FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD; LECTURER IN ANCIENT HISTORY AT KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON

NEW IMPRESSION

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK

BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS

1919

NOTE.

When the late Warden of Merton undertook the preparation of this volume he invited the assistance of Dr. Fotheringham in the portions dealing with foreign affairs. At the time of the late Warden's death in 1903 three chapters (x., xii. and xviii.) were unwritten, and one (xx.) was left incomplete. It was also found that the volume had to be recast in order to meet the plan of the series. The necessary alterations and additions have been made by Dr. Fotheringham, who has been scrupulous in retaining the expression of the late Warden's views, and, where possible, his words.

CONTENTS.

[CHAPTER I.]

Addington.

		PAGE
Mar., 1801.	[The new ministry]	[1]
	[Condition of Ireland]	[2]
	[Expedition to Copenhagend]	[3]
Sept.	[Egypt evacuated by the French]	[6]
	[French diplomatic successes]	[6]
	[Bonaparte's concordat with the pope]	[7]
	[Peace negotiations with France]	[8]
	[Cornwallis at Amiens]	[10]
25 Mar., 1802.	[The treaty of Amiens]	[12]
	[Parliamentary criticism of the treaty]	[14]
July.	[General election]	[15]
Nov.	[Colonel Despard's conspiracy]	[16]
	[Further aggressions of Napoleon]	[17]
	[His colonial policy]	[18]
	[Negotiations between Whitworth and the French government]	[19]
18 May, 1803.	[Renewal of the war with France]	[22]

[CHAPTER II.]

The Return of Pitt.

23 July, 1803.	[Emmet's rebellion]	[23]
	[Pitt's discontent with the ministry]	[24]
	[Ministerial changes]	[27]
Jan., 1804.	[The king's illness]	[29]
April.	[Addington's resignation]	[31]
	[The exclusion of Fox]	[32]
18 May.	[Napoleon declared emperor]	[33]
	[Pitt's ministry]	[34]
	[The impeachment of Melville]	[36]
July.	[The third coalition]	[37]
	[Nelson's pursuit of Villeneuve]	[39]
21 Oct., 1805.	[The battle of Trafalgar]	[40]
	[Napoleon marches into Germany]	[41]
Dec.	[Austerlitz: the peace of Pressburg]	[42]
	[Collapse of the coalition]	[43]
23 Jan., 1806.	[Death of Pitt]	[43]

[CHAPTER III.]

Grenville and Portland.

Feb., 1806.	[Formation of the Grenville ministry]	[45]
13 Sept.	[Death of Fox]	[46]
14 Oct.	[Jena and Auerstädt]	[47]
	[General election]	[48]
25 Mar., 1807.	[Abolition of the slave trade]	[48]
	[Fall of the whig government]	[49]
	[The Portland administration]	[50]
	[General election]	[50]
7 July.	[The treaty of Tilsit]	[52]
	[Seizure of the Danish fleet]	[54]
	[The "continental system" and orders in council]	[55]
	[Fruitless expeditions]	[56]
12 Oct.	[Conference of Erfurt]	[59]
	[Army scandals]	[60]
	[The Wagram campaign]	[63]
July, 1809.	[The Walcheren expedition]	[64]
21 Sept.	[Duel between Canning and Castlereagh]	[67]
Oct.	[Perceval's administration]	[68]
	[Capture of the Ionian Isles and Bourbon]	[69]
25.	[Jubilee of George III.]	[69]

[CHAPTER IV.]

Perceval and Liverpool.

Jan., 1810.	[Debates on the Walcheren expedition]	[71]
April.	[The arrest of Burdett]	[72]
	[Appointment of the "Bullion committee"]	[73]
	[The king's insanity: regency bill]	[74]
11 May, 1812.	[Assassination of Perceval]	[76]
1809-11.	[Social reforms in his ministry]	[77]
July, 1810.	[Deposition of Louis Bonaparte]	[78]
	[Opposition in Europe to the continental system]	[78]
	[Alliances formed by Russia and France]	[81]
	[Conquest of Java and Sumatra]	[81]
June, 1812.	[The formation of Liverpool's cabinet]	[81]
1811-12.	[Distress in town and country]	[83]
Oct., 1812.	[General election]	[85]
1813.	[Confirmation of the East India Company's charter]	[86]

[CHAPTER V.]

The Peninsular War.

