The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 07 (of 10)

by George Albert Boulenger; T. W. Bridge; Sir W. A. Herdman

PREFACE

Owing to unforeseen circumstances, not unconnected with the foundation of a new University, the publication of this volume has been unduly delayed. Some parts of the work have actually been in type for more than four years; and although the authors have made every effort to keep them up to date, the arrangement is naturally not quite what it might have been if the articles had been written immediately before publication.

In view of the novelty of Mr. Boulenger's classification of the Teleosteans, and of the fact that several independent workers have been occupying themselves with the subject during the last year or two, it is fair to state that this part of the volume was completed in 1902. Professor Herdman's account of the Ascidians was ready for publication two years earlier.

Professor Bridge wishes to express his best thanks to Dr. R. H. Traquair. F.R.S., for his kindness in reading the proofs of the pages which deal with the fossil Crossopterygii, Chondrostei, Holostei and Dipnoi, and for much helpful advice and criticism; to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for his valuable and suggestive criticism on certain points; and to Mr. Edwin Wilson, for the care which he has taken in the preparation of the figures.

July 1904.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Preface	[v]
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book	[xi]
HEMICHORDATA
CHAPTER I
Chordata and Vertebrata—Hemichordata—Enteropneusta—External Characters and Habits—Structure—Genera—Development—Pterobranchia—Cephalodiscus and Rhabdopleura—Phoronidea—Phoronis and Actinotrocha—Affinities of the Hemichordata	[3]
TUNICATA
CHAPTER II
Introduction—Outline of History—Structure of a typical Ascidian—Embryology and Life-history	[35]
CHAPTER III
Classification: Larvacea—Appendicularians—Structure, etc.—Ascidiacea—Simple Ascidians—Specific Characters—Compound Ascidians—Gemmation—Merosomata—Holosomata—Pyrosomatidae—Thaliacea—Doliolidae—Salpidae—General Conclusions—Phylogeny	[63]
CEPHALOCHORDATA
CHAPTER IV
Introduction—General Characters—Anatomy of Amphioxus—Embryology and Life-history—Classification of Cephalochordata—Species and Distribution	[112]
CYCLOSTOMATA AND FISHES
CHAPTER V
The Systematic Position and Classification of Fishes	[141]
CHAPTER VI
External Characters of Cyclostomata and of Fishes: External Characters—Coloration—Poison Glands and Poison Spines—Phosphorescent Organs	[150]
CHAPTER VII
The Skin and Scales	[182]
CHAPTER VIII
The Skeleton	[193]
CHAPTER IX
The Dentition, Alimentary Canal, and Digestive Glands	[247]
CHAPTER X
The Respiratory Organs	[277]
CHAPTER XI
The Air-bladder	[297]
CHAPTER XII
The Vascular System, the Lymphatics, and the Blood-glands	[313]
CHAPTER XIII
Muscular System—Locomotion—Sound-producing Organs—Electric Organs	[349]
CHAPTER XIV
Nervous System and Organs of Special Sense	[367]
CHAPTER XV
The Kidneys and the Reproductive Organs—Breeding	[397]
CHAPTER XVI
Cyclostomata (Systematic)	[421]
CHAPTER XVII
Elasmobranchii: General Characters—Pleuropterygii—Ichthyotomi—Acanthodei—Plagiostomi—Selachii—Batoidei—Holocephali	[431]
CHAPTER XVIII
Teleostomi: General Characters—Crossopterygii—Chondrostei—Holostei	[475]
CHAPTER XIX
Dipneusti	[505]
CHAPTER XX
Appendix to the Fishes: Palaeospondylidae—Ostracodermi—Heterostraci—Osteostraci—Anaspida—Antiarchi—Arthrodira	[521]
CHAPTER XXI
Teleostei: General Characters—Malacopterygii—Ostariophysi	[541]
CHAPTER XXII
Teleostei (continued): Symbranchii—Apodes—Haplomi—Heteromi—Catosteomi—Percesoces—Anacanthini	[597]
CHAPTER XXIII
Teleostei (continued): Acanthopterygii—Opisthomi—Pediculati—Plectognathi	[650]
INDEX	[729]

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

CHORDATA (p. [3]).
