
Gutium, dynasty of, [54];
hordes from, overrun Babylonia, [58]
Gyges, dynasty of, [163]
Habiri, [113], [188], [349]
Hadrian, restores Jerusalem under name of Ælia Capitolina, [212]
Haggai, assists in rebuilding the temple, [118]
Hamadan (Ecbatana), visited by Rawlinson, [50]
Hamath, Hittite kingdom at, [81];
overthrow of, [371]
Hammeah, tower of, [202]
Hammers, [153]
Hammurapi, laws of, [47];
King of Larsa, [53], [58];
conqueror of Babylonia, [59];
conquest of the “west land,” [108];
identified with Amraphel, [294];
code of, [313]
Hananel, tower of, [202]
Hananiah, Passover letter of, [390]
Haran, possibly a Hittite capital, [77]
Haretat IV, Nabathæan king, [174];
besieges Jerusalem, [205];
inscription regarding, [442]
Harper, Robert, exploration in Babylonia, [47]
Harps, [155]
Harri, become part of Subbiluliuma’s kingdom, [78]
Hasmonæans, see [Asmonæans].
Hattusil I, King of Boghaz Koi, [78]
Hattusil II, successor of Mutallu, [69], [80]
Hawara, [28]
Haynes, John H., Babylonian explorations of, [46]
Head, B. V., date of ancient coins, [162]
Hebrews, migration of, [116]
Hebron, possessed by the Hittites, [76]
Helena, mother of Constantine, [211]
Helena of Adiabene, tomb of, [183]
Heliopolis, [35]
Hens, [139]
Herod Agrippa I, [121]
Herod the Great, rebuilds the Jewish temple, [121];
capture of Rabbah Ammon, [130];
coinage of, [165];
building in Jerusalem, [205]
Herodotus, on early navigation, [32];
on wars between Egypt and Assyria, [32];
comparison with 2 Kings, [376]
Hezekiah, threatened by Sennacherib, [63], [374];
improvements made by, [198]
High places, [167]
Hill, G. F., on Palestinian coins, [164]
Hilprecht, Herman V., Babylonian explorations of, [46]
Hin, [158]
Hincks, Edward, [50]
Hinnom, valley of, [185], [199]
Hippacus, tower of, [206], [212]
Hippos, [215]
Hittites, invade Babylonia, [59];
monuments of, [68];
theories concerning, [68];
ethnology of, [74];
history of, [75]
Hoes, [134]
Homer, The Odyssey, [79]
Homer, a measure, [158]
Hophra, lures Judah to destruction, [32];
palace of, at Memphis, [37]
Horam, King of Gezer, [117]
Horites, [106]
Horse, domestication of the, [74]
Horse Gate, [202]
Hoshea, rebels against Assyria, [62], [369]
Houses in ancient Palestine, [126]
Howe, Fisher, suggestion regarding Golgotha, [211]
Hull, Edward, geological survey of the valley of the Dead Sea, [89]
Human sacrifice, [172]
Hunt, A. S., discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, [39], [428]
Huntington, Ellsworth, [95]
Hyksos, invasion of Egypt, [28], [34], [110];
possibly Hittites, [75]
Hystaspes, father of Darius, [49]
Ilu-bidi (Yau-bidi), [82]
Ilumailu, founder of the second dynasty of Babylon, [59]
Ilu-shumma, King of Assyria, [52]
