Traditions of the Arikara

by George A. Dorsey

FOOTNOTES:

[6] Told by Hand.

6. THE ORIGIN OF THE ARIKARA.[7]

A long time ago, when I was about thirteen years old, we heard that smallpox was coming from the east, so that we all left our village and went north in order to get away from the smallpox. As we journeyed west we came to many buffalo. My father and I went to kill them. My father killed a buffalo cow. Then he called out, with a loud voice, that he had made a buffalo holy, and called a certain old man who was then the keeper of a bundle.

The old man came and sat down with us. He filled his pipe and smoked to the different gods in the heavens. After smoking he pulled up some wild sage and waved it upon the buffalo. After this he took his knife and cut the skin of the buffalo. Then we all helped skin the buffalo. After we had skinned it, the old man took his knife and took the meat from the back. Then he took the tongue out and carefully cut the meat from the tongue, breast, heart, and lungs. He carefully laid the meat, heart, tongue, and lungs aside, and said, “These things are holy. The rest of the meat I will take home and divide among other old men. You take the meat, tongue, heart, and lungs and jerk it and dry it and when we get to our village we will have the ceremony.” The holy meat was jerked and dried. My people took care of it, so that it was very fine. When we returned to the village this meat was put upon my back and some upon the back of my father, and we started for the priest’s lodge.

The bundle had been taken down by the woman who had charge of the bundle and placed in the west of the lodge. The women had all left the lodge. We entered the lodge. We were then told to take seats by the priest. The tying of the bundle is peculiar, for it is not a common tie. The man who untied the bundle was told to notice the tie closely so that he could tie the bundle up again in the same way. The bundle was untied and the things inside were spread out, the priest being particular to place the four animals that brought the people out from the earth. They were the bear, badger, mole, and a tiny mouse with a long nose. There were all kinds of birds in the bundle. There were also two pipes in it. One of the pipes was black, the bowl also being black. The bowl of the other pipe was red, the stem was white, and many bird feathers were tied along the pipe stem. The only thing tied upon the pipe was a white shell. The priest took the gourds, and told the errand man to invite four men and four women into the lodge. The women were placed according to the four world quarters. Hoes made of the shoulder-blade of a buffalo were given them. The four men were also placed by the women, and these men were given bow and arrows. The four old men now took up the gourds and the four men and women danced. This was continued until all the songs were sung. The women and men placed their implements at the altar, then went out.

Before the ceremony, many presents were given—such as ponies, blankets, buffalo robes, calicos, guns, etc. Some of these things were given to the old men, who sat on each side of the entrance. Most of the presents were given to the priest, who made offerings of willow sticks to the gods. After this, he told us the origin of the bundle and of our people:

A long time ago, Nesaru made people. They were giants. They displeased Nesaru, and he sent mighty heat upon these people, so that they turned into stones—such as we now find in the earth. This is why we call stones our grandfathers, for stones really are people, who were once wonderful and powerful.

Again, Nesaru made people. This time they were small, but were wonderful. They also displeased Nesaru, so that he sent word to all the animals to hide; that he was going to make the water rise from the earth. The animals held a great council, and it was decided to take most of the people under the ground with the assistance of the Badger, the Mole, and the long-nosed Mouse. The Fox was to act as runner and errand man.

The people lived under the ground for many years. These animals did not like to see the people live under the ground, so the Badger, the Mole, the long-nosed Mouse, and the Fox assembled. This means, not one Bear, one Badger, one Mole, one Mouse, and one Fox, but many of each kind. The animals decided to dig through the earth upwards, and see what kind of land there was above. So the Bears dug, but they all gave out. The Badgers dug and they gave out. The Moles then dug and they gave out. The little Mice then dug until they dug through the earth. Then they went back, for their noses were worn sharp.

When the Mouse came back the other animals saw that his nose was worn sharp. The Mouse said: “From this day on, my people will have long, sharp noses on them, so that people will know that through the long-nosed Mouse they came out from the ground.”

The Mole was the first one to stick his head out and see the bright sun. He was blinded. He went back into the ground, and to the animals. He told of the brightness outside of the earth, that he had been blinded. So it was decided by the animals that the Mole should always stay under ground and should never see the sun. The Mole was satisfied, so he always stayed under the ground.

The next to go through was the Fox. The rays of the sun now entered the hole, and the Fox could see, but he could not get through. So the Badger dug away until he dug through. The Fox went again, and crawled out of the ground. He made a loud shout, like a man. The Fox ran around through the country and returned to the people and reported what he had seen outside on the earth.