I. HEMICHORDATA (p. [3]).
Order.			Family.
ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. [5])			Glandicipitidae (p. [17]). Ptychoderidae (p. [17]). Harrimaniidae (p. [17]).
PTEROBRANCHIA (p. [21])
PHORONIDEA (p. [27])
II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. [4], [35], [63]).
Order.	Sub-Order.		Family.	Sub-Family.
LARVACEA (p. [64])			Kowalevskiidae (p. [68]). Appendiculariidae (p. [68]).
ASCIDIACEA (p. [70])	Ascidiae Simplices (p. [71]).		Clavelinidae (p. [71]).
			Ascidiidae (p. [72]).	Hypobythiinae (p. [72]). Ascidiinae (p. [72]). Corellinae (p. [73]).
			Cynthiidae (p. [74]).	Styelinae (p. [74]). Cynthiinae (p. [75]). Bolteninae (p. [75]).
			Molgulidae (p. [77]).
	Ascidiae Compositae (p. [80])	Merosomata (p. [85])	Distomatidae (p. [85]). Coelocormidae (p. [86]). Didemnidae (p. [86]). Diplosomatidae (p. [87]). Polyclinidae (p. [87]).
		Holosomata (p. [88])	Botryllidae (p. [88]). Polystyelidae (p. [89]).
	Ascidiae Luciae (p. [90])		Pyrosomatidae (p. [91]).
THALIACEA (p. [95])	Cyclomyaria (p. [95]).		Doliolidae (p. [96]).
	Hemimyaria (p. [101]).		Salpidae (p. [101]). Octacnemidae (p. [108]).
III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. [4], [112]).
			Family.
			Branchiostomatidae (p. [137]).
IV. CRANIATA (pp. [4], [141]).
Class—Cyclostomata (pp. [145], [150], [421]).
Sub-Class.	Order.	Sub-Order.	Family.	Sub-Family.
	Myxinoides (p. [421])		Myxinidae (p. [422]). Bdellostomatidae (p. [423]).
	Petromyzontes (p. [425])		Petromyzontidae (p. [426]).
Class—Pisces (pp. [145], [431]).
ELASMOBRANCHII (p. [431])	Pleuropterygii (p. [436])		Cladoselachidae (p. [438]).
	Ichthyotomi (p. [440])		Pleuracanthidae (p. [440]).
	Acanthodei (p. [440])		Diplacanthidae (p. [441]). Acanthodidae (p. [441]).
	Plagiostomi (p. [442])	Selachii (p. [442])	Notidanidae (p. [442]). Chlamydoselachidae (p. [443]). Heterodontidae (p. [444]). Cochliodontidae (p. [445]). Psammodontidae (p. [446]). Petalodontidae (p. [446]). Scylliidae (p. [446]). Carchariidae (p. [448]). Sphyrnidae (p. [449]). Lamnidae (p. [450]). Cetorhinidae (p. [453]). Rhinodontidae (p. [454]). Spinacidae (p. [454]). Rhinidae (p. [456]). Pristiophoridae (p. [457]).
		Batoidei (p. [457])	Pristidae (p. [459]). Rhinobatidae (p. [460]). Raiidae (p. [461]). Tamiobatidae (p. [462]). Torpedinidae (p. [462]). Trygonidae (p. [464]). Myliobatidae (p. [465]).
	Holocephali (p. [466])		Ptyctodontidae (p. [468]). Squaloraiidae (p. [468]). Myriacanthidae (p. [468]). Chimaeridae (p. [468]).
TELEOSTOMI (p. [475])	Crossopterygii (p. [476])	Osteolepida (p. [437])	Osteolepidae (p. [477]). Rhizodontidae (p. [478]). Holoptychidae (p. [479]). Coelacanthidae (p. [480]).
		Cladistia (p. [481])	Polypteridae (p. [481]).