Ina-uzni-erêsu, [267]
Ipuwer, Egyptian sage, [421]
Irad, [270]
Irhulina, King of Hamath, [82]
Ishmi-Dagan, [52]
Ishtar, on coins, [163];
Babylonian prayer to, [399]
Israel, the northern kingdom, [118]
Ivriz, Hittite remains at, [70]
Jacob, historical study of the name, [299]
Jacobel, [111], [112]
Jars, [142]
Jebus, [188]
Jehoahaz, deposed by Necho, [32]
Jehoash, breaks wall of Jerusalem, [196]
Jehoiachin, imprisoned by Nebuchadrezzar, [66]
Jehoiakim, rebellion of, [65]
Jehu, pays tribute to Shalmaneser III, [61]
Jensen, Peter, studies in the Hittite and the Mitanni languages, [71]
Jerabis, site of ancient Carchemish, Hamath, etc., [71], [72]
Jerash, temple at, [178];
ruins at, [217]
Jericho, excavations at, [98];
walls of, [109];
capture of, [117];
topography of, [123];
area of, [125];
remains of buildings, [127]
Jeroboam, [30];
name on seal, [359]
Jerome, Onomasticon, [85], [133]
Jerusalem, sieges and destruction of, [65];
captured by Orodes I, [120];
besieged by Pompey, [120];
destroyed by Titus, [121];
captured by the Persians, [122];
passes under Mohammedan control, [122];
area of, [126];
water supply of, [130];
rock altar at, [168];
topography of, [185];
in the time of Solomon, [190];
destruction of, by Nebuchadrezzar, [199];
walls of, rebuilt, [202];
capture of, by Ptolemy I, [203];
during the Asmonæan period, [204];
construction during reign of Agrippa I, [212]
Jesus, in the Decapolis, [218];
reputed sayings of, found in Egypt, [428]
Jewish colony in Egypt, [387]
Joab, captures Rabbah, [217]
Job, Babylonian parallel to, [392]
John Hyrcanus, conquers Samaria and Edom, [100], [120];
coinage of, [165];
builds palace in Jerusalem, [204];
supplies Jerusalem with water, [205]
John Hyrcanus II, [120]
Johns, C. H. W., [163]
Jordan, Julius, exploration at Warka, [47]
Joseph, texts bearing on story of, [33], [303];
historical study of the name, [300]
Josephel, [111], [112]
Josephus, story of Onias, [38];
on measures, [158]
Joshua, conquest of Palestine, [117]
Jovanoff, Alexander, numismatist of Constantinople, [70]
Judah, the southern kingdom, [118]
Judas Maccabæus, [119]
Judges, period of, [352]
Justus, house of, [221]
Kadashman-turgu, [60]
Kadesh, battle at, [80]
Kadesh-Barnea, identification of, disputed, [95]
Kalah-Sherghat, exploration at, [47]
Kanatha, [215]
Kara-Bel, Hittite remains at, [70]
Karaburna, Hittite remains at, [70]
Kara Dagh, Hittite remains at, [70]
Karaindash, King of Babylon, [53], [60]
Karanog, exploration of, [39]
Kara Su, [69]
Karnak, temple of, [37]
Kassites, invade Babylonia, [59];
migration of the, [109]
Kenan, [267]
Keys, [151]
Khafre, [26]
Khartum, [18]
Khattu land, name given to Hittite settlement in Cappadocia, [75]
Kheta, see [Hittites].