The animals were all satisfied. They all said, “We will lead these people out, so they can live upon the land, where they can see the sun, moon, stars and heavens.” The Bear was told by the long-nosed Mouse to make the hole larger. The Bear went to digging. The people followed. The people did not have any clothing on, neither did they have anything to eat. They did not know how they lived under ground. The Bear made the hole larger, so that there was light where the people were. The long-nosed Mouse went out first, then the other animals followed, then the people followed out.

The people were now standing upon the ground. They did not know which way to go. But there was a woman who seemed to know. She did not speak to the people. She told a man that she was not a real woman, that she was a grain of corn, and that she had understanding of what they were to do. She told the man that they were upon an island in big waters, that they were put there so that they could dig through the earth and could get out.

These people who were taken under the ground by Mice were grains of corn. Now they had turned to people. The long-nosed Mouse now spoke to the woman, and said, “Some of the people will have to remain in this water, for we can not cross this big water unless some do.” The Mouse then told a man to get into the water. When the man got into the water he turned into a long gar-pike. It now swam across the big water, but failed to reach the land. So the Mouse commanded one of the women to get into the water and to swim and join the gar-pike in the water. Now, there was a bridge across the big water. The two fish became tired and gave way, so that some of the people fell into the big water, and turned into fish. The others went on.

After they had gone upon the mainland the people began to pick up flint stones and use them to cut with. But another thing happened: There was darkness upon the earth. Some of the people could see plainly in the dark. These people did not know what to do, but the Mouse led the people through the darkness, and led them out from the thick timber. The people who were left in the timber turned to Owls.

The people went out of the timber and again there was trouble, for there was an earthquake. The land opened, and took some people into the ground. It left a deep chasm, so that the people were not able to move on. The Bear went to the chasm and made steps on each side, so that the people went down and climbed up on the other side.

Now they traveled west. Again there was trouble. Thick timber was in the way. The Mouse called on the gods. A Whirlwind came and made a pathway through the timber. The Whirlwind did not hurt the people, although it was mad, for the powers had not called on it for help.

Now they went on until they came to muddy water, in what is known as “Pawnee” country. Here they found many things to wear and to eat. The first bow was then made. The long-nosed Mouse died and the people skinned it, leaving the skull in the skin. The Bear then died, and its skull was also taken from it. So also with the Mole, the Badger, and the Fox. These were wrapped up in a bundle and when the Pawnee invited them to attend the bundle ceremony they went and received their ceremony. Mother-Corn and also a ceremony were given to them. All the bundles received their rituals, each being different from the others.

While they had their village here the Arikara dressed the ear of corn as a woman. They went down to the River and threw it in, the old men singing, “Mother, you are going to the island in the big water, where we came out. Find out for us what we are to do, and how we are to live. Come back to us and tell us how it was that we came here.” The corn drifted down the stream and disappeared.

Many years afterwards the Arikara were living on the Muddy (Missouri) River, when, in the fall, there came a strange woman into the lodge where they were having a bundle ceremony. The people took no notice of the woman. The woman left the lodge and went to another lodge and took her seat under the bundle. The people in this lodge fed her, but they did not notice her any more than to feed her, as they would feed any other woman. She left and went to another bundle lodge, always taking her seat under the bundle. She went to all the bundles, but none of the people noticed her. She went to the last bundle, and as she entered, the people noticed her as a strange woman.

She went to the altar and sat down under the bundle. The old man was told that a strange woman had come in. The old man took notice of her and recognized her. The old men were gathered and the ceremony that the people got from Muddy-River country was performed.

This woman was sitting in front of the bundle. When the ceremony was gone through, the woman spoke, and said: “I have returned. I found out that you people came out from the ground. You met obstacles. You came through by the aid of the animals. You went to a strange country. You met difficulties. You overcame them by the power of the animals. It was all done through me, for the four world quarter gods are my father. I prayed to the gods and to Nesaru for help for you, so that your people would live. You threw me into the river and asked me to return. I have come to you again. I shall hereafter come to you in dreams, and tell you about these things that are in this bundle. I will be present with you always. I shall leave you words. Now, before I go to my fathers in the heavens, I want to tell you to tie me upon the bundle and give presents to it by clothing the ear of corn. In all of your ceremonies, always offer it some corn and meat. It will always gladden me to receive anything you people eat. I must go.”

The woman disappeared, and there, where she sat, lay an ear of corn. People saw the corn. Other old men were sent for, so that they might also get an ear of corn to tie upon their bundles. But the people all blessed themselves with the corn that the woman had turned into. The people tied ears of corn upon their bundles. Some tied hides upon the corn and hung them up on the walls. This was done for the people who had given buffalo meat to the bundles.

So the old woman disappeared; but the old men in the tribe claimed that the woman came to them in their dreams and taught them songs and how to make sacrifices of dried or fresh buffalo meat, and also the smoke ceremony.