	Chondrostei (p. [485])		Palaeoniscidae (p. [486]). Platysomidae (p. [487]). Belonorhynchidae (p. [488]). Catopteridae (p. [488]). Chondrosteidae (p. [489]). Polyodontidae (p. [491]). Acipenseridae (p. [492]).
	Holostei (p. [495])		Semionotidae (p. [497]). Macrosemiidae (p. [498]). Pycnodontidae (p. [498]). Eugnathidae (p. [498]). Amiidae (p. [499]). Pachycormidae (p. [501]). Aspidorhynchidae (p. [502]). Lepidosteidae (p. [502]).
	Teleostei (pp. [504], [541]).	Malacopterygii (p. [543])	Pholidophoridae (p. [545]). Archaeomaenidae (p. [545]). Oligopleuridae (p. [545]). Leptolepididae (p. [546]). Elopidae (p. [546]). Albulidae (p. [547]).
			Mormyridae (p. [549])	Mormyrinae (p. [551]). Gymnarchinae (p. [551])
			Hyodontidae (p. [552]). Notopteridae (p. [554]). Osteoglossidae (p. [555]). Pantodontidae (p. [558]). Ctenothrissidae (p. [559]). Phractolaemidae (p. [560]). Saurodontidae (p. [561]). Chirocentridae (p. [561]).
			Clupeidae (p. [562])	Thrissopatrinae (p. [562]). Engraulinae (p. [563]). Clupeinae (p. [563]). Chaninae (p. [563]).
			Salmonidae (p. [565]). [Pachyrhizodontidae (p. [569]).] Alepocephalidae (p. [569]).
			Stomiatidae (p. [570])	Chauliodontinae (p. [571]). Sternoptychinae (p. [571]). Stomiatinae (p. [571]).
			Gonorhynchidae (p. [572]). Cromeriidae (p. [573]).
		Ostariophysi (p. [573])	Characinidae (p. [575])	Erythrininae (p. [575]). Hydrocyoninae (p. [575]). Serrasalmoninae (p. [576]). Ichthyoborinae (p. [576]). Xiphostominae (p. [576]). Anostominae (p. [576]). Hemiodontinae (p. [576]). Distichodontinae (p. [576]). Citharininae (p. [576]).
			Gymnotidae (p. [579]).
			Cyprinidae (p. [581])	Catostominae (p. [581]). Cyprininae (p. [582]). Cobitidinae (p. [582]). Homalopterinae (p. [582]).
			Siluridae (p. [586])	Clariinae (p. [588]). Silurinae (p. [588]). Bagrinae (p. [588]). Doradinae (p. [588]). Malopterurinae (p. [588]). Callichthyinae (p. [588]). Hypophthalminae (p. [589]). Trichomycterinae (p. [589]).
			Loricariidae (p. [594])	Arginae (p. [595]). Loricariinae (p. [595]).
			Aspredinidae (p. [596]).
		Symbranchii (p. [597])	Symbranchidae (p. [597]). Amphipnoidae (p. [598]).
		Apodes (p. [599])	Anguillidae (p. [600]). Nemichthyidae (p. [603]). Synaphobranchidae (p. [603]). Saccopharyngidae (p. [603]). Muraenidae (p. [604]).
		Haplomi (p. [605])	Galaxiidae (p. [607]). Haplochitonidae (p. [608]). Enchodontidae (p. [608]). Esocidae (p. [609]). Dalliidae (p. [610]). Scopelidae (p. [611]). Alepidosauridae (p. [614]). Cetomimidae (p. [614]). Chirothricidae (p. [615]). Kneriidae (p. [615]). Cyprinodontidae (p. [616]). Amblyopsidae (p. [618]). Stephanoberycidae (p. [619]). Percopsidae (p. [620]).
		Heteromi (p. [621])	Dercetidae (p. [623]). Halosauridae (p. [623]). Lipogenyidae (p. [624]). Notacanthidae (p. [624]). Fierasferidae (p. [625]).