Khnum, [305]
Khufu (Cheops), [25]
Kidron, valley of, [185]
King list of Karnak, etc., [22]
Kings, books of, archæological light on, [358]
King’s Gardens, [189]
Kish, exploration at, [48];
dynasty of, [54]
Kitchener, H. H., Major and Lord, survey of Palestine, [88];
surveys in Arabia, [89]
Kizil Dagh, Hittite remains at, [70]
Klein, F. A., [363]
Knives, [152]
Knudtzon, J. A., Die El-Amarna Tafeln, [303]
Kok (shaft), [182]
Koldewey, Robert, Babylonian exploration, [46], [65]
Kudur-Mabug, [295]
Kugler, Franz Xaver, astronomical calculation relating to Assyrian chronology, [53]
Kukukumal, [297]
Kummukh, Hittite kingdom, [82]
Kurigalzu, invasion of Elam during reign of, [59]
Labyrinth, [28]
Lachish, excavations at, [89];
walls of, [124]
Lagash, [47];
founding of, [55];
colonists from, found Ashur, [47], [60]
Lamartine, A. M., explorations in Palestine, [85]
Lamech, [267]
Lamentation for Tammuz, [426]
Lamp-stands, [151]
Langdon, Stephen, Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, [283]
Laodicea, [230]
Larsa, kings of, [53];
divided power with Nisin, [58]
Lassen, Christian, [50]
Lawrence, T. E., explorations in the wilderness of Zin, [95]
Layard, Austen Henry, explorations of, [43];
discoveries at Nineveh, [64], [71]
Lebanon, copper from, [58]
Leontopolis, Jewish temple at, [38]
Lepton, [165]
Letters from Palestine, [344]
Leviticus, alleged parallel to, [342]
Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, [64]
Liverpool, University of, directs Hittite exploration, [70]
Loftus, William Kennett, explorations of, [44]
Log, [158]
Lotan, [109]
Lowenstern, Isidore, [50]
Lugaldaudu, statue of, [48];
King of Adab, [57]
Lugalzaggisi, [54], [57]
Lydia, origin of coinage in (?), [163];
kingdom of, [226]
Lynch, Lieut. W. F., explorations in Palestine, [86]
Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, [100]
Lyres, [155]
Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, [105]
Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, [92];
conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, [124]
Maccabæan period, [203]
Maccabees, [119]
MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, [39]
Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, [94]
Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, [57];
quarries at, [58]
Magdol, [34]
Mana, [160]
Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, [64]
Manetho, Egyptian priest, [21]
Manishtusu, King of Kish, [47]
Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, [77], [79]
Marash, Hittite remains at, [70], [92]
Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, [247]
Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of,

[258]
Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, [51], [52]
Margolis, Max L., meaning of Pim, [161]
Mars’ Hill, [220]
Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, [101]
Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, [78]
“Maudsley’s Scarp,” [90], [191]
Measures, [158]
Medeba, taken by Omri, [365]
Megalaros, [271]
Megiddo, battle of, [32];
excavations at, [96];
wall of, [109];
topography of, [123];
area of, [126];
remains of buildings, [128];
gates of, [129];
rock altar at, [168];
temple at, [176];
seal found at, [359]
Melamkish, [267]
Memphis, capital of Egypt, [27]
Mena, accession of, [23];
reign of, [25]
Menahem, [62]
Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, [71]
Menhir (stone columns), [104];
burial in, [180]
Menkaure, [26]
Men-nofer, [27]
Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, [30];
Pharaoh of the Exodus, [37];
siege of Gezer, [114], [115];
pillar of, [311]
Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, [63];
relations with Hezekiah, [377]
Meroe, [32], [39]
Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, [86]
Meruitensi, [420]
Meselim, King of Kish, [56]
Mesha, King of Moab, [170], [363]
Meskingashir, [267]
Mesopotamian Valley, [40]
Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, [72]
Methuselah, [267]
Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, [23];
origin of the Philistines, [357]
Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, [86]
Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), [27]
Migdol, [34]
Miletus, [222]
Millo, [189], [190]
Millstones, [136]
Mina, [160]
Mitanni, [69];
kingdom of, [77]
Mite, coin, [165]
Moabite Stone, [363]
Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, [122]
Money, [162]
Monoliths, at Gezer, [170]
Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, [70]
Moresheth-Gath (Marash), [70], [92]
Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, [47], [313]
Moriah, Mount, [168];
site of the temple, [192]
Mortars, [136]
Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, [340]
Mosque of Omar, [168]
Moulton, W. J., [100]
Mount, see descriptive name.