1807, 1808.	[The origin of the war]	[87]
	[Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. seek the protection of Napoleon]	[87]
1808.	[Napoleon's plans for the conquest of Spain]	[88]
24 July.	[Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed King of Spain]	[89]
13 Aug.	[Landing of Wellesley]	[90]
21.	[Battle of Vimeiro]	[91]
Oct., 1808.-Jan., 1809.	[Expedition of Sir John Moore]	[92]
16 Jan.	[Battle of Coruña]	[95]
	[Wellesley returns to Portugal]	[97]
27 July.	[Battle of Talavera]	[98]
Sept., 1810.	[Bussaco: the lines of Torres Vedras]	[101]
	[Struggle for the frontier fortresses]	[103]
16 May, 1811.	[Battle of Albuera]	[103]
Jan.-April, 1812.	[Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz]	[105]
22 July.	[Battle of Salamanca]	[107]
1812, 1813.	[Wellington reorganises the Spanish and Portuguese armies]	[109]
21 June, 1813.	[Battle of Vitoria]	[110]
	[Battle of the Pyrenees]	[113]
	[Siege of St. Sebastian]	[113]
8 Oct.	[Wellington crosses the Bidassoa]	[115]
	[Battles round Bayonne]	[115]
Feb., 1814.	[The investment of Bayonne]	[117]
10 April.	[Battle of Toulouse]	[119]

[CHAPTER VI.]

The Downfall of Napoleon.

1812.	[French treaties with Prussia and Austria]	[122]
	[Alliances made by Russia]	[123]
June.	[Napoleon's advance into Russia]	[124]
	[His retreat]	[125]
	[War between England and the United States]	[126]
	[Attacks on Canada]	[129]
	[American successes at sea]	[131]
Feb., 1813.	[Treaty of Kalisch]	[134]
	[Austrian diplomacy]	[135]
2, 21 May.	[Lützen and Bautzen]	[135]
Aug., Oct.	[Dresden and Leipzig]	[137]
	[France loses Saxony, Holland, and Switzerland]	[138]
	[American war continued]	[138]
1 June.	[Duel of the Shannon and Chesapeake]	[142]
Jan.-Mar., 1814.	[Campaign in France]	[143]
April.	[Napoleon deposed: Louis XVIII. recalled]	[145]
24 Dec.	[Treaty of Ghent]	[147]
July.	[Visit of Alexander and Frederick William to England]	[148]

[CHAPTER VII.]

Vienna and Waterloo.

30 May, 1814.	[The first treaty of Paris]	[149]
	[English blockade of Norwegian ports]	[150]
	[Union of Sweden and Norway]	[150]
	[Restoration of Ferdinand VII. and Pius VII.]	[150]
	[Attempts to abolish the slave trade]	[151]
Sept., 1814-June, 1815.	[Congress of Vienna]	[152]
3 Jan., 1815.	[Secret treaty between England, France, and Austria]	[153]
1 March.	[Napoleon's return from Elba]	[153]
	[Flight of Louis XVIII.: the Acte Additionnel]	[155]
	[Plans of the allies]	[156]
	[Defeat and death of Murat]	[157]
June.	[Wellington at Brussels: his army]	[158]
16.	[Ligny and Quatre Bras]	[159]
18.	[Waterloo]	[160]
July.	[Paris occupied by the allies]	[163]
22 June.	[Second abdication of Napoleon]	[165]
	[His surrender to England]	[165]
	[Restoration of Louis XVIII.: treaty of Vienna]	[166]
	[Resettlement of Europe]	[166]
20 Nov.	[Second treaty of Paris: English gains]	[167]
26 Sept.	[The Holy Alliance]	[168]
	[Napoleon at St. Helena]	[169]

[CHAPTER VIII.]

The First Years of Peace.

1816.	[Depression and discontent]	[171]
	[Vansittart's financial policy]	[173]
	[Union of British and Irish exchequers]	[174]
2 Dec., 1816.	[Spa Fields riot]	[175]
	[Prosecution of Hone]	[177]
1818.	[General election]	[178]
16 Aug., 1819.	[The "Manchester massacre"]	[178]
Dec.	[The six acts]	[180]
1817, 1819.	[Institution of savings banks: currency reform]	[182]
6 Nov., 1817.	[Death of Princess Charlotte]	[184]
1818.	[Royal marriages]	[184]
29 Jan., 1820.	[Death of George III.]	[185]
	[Royalist reaction in Europe]	[187]
1816.	[Expedition against the Barbary states]	[187]
1819.	[Murder of Kotzebue]	[189]
30 Sept., 1818.	[Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle]	[189]
	[Spain asks for assistance from the allies]	[190]
	[The European alliance]	[190]

[CHAPTER IX.]