		Catosteomi (p. [626])	Gastrosteidae (p. [629]) Aulorhynchidae (p. [631]) Protosyngnathidae (p. [631]) Aulostomatidae (p. [632]) Fistulariidae (p. [632]) Centriscidae (p. [633]) Amphisilidae (p. [633])	= Hemibranchii (p. [627]).
			Solenostomidae (p. [633]) Syngnathidae (p. [634])	= Lophobranchii (p. [628]).
			Pegasidae (p. [635])	= Hypostomides (p. [628]).
		Percesoces (p. [636])	Scombresocidae (p. [637]). Ammodytidae (p. [639]). Atherinidae (p. [639]). Mugilidae (p. [640]). Polynemidae (p. [640]). Chiasmodontidae (p. [641]). Sphyraenidae (p. [642]). Tetragonuridae (p. [642]). Stromateidae (p. [643]). Icosteidae (p. [644]). Ophiocephalidae (p. [644]). Anabantidae (p. [645]).
		Anacanthini (p. [646])	Macruridae (p. [647]). Gadidae (p. [647]). Muraenolepididae (p. [649]).
		Sub-Order.	Division.	Family.
		Acanthopterygii (p. [650])	Perciformes (p. [652])	Berycidae (p. [655]). Monocentridae (p. [656]). Pempheridae (p. [656]). Centrarchidae (p. [657]). Cyphosidae (p. [657]). Lobotidae (p. [658]). Toxotidae (p. [658]). Nandidae (p. [658]). Percidae (p. [658]). Acropomatidae (p. [659]). Serranidae (p. [659]) Subfamilies: * Serraninae (p. [659]). * Grammistinae (p. [660]). * Priacanthinae (p. [660]). * Centropominae (p. [660]). * Pomatominae (p. [660]). * Ambassinae (p. [660]). * Chilodipterinae (p. [660]). * Lutjaninae (p. [660]). * Cirrhitinae (p. [660]). * Pentacerotinae (p. [660]). Anomalopidae (p. [660]). Pseudochromididae (p. [661]). Cepolidae (p. [661]). Hoplognathidae (p. [662]). Sillaginidae (p. [662]). Sciaenidae (p. [663]). Gerridae (p. [663]). Lactariidae (p. [663]). Trichodontidae (p. [663]). Latrididae (p. [663]). Haplodactylidae (p. [664]). Pristipomatidae (p. [664]). Sparidae (p. [664]). Mullidae (p. [665]). Scorpididae (p. [666]). Caproidae (p. [666]). Chaetodontidae (p. [667]). Drepanidae (p. [668]). Acanthuridae (p. [668]). Teuthididae (p. [668]). Osphromenidae (p. [669]). Embiotocidae (p. [670]). Cichlidae (p. [670]). Pomacentridae (p. [672]). Labridae (p. [673]). Scaridae (p. [674]).
			Scombriformes (p. [675])	Carangidae (p. [677]). Rhachicentridae (p. [677]). Scombridae (p. [678]). Trichiuridae (p. [679]). Histiophoridae (p. [679]). Palaeorhynchidae (p. [680]). Xiphiidae (p. [681]). Luvaridae (p. [681]). Coryphaenidae (p. [681]). Bramidae (p. [682]).
			Zeorhombi (p. [682])	Zeidae (p. [683]). Amphistiidae (p. [684]). Pleuronectidae (p. [684]).
			Kurtiformes (p. [687])	Kurtidae (p. [687]).
			Gobiiformes (p. [688])	Gobiidae (p. [689]).
			Discocephali (p. [691])	Echeneididae (p. [691]).
			Scleroparei (p. [692])	Scorpaenidae (p. [694]). Hexagrammidae (p. [696]). Comephoridae (p. [696]). Rhamphocottidae (p. [697]). Cottidae (p. [697]). Cyclopteridae (p. [698]). Platycephalidae (p. [699]). Hoplichthyidae (p. [699]). Agonidae (p. [700]). Triglidae (p. [700]). Dactylopteridae (p. [701]).