Mukês, [216]
Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, [69]
Mursil, successor of Arandas, [79];
makes treaty with the Amorites, [80];
death of, [80]
Mutallu, successor of Mursil, [80]
Mutu-elu, [267]
Mutu-ša-elu, [267]
Mutu-šalal-eqla, [267]
Nabathæans, [174]
Nabopolassar, [65]
Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, [54], [55];
inscriptions of, [382]
Nails, [153]
Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, [268]
Napata, [31]
Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, [20]
Naram-Sin, [54], [57]
Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, [35]
Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, [60]
Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, [32], [65];
destroys Jerusalem, [199];
inscriptions of, [379]
Necho, [32], [65], [379]
Necklaces, [156]
Needles, [151]
Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, [202]
Nehushtan, [171]
Neo-Babylonian period, [65]
Neolithic implements, [103]
Nicanor’s gate, [210]
Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, [49]
Nile, [17]
Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, [43];
by Rassam and Loftus, [44];
by George Smith, [45];
eclipse at, [51];
Ashurbanipal’s library at, [64]
Ninkharsag, [279], [289]
Nippur, exploration of, [46];
founding of, [55];
account of creation and flood discovered at, [278];
account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, [283]
Nisin, [53], [54], [58]
Noah, [268], [287]
Nomes, divisions of Egypt, [24]
Noph, [27]
Norden, F. L., [19]
Nubians, Christian, [39]
Nuffar, exploration of, [46]
Odoric, [49]
Odyssey, The, referred to, [79]
Old Gate, [202]
Olive-presses, [137]
Olives, Mount of, [211]
Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, [70]
Omar, Mosque of, [168]
Omer, [158]
Omri, [100], [365], [366]
On, [35];
priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, [26]
Onias, [38]
Onomasticon, by Jerome, [85], [133]

Ophel, excavations on, [102];
topography of, [123]
Opis, dynasty of, [54]
Oppert, Jules, explorations of, [44], [50]
Orient-Gesellschaft, Babylonian exploration, [46]
Ornaments, personal, [156]
Ornan, [168]
Orodes I, King of Parthia, [120]
Osorkon II, [30]
Otiartes, [271]
Ovens, [149]
Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, [39], [428]
Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, [86]
Palaces of ancient Palestine, [127]
Palæolithic implements, [103]
“Palermo Stone,” [22]
Palestine, physical geography of, [83];
Mohammedans invade, [122]
Palestine Exploration Fund, [87]
Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, [37];
at Oxyrhynchus, [39], [428]
Papyrus Ebers, [23]
Parchment, origin of the word, [224]
Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, [101]
Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, [67]
Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, [60]
Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, [100]
Patriarchs before the flood, [264]
Paul, scene of his missionary activity, [219]
Payim, [161]
Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, [71]
Pekah, [62], [369]
Peleset (Philistines), [356]
Pella, [114], [216]
Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, [313];
laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, [340]
Perfume-boxes, [156]
Pergamum, [222], [224]
Persepolis, inscriptions at, [49]
Persia, languages of ancient, [48]
Persian period of Babylonia, [66]
Persians, dominant in Palestine, [122]
Pesibkhenno II, [30]
Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, [45];
discovery at Beit Jibrin, [102]
Petra, [173], [174]
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, [34], [38];
discovery of Raamses, [36];
of Hophra’s palace, [37];
excavation at Tell Defenneh, [38];
at Lachish, [89];
Egyptian Tales, [302]
Phæstos, disc discovered at, [115], [357]
Pharaoh of the Exodus, [30], [311]
Philadelphia, [123], [217], [228]
Philadelphus, [33]
Philetærus, King of Pergamum, [224]
Philip, son of Herod the Great, [121]
Philistia, [83]
Philistines, migration of, [115];
civilization of, [117];
Ramses III, reference to, [356];