			Jugulares (p. [702])	Trachinidae (p. [704]). Percophiidae (p. [705]). Leptoscopidae (p. [705]). Nototheniidae (p. [705]). Uranoscopidae (p. [706]). Trichonotidae (p. [706]). Callionymidae (p. [706]). Gobiesocidae (p. [707]). Blenniidae (p. [709]). Batrachidae (p. [710]). Pholididae (p. [711]). Zoarcidae (p. [712]). Congrogadidae (p. [713]). Ophidiidae (p. [713]). Podatelidae (p. [713]).
			Taeniosomi (p. [714])	Trachypteridae (p. [715]). Lophotidae (p. [716]).
		Opisthomi (p. [716])		Mastacembelidae (p. [716]).
		Pediculati (p. [717])		Lophiidae (p. [718]). Ceratiidae (p. [719]). Antennariidae (p. [720]). Gigantactinidae (p. [720]). Malthidae (p. [720]).
		Plectognathi (p. [721])	Sclerodermi (p. [722])	Triacanthidae (p. [722]). Triodontidae (p. [723]). Balistidae (p. [723]). Ostraconiidae (p. [722]).
			Gymnodontes (p. [725])	Tetrodontidae (p. [726]). Diodontidae (p. [726]). Molidae (p. [726]).
DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. [505])				Ctenodontidae (p. [505]). Uronemidae (p. [507]). Ceratodontidae (p. [507]). Lepidosirenidae (p. [511]).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION
	Order.	Family.
Palaeospondylidae (p. [521]).
Ostracodermi (p. [522])	Heterostraci (p. [524])	Coelolepidae (p. [524]). Drepanaspidae (p. [525]). Psammosteidae (p. [526]). Pteraspidae (p. [527]).
	Osteostraci (p. [527])	Ateleaspidae (p. [528]). Cephalaspidae (p. [528]). Tremataspidae (p. [530]).
	Anaspida (p. [531])	Birkeniidae (p. [531]).
Antiarchi (p. [532])		Asterolepidae (p. [534]).
Arthrodira (p. [535])		Coccosteidae (p. [536]).

CHORDATA (p. [3]).
I. HEMICHORDATA (p. [3]).
Order.						Family.
ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. [5])						Glandicipitidae (p. [17]). Ptychoderidae (p. [17]). Harrimaniidae (p. [17]).
PTEROBRANCHIA (p. [21])
PHORONIDEA (p. [27])
II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. [4], [35], [63]).
Order.		Sub-Order.				Family.		Sub-Family.
LARVACEA (p. [64])						Kowalevskiidae (p. [68]). Appendiculariidae (p. [68]).
ASCIDIACEA (p. [70])		Ascidiae Simplices (p. [71]).				Clavelinidae (p. [71]).
						Ascidiidae (p. [72]).		Hypobythiinae (p. [72]). Ascidiinae (p. [72]). Corellinae (p. [73]).
						Cynthiidae (p. [74]).		Styelinae (p. [74]). Cynthiinae (p. [75]). Bolteninae (p. [75]).
						Molgulidae (p. [77]).
		Ascidiae Compositae (p. [80])		Merosomata (p. [85])		Distomatidae (p. [85]). Coelocormidae (p. [86]). Didemnidae (p. [86]). Diplosomatidae (p. [87]). Polyclinidae (p. [87]).
				Holosomata (p. [88])		Botryllidae (p. [88]). Polystyelidae (p. [89]).
		Ascidiae Luciae (p. [90])				Pyrosomatidae (p. [91]).
THALIACEA (p. [95])		Cyclomyaria (p. [95]).				Doliolidae (p. [96]).
		Hemimyaria (p. [101]).				Salpidae (p. [101]). Octacnemidae (p. [108]).
III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. [4], [112]).
						Family.
						Branchiostomatidae (p. [137]).
IV. CRANIATA (pp. [4], [141]).
Class—Cyclostomata (pp. [145], [150], [421]).
Sub-Class.		Order.		Sub-Order.		Family.		Sub-Family.
		Myxinoides (p. [421])				Myxinidae (p. [422]). Bdellostomatidae (p. [423]).
		Petromyzontes (p. [425])				Petromyzontidae (p. [426]).
Class—Pisces (pp. [145], [431]).
ELASMOBRANCHII (p. [431])		Pleuropterygii (p. [436])				Cladoselachidae (p. [438]).
		Ichthyotomi (p. [440])				Pleuracanthidae (p. [440]).
		Acanthodei (p. [440])				Diplacanthidae (p. [441]). Acanthodidae (p. [441]).
		Plagiostomi (p. [442])		Selachii (p. [442])		Notidanidae (p. [442]). Chlamydoselachidae (p. [443]). Heterodontidae (p. [444]). Cochliodontidae (p. [445]). Psammodontidae (p. [446]). Petalodontidae (p. [446]). Scylliidae (p. [446]). Carchariidae (p. [448]). Sphyrnidae (p. [449]). Lamnidae (p. [450]). Cetorhinidae (p. [453]). Rhinodontidae (p. [454]). Spinacidae (p. [454]). Rhinidae (p. [456]). Pristiophoridae (p. [457]).
				Batoidei (p. [457])		Pristidae (p. [459]). Rhinobatidae (p. [460]). Raiidae (p. [461]). Tamiobatidae (p. [462]). Torpedinidae (p. [462]). Trygonidae (p. [464]). Myliobatidae (p. [465]).
		Holocephali (p. [466])				Ptyctodontidae (p. [468]). Squaloraiidae (p. [468]). Myriacanthidae (p. [468]). Chimaeridae (p. [468]).
TELEOSTOMI (p. [475])		Crossopterygii (p. [476])		Osteolepida (p. [437])		Osteolepidae (p. [477]). Rhizodontidae (p. [478]). Holoptychidae (p. [479]). Coelacanthidae (p. [480]).
				Cladistia (p. [481])		Polypteridae (p. [481]).
		Chondrostei (p. [485])				Palaeoniscidae (p. [486]). Platysomidae (p. [487]). Belonorhynchidae (p. [488]). Catopteridae (p. [488]). Chondrosteidae (p. [489]). Polyodontidae (p. [491]). Acipenseridae (p. [492]).
		Holostei (p. [495])				Semionotidae (p. [497]). Macrosemiidae (p. [498]). Pycnodontidae (p. [498]). Eugnathidae (p. [498]). Amiidae (p. [499]). Pachycormidae (p. [501]). Aspidorhynchidae (p. [502]). Lepidosteidae (p. [502]).
		Teleostei (pp. [504], [541])		Malacopterygii (p. [543])		Pholidophoridae (p. [545]). Archaeomaenidae (p. [545]). Oligopleuridae (p. [545]). Leptolepididae (p. [546]). Elopidae (p. [546]). Albulidae (p. [547]).
						Mormyridae (p. [549])		Mormyrinae (p. [551]). Gymnarchinae (p. [551])
						Hyodontidae (p. [552]). Notopteridae (p. [554]). Osteoglossidae (p. [555]). Pantodontidae (p. [558]). Ctenothrissidae (p. [559]). Phractolaemidae (p. [560]). Saurodontidae (p. [561]). Chirocentridae (p. [561]).
						Clupeidae (p. [562])		Thrissopatrinae (p. [562]). Engraulinae (p. [563]). Clupeinae (p. [563]). Chaninae (p. [563]).
						Salmonidae (p. [565]). [Pachyrhizodontidae (p. [569]).] Alepocephalidae (p. [569]).
						Stomiatidae (p. [570])		Chauliodontinae (p. [571]). Sternoptychinae (p. [571]). Stomiatinae (p. [571]).
						Gonorhynchidae (p. [572]). Cromeriidae (p. [573]).
				Ostariophysi (p. [573])		Characinidae (p. [575])		Erythrininae (p. [575]). Hydrocyoninae (p. [575]). Serrasalmoninae (p. [576]). Ichthyoborinae (p. [576]). Xiphostominae (p. [576]). Anostominae (p. [576]). Hemiodontinae (p. [576]). Distichodontinae (p. [576]). Citharininae (p. [576]).