Meyer’s opinion of origin, [357]
Phœnicians, weight standards of, [160]
Pilate, Pontius, [121]
Pilikam, [267], [271]
Pillar of Merneptah, [311]
Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, [169];
at Taanach, [173]
Pim, [161]
Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, [384]
“Pipe,” musical instrument, [155]
Pithom, [34], [35]
Place, Victor, explorations of, [43]
Plows, [134]
Pococke, R., [19]
Poebel, Arno, [54], [267], [271], [278]
Politarchs, of Thessalonica, [438]
Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, [120], [205]
Pool of Bethesda, [210]
Pools of Solomon, [131]
Potiphar, [34]
Pottery, [141]
Pre-Babylonian period, [56]
Prophets, character of the Hebrew, [417]
Proverbs, parallels to book of, [407]
Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, [398]
Psammetik I, [31]
Psammetik II, [387]
Psephinus, tower of, [212]
Ptahhotep, precepts of, [409]
Ptolemaic period, [32]
Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, [203]
Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, [51]
Ptolemy Lagi, [33], [119]
Ptolemy Philadelphus, [33]
Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, [70]
Pul, [61]
Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, [74]
Put-akhi, Amorite king, [80]
Pyramids, [25]
Qarqar, [61]
Quadrans, [165]
Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, [432]
Raamses, built by the Israelites, [35]
Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, [33];
topography of, [123];
site of Philadelphia, [217]
Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, [434]
Ramses II, [29], [35], [69];
treaty with Hattusil, [69];
conquests in northern Syria, [80];
Palestinian rule of, [114]
Ramses III, [30], [115]
Ramses IV, IX, XII, [30]
Raphana, [215]
Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, [44], [45], [64]
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, [44], [50], [51]
Rehoboam, [30];
opposed by Shishak, [118]
Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, [100]
Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, [86]
Rephaim, [104]
Reservoirs, [130]
Retenu (Lotan), [109]
Rich, Claude James, explorations of, [42]
Richardson, Rufus B., excavations at Corinth, [221]
Rim-Sin, King of Larsa, [58]
Rings, finger, [157];
money, [162]
Roads, [132]
Robinson, Edward, explorations in Palestine, [85]
Robinson, George L., discovery at Petra, [102]
“Robinson’s Arch,” [87], [204]
Rockefeller, John D., [47]
Roman rule of Egypt, [33]
“Rosetta Stone,” [20]
Sacrifices in foundations, [128];
human, [172];
Carthaginian law concerning, [342]
Sacy, Sylvestre de, interpretation of Sassanian inscriptions, [49]
Sakje-Geuze, excavations at, [75]
Samal, kingdom of, [81]
Samaria, siege of, [62];
excavations at, [100];
topography of, [123];
remains of palaces at, [127];
temple at, [178]
Samaritans, origin of, [118]
Samsuiluna, King of Larsa, [53]
Sarbut el-Khadem, [28]
Sardis, [226], [228]
Sargon of Agade, [54], [57];
conquests of, [63], [107];
legend of, [310]
Sargon of Assyria, besieges Samaria, [63], [369]
Sarzec, Ernest de, explorations of, [45]
Sassanian dynasty of Persia, [49], [67]
Saturninus, Sentius, [437]
Saul, reign of, [117]
Saws, [152]
Sayce, A. H., theories regarding Hittites, [68];
decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, [70], [73]
“Scarp, Maudsley’s,” [191]
Scheil, V., exploration of, [46], [54]
Schick, Dr. Conrad, discoveries in Jerusalem, [207]
Schmidt, Nathaniel, explorations in Palestine, [100]
Schumacher, Gottlieb, explorations in Palestine, [88];
excavations at Megiddo, [96], [124]
Scythians threaten Assyria, [64]
Scythopolis, [214]
Seah, [158]
Seals, [154];
found at Megiddo, [359]
Sebaste, see [Samaria].
Second Assyrian period, [61]
Sela, [173]
Seleucus, King of Babylonia, [67]
Sellin, Ernst, excavations at Taanach, [97], [124];
excavations at Jericho, [98]
Semites, first inhabitants of Mesopotamia, [55]
Sendjirli, excavations at, [69]
Seneferu, [25]
Sennacherib, [31];
discovery of seal at Babylon, [52];
succeeds Sargon, [63];
his account of his campaigns, [372]
Seplel, see [Subbiluliuma].