						Gymnotidae (p. [579]).
						Cyprinidae (p. [581])		Catostominae (p. [581]). Cyprininae (p. [582]). Cobitidinae (p. [582]). Homalopterinae (p. [582]).
						Siluridae (p. [586])		Clariinae (p. [588]). Silurinae (p. [588]). Bagrinae (p. [588]). Doradinae (p. [588]). Malopterurinae (p. [588]). Callichthyinae (p. [588]). Hypophthalminae (p. [589]). Trichomycterinae (p. [589]).
						Loricariidae (p. [594])		Arginae (p. [595]). Loricariinae (p. [595]).
						Aspredinidae (p. [596]).
				Symbranchii (p. [597])		Symbranchidae (p. [597]). Amphipnoidae (p. [598]).
				Apodes (p. [599])		Anguillidae (p. [600]). Nemichthyidae (p. [603]). Synaphobranchidae (p. [603]). Saccopharyngidae (p. [603]). Muraenidae (p. [604]).
				Haplomi (p. [605])		Galaxiidae (p. [607]). Haplochitonidae (p. [608]). Enchodontidae (p. [608]). Esocidae (p. [609]). Dalliidae (p. [610]). Scopelidae (p. [611]). Alepidosauridae (p. [614]). Cetomimidae (p. [614]). Chirothricidae (p. [615]). Kneriidae (p. [615]). Cyprinodontidae (p. [616]). Amblyopsidae (p. [618]). Stephanoberycidae (p. [619]). Percopsidae (p. [620]).
				Heteromi (p. [621])		Dercetidae (p. [623]). Halosauridae (p. [623]). Lipogenyidae (p. [624]). Notacanthidae (p. [624]). Fierasferidae (p. [625]).
				Catosteomi (p. [626])		Gastrosteidae (p. [629]) Aulorhynchidae (p. [631]) Protosyngnathidae (p. [631]) Aulostomatidae (p. [632]) Fistulariidae (p. [632]) Centriscidae (p. [633]) Amphisilidae (p. [633])		= Hemibranchii (p. [627]).
						Solenostomidae (p. [633]) Syngnathidae (p. [634])		= Lophobranchii (p. [628]).
						Pegasidae (p. [635])		= Hypostomides (p. [628]).
				Percesoces (p. [636])		Scombresocidae (p. [637]). Ammodytidae (p. [639]). Atherinidae (p. [639]). Mugilidae (p. [640]). Polynemidae (p. [640]). Chiasmodontidae (p. [641]). Sphyraenidae (p. [642]). Tetragonuridae (p. [642]). Stromateidae (p. [643]). Icosteidae (p. [644]). Ophiocephalidae (p. [644]). Anabantidae (p. [645]).
				Anacanthini (p. [646])		Macruridae (p. [647]). Gadidae (p. [647]). Muraenolepididae (p. [649]).
				Sub-Order.		Division.		Family.
				Acanthopterygii (p. [650])		Perciformes (p. [652])		Berycidae (p. [655]). Monocentridae (p. [656]). Pempheridae (p. [656]). Centrarchidae (p. [657]). Cyphosidae (p. [657]). Lobotidae (p. [658]). Toxotidae (p. [658]). Nandidae (p. [658]). Percidae (p. [658]). Acropomatidae (p. [659]). Serranidae (p. [659]) Subfamilies: * Serraninae (p. [659]). * Grammistinae (p. [660]). * Priacanthinae (p. [660]). * Centropominae (p. [660]). * Pomatominae (p. [660]). * Ambassinae (p. [660]). * Chilodipterinae (p. [660]). * Lutjaninae (p. [660]). * Cirrhitinae (p. [660]). * Pentacerotinae (p. [660]). Anomalopidae (p. [660]). Pseudochromididae (p. [661]). Cepolidae (p. [661]). Hoplognathidae (p. [662]). Sillaginidae (p. [662]). Sciaenidae (p. [663]). Gerridae (p. [663]). Lactariidae (p. [663]). Trichodontidae (p. [663]). Latrididae (p. [663]). Haplodactylidae (p. [664]). Pristipomatidae (p. [664]). Sparidae (p. [664]). Mullidae (p. [665]). Scorpididae (p. [666]). Caproidae (p. [666]). Chaetodontidae (p. [667]). Drepanidae (p. [668]). Acanthuridae (p. [668]). Teuthididae (p. [668]). Osphromenidae (p. [669]). Embiotocidae (p. [670]). Cichlidae (p. [670]). Pomacentridae (p. [672]). Labridae (p. [673]). Scaridae (p. [674]).
						Scombriformes (p. [675])		Carangidae (p. [677]). Rhachicentridae (p. [677]). Scombridae (p. [678]). Trichiuridae (p. [679]). Histiophoridae (p. [679]). Palaeorhynchidae (p. [680]). Xiphiidae (p. [681]). Luvaridae (p. [681]). Coryphaenidae (p. [681]). Bramidae (p. [682]).
						Zeorhombi (p. [682])		Zeidae (p. [683]). Amphistiidae (p. [684]). Pleuronectidae (p. [684]).
						Kurtiformes (p. [687])		Kurtidae (p. [687]).
						Gobiiformes (p. [688])		Gobiidae (p. [689]).
						Discocephali (p. [691])		Echeneididae (p. [691]).
						Scleroparei (p. [692])		Scorpaenidae (p. [694]). Hexagrammidae (p. [696]). Comephoridae (p. [696]). Rhamphocottidae (p. [697]). Cottidae (p. [697]). Cyclopteridae (p. [698]). Platycephalidae (p. [699]). Hoplichthyidae (p. [699]). Agonidae (p. [700]). Triglidae (p. [700]). Dactylopteridae (p. [701]).
						Jugulares (p. [702])		Trachinidae (p. [704]). Percophiidae (p. [705]). Leptoscopidae (p. [705]). Nototheniidae (p. [705]). Uranoscopidae (p. [706]). Trichonotidae (p. [706]). Callionymidae (p. [706]). Gobiesocidae (p. [707]). Blenniidae (p. [709]). Batrachidae (p. [710]). Pholididae (p. [711]). Zoarcidae (p. [712]). Congrogadidae (p. [713]). Ophidiidae (p. [713]). Podatelidae (p. [713]).
						Taeniosomi (p. [714])		Trachypteridae (p. [715]). Lophotidae (p. [716]).
				Opisthomi (p. [716])				Mastacembelidae (p. [716]).
				Pediculati (p. [717])				Lophiidae (p. [718]). Ceratiidae (p. [719]). Antennariidae (p. [720]). Gigantactinidae (p. [720]). Malthidae (p. [720]).
				Plectognathi (p. [721])		Sclerodermi (p. [722])		Triacanthidae (p. [722]). Triodontidae (p. [723]). Balistidae (p. [723]). Ostraconiidae (p. [722]).
						Gymnodontes (p. [725])		Tetrodontidae (p. [726]). Diodontidae (p. [726]). Molidae (p. [726]).
DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. [505])								Ctenodontidae (p. [505]). Uronemidae (p. [507]). Ceratodontidae (p. [507]). Lepidosirenidae (p. [511]).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION
		Order.		Family.
Palaeospondylidae (p. [521]).
Ostracodermi (p. [522])		Heterostraci (p. [524])		Coelolepidae (p. [524]). Drepanaspidae (p. [525]). Psammosteidae (p. [526]). Pteraspidae (p. [527]).
		Osteostraci (p. [527])		Ateleaspidae (p. [528]). Cephalaspidae (p. [528]). Tremataspidae (p. [530]).
		Anaspida (p. [531])		Birkeniidae (p. [531]).
Antiarchi (p. [532])				Asterolepidae (p. [534]).
Arthrodira (p. [535])				Coccosteidae (p. [536]).