Septuagint, translation of, [33]
Sesostris, monarchs of Middle Kingdom, [27]
Seth, [267];
list of descendants, [269]
Seti I, [29];
campaigns against Palestine, [80];
conquests in Asia, [114]
Shabatum, [259]
Shaft tombs, [181]
Shalmaneser I, [60]
Shalmaneser III, campaigns of, [61];
oppression of Palestine, [360]
Shalmaneser V, [62]
Shamash-shumukin, [64]
Shamshi-Adad, [52]
Shamshi-Adad IV, [61]
Shamsu-ditana, King of Babylon, [75]
Shamsu-iluna, successor of Hammurapi, [108]
Sheba, [381]
Shechem, captured by Sesostris III, [28];
excavations at, [102]
Sheep Gate, [202]
Shema, seal of, [176]
Sheol, [423]
Shephelah, borderland between Judæa and Philistia, [90], [94], [186]
“Shepherd Kings,” [28]
Sheshonk, see [Shishak].
“Shinar” (Sumir), [58]
Shishak, [30];
record of his campaign in Palestine, [37], [118], [359]
Shitḫu-elu, [267]
Shur, [95]
Shushan, [47]
Shutarna I, successor of Artatama I, [77]
Siamon,

[30]
Sicilians, migration of, [115]
Sickles, [135]
Siloah, [189]
Siloam inscription, [377]
Simon the Maccabee, coinage of, [164]
Sin, the moon-god, Babylonian hymn to, [400]
Sinuhe, adventures of, [108], [307]
Sippar (Agade), temple at, [54]
Smith, Eli, explorations in Palestine, [85]
Smith, George, explorations of, [45]
Smyrna, Hittite sculptures and remains near, [76], [79];
general account of, [229]
Solomon marries daughter of Pharaoh, [30];
empire of, [118];
Pools of, [131], [205];
buildings of, [192]
Song of Songs, Egyptian parallels to, [413]
“Sothic Cycle,” [22]
Spatulæ, for eye-paint, [156]
Spears, [154]
Sphinx, [26]
Spinning “whorls,” [151]
Spoons, [150]
Springs, favorite sites for cities, [186]
“Stele of the vultures,” [56]

Step Pyramid, [25]
Stone age in Palestine, [103]
Styli, [154]
Subbiluliuma, extends power of the Hittites, [77];
deposes Sutatarra, [78];
Amorites conquered by, [113]
Sumerian, early language of Babylonia, [51]
Sumerian names, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, [268]
Sumerians, ethnology of, [56]
Sumir, derivation of, [58]
Sun-god, Egyptian hymn to the, [402]
Susa, exploration at, [47]
Sutarna II, King of the Harri, [78]
Sutatarra, successor of Dushratta, [78]
Swords, [154]
“Synagogue of the Hebrews” in Corinth, [221]
Sypilus, Mount, [70]
Taanach, excavations at, [97];
walls of, [124];
buildings at, [127];
pillars and altar of incense at, [173];
letter from, [350]
Tabu-utul-Bêl, [395]
Tagtug, [288], [289]
Tahpanhes, castle at, [37]
Talbot, Fox, [50]
Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, [418]
Tale of Sinuhe, [307]
Tale of the Two Brothers, [300]
Tamerlane, [227]
Tammuz, lamentation for, [426]
Tanut-amon, [31]
Tashji, Hittite remains at, [70]
Taylor, J. E., explorations of, [44]
Tell Defenneh, [38]
Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), [89], [110]
Tell el-Jazar, excavations at, [92]
Tell el-Judeideh, excavations at, [91]
Tell el-Retabeh, site of Raamses, [36]
Tell el-Yehudiyeh, [38]
Tell es-Safi, [91], [110], [124], [169]
Tell Hum (Capernaum), [98]
“Tell of the Jewess,” [38]
Tell Sandahanna (Marash), [92];
weight found at, [162]
Tell Taanek, see [Taanach].
Tell Zakariya (Azekah), [90]
Temple, Solomon’s, site of, [168];
description of, [193];
building of the second, [200];
Herod’s, [207]
Temple at Gezer, [175]
Temple to Augustus at Samaria, [178]
Temple of Jewish colony in Egypt, [387]
Thakut, [34]
Thebes, nome of, [27]
Thekel, migration of, [115], [116]
Thenius, Otto, suggestion regarding Golgotha, [211]
Thessalonica, politarchs of, [438]
Thiersch, Hermann, discovery at Beit Jibrin, [102]
This, nome of, [25]
Thompson, R. Campbell, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, [73]
Thothmes I, raids through Palestine, [110]
Thothmes III, [29], [77], [111]
Thothmes IV, alliance with Artatama I, [77]
Threshing, [135]
Thyatira, [226]
Ti, tomb of, [26]
Tiâmat, [248], [251]
Tiberius, coinage of, [165]
Tiglath-pileser I, [51], [60]
Tiglath-pileser IV, conquests of, [61], [366]
Tigris river, [40]
Timur (Tamerlane), [227]
Tirhakah, [31], [64]
Titus, destroys Jerusalem, [121]
Tiuman, King of Elam, [417]
Tobler, Titus, explorations in Palestine, [86]
Toi, King of Hamath, [81]
Tombs, [181]
“Tombs of the Judges,” [182]
“Tombs of the Kings,” [183], [212]
Topheth, [199]
Tou, see [Toi].
Towers, [202]
Toys, [155]
Trajan, [133];
organizes province of Arabia, [174]
Travel, between Babylonia and Palestine, [293]
Trumbull, Henry Clay, identification of Kadesh-Barnea, [95]
Tukulti-Ninib I, [52], [60]
“Turin Papyrus,” [22]
Two Brothers, Tale of the, [300]
Tyana, Hittite capital, [82]
Tyropœon valley, [199]
Ukhaimir, exploration at, [48]
Umm Keis, [216]
Ummanu, [267]
Uni, officer of Pepi I, [107]
University Museum, Philadelphia, [53], [54]
Upper Retenu, [109]
Ur, founding of, [55];
kings of, [53], [54], [58]
Urkagina, King of Lagash, [57]
Ur-Nina founds dynasty at Lagash, [56]
Utensils, [149]
Uzziah, [196], [367]
Valley Gate, [202]
Van Dyke, Henry, reference to Felix, [429]
Vincent, Hughes, [99], [101]
Vineyards, [137]
Wady Maghara, turquoise mines in, [25]
Walls of Palestinian cities, [109], [123], [125], [202]
Ward, William Hayes, Babylonian explorations of, [45]
Warka, exploration at, [47]
Warren, Gen. Sir Charles, excavations at Jerusalem, [87];
at Gihon, [101]
Water Gate, [202]
Water supply in Palestine, [129]
Weidner, Ernst, [74]
Weights, [160]
Weil, Captain, excavations on Ophel, [102]

Wenamon, report of, [117], [352]
Whetstones, [153]
White Wall, [27]
Wilderness of Zin, explorations in, [95]
Winckler, Hugo, excavations at Boghaz Koi, [69], [79];
first instalment of the El-Amarna letters, [71]
Winckler und Abel, Thoutafelnfund von El-Amarna, [303]
Wine-vats, [137]
Winnowing, [135]
Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, [203]
Wood, J. T., discoveries in Ephesus, [223]
Woolley, C. Leonard, [75], [95]
Wrench, J. E., explorations in Asia Minor, [70]
Wright, William, The Empire of the Hittites, [68]
Xerxes, inscriptions of, [48]
Xisouthros, [271]
Xystus, [203]
Yadi, kingdom of, [81]
Yaila, Hittite remains at, [70]
Yakut, Arabian geographer, [217]
Yau-bidi, King of Hamath, [82]
Yaudi, identity of, [371]
Year, divisions of, [138]
Zamama, temple of, [48]
Zaphenath-Paneah, [34]
Zechariah, assists in rebuilding the temple, [118], [200]
Zedekiah, rebellion against Babylon, [32], [65]
Ziggurat of Zamama temple, [48]
Zin, explorations in the wilderness of, [95]
Zion, site of Jebus, [188]
Ziugiddu, [280]
Zoser, first king of third dynasty, [25], [305]
Zugagib, [266]

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