The Last Years of Lord Liverpool.

1820.	[The Cato Street conspiracy]	[192]
	[Dissolution of parliament]	[193]
	[The "queen's trial"]	[194]
7 Aug., 1821.	[Her death]	[196]
1822.	[Changes in the cabinet]	[199]
12 Aug.	[Death of Castlereagh]	[199]
Sept.	[Canning foreign secretary]	[200]
Jan.	[Peel home secretary]	[201]
1823.	[Reform of the navigation laws]	[202]
	[Agricultural discontent]	[203]
1825.	[Speculative frenzy and financial panic]	[205]
1823-26.	[Robinson's finance]	[206]
	[General election of 1826]	[207]
	[Close of Liverpool's ministry]	[208]

[CHAPTER X.]

Problems in Southern Europe.

1820.	[Revolution in Spain: policy of non-intervention]	[210]
July, Aug.	[Revolutions in the Two Sicilies and Portugal]	[211]
20 Oct.	[Congress of Troppau]	[211]
Jan., 1821.	[Congress of Laibach]	[212]
Mar., April.	[Revolution in Piedmont: Austrian intervention]	[213]
	[Insurrections in the Morea and Central Greece]	[214]
Aug.	["Sanitary cordon"]	[215]
	[Ultra-royalist parties in France and Spain]	[215]
	[Loss of Spanish colonies in America]	[215]
1822.	[Conference at Vienna]	[216]
20 Oct.	[Congress of Verona]	[217]
	[Offer of mediation declined]	[218]
7 April, 1823.	[War between France and Spain]	[220]
12 Oct., 1822.	[Independence of Brazil]	[221]
July, 1825.	[Conference at London]	[222]
2 Dec., 1823.	[The Monroe doctrine]	[223]
1824-25.	[Conference at St. Petersburg]	[224]
1 Dec., 1825.	[Death of the Tsar Alexander I.]	[225]

[CHAPTER XI.]

Tory Dissension and Catholic Relief.

April, 1827.	[Formation of Canning's ministry]	[227]
	[Additions to the ministry]	[228]
8 Aug.	[Death of Canning]	[228]
Sept.	[Goderich's cabinet]	[229]
	[Dissensions: resignation of Goderich]	[230]
9 Jan., 1828.	[Wellington accepts office]	[230]
	[The Eastern question]	[232]
20 Oct., 1827.	[Navarino]	[233]
1828.	[Repeal of the test and corporation acts]	[235]
May, June.	[Changes in the ministry]	[236]
June, July.	[The Clare election]	[237]
1821.	[Measures for catholic relief]	[239]
1825.	[Further measures]	[241]
	[George IV.'s opposition to catholic relief]	[244]
1829.	[Wellington and Peel adopt catholic relief]	[245]
Mar., April.	[Debates on the bill]	[246]
13 April.	[The royal assent]	[249]
21 Mar.	[Duel between Wellington and Winchilsea]	[250]
	[Exclusion of O'Connell from Parliament]	[251]

[CHAPTER XII.]

Portugal and Greece.

10 Mar., 1826.	[Death of John VI. of Portugal]	[253]
2 May.	[Peter abdicates in favour of his daughter Maria]	[254]
31 July.	[Miguel proclaimed king by the absolutists]	[254]
Dec.	[England sends troops to help the Portuguese government]	[255]
3 Mar., 1828.	[Peter appoints Miguel regent for Maria]	[258]
Dec., 1827.	[The sultan defies Russia]	[260]
26 April, 1828.	[Russia makes war on the Turks]	[263]
	[Negotiations for settlement of Greek question]	[264]
Oct., Nov.	[French troops expel the Turks from the Morea]	[265]
	[Terms of settlement agreed on at Poros and London]	[266]
14 Sept. 1829.	[Peace of Adrianople]	[267]
3 Feb., 1830.	[Greece independent: throne offered to Prince Leopold]	[268]
	[France conquers Algiers]	[269]

[CHAPTER XIII.]

Prelude of Reform.

1830.	[Amalgamation of English and Welsh benches]	[271]
	[Motions for reform]	[271]
26 June.	[Death of George IV.]	[272]
	[General election]	[274]
15 Sept.	[Death of Huskisson]	[275]
	[Wellington's opposition to reform]	[277]
	[Fall of his ministry]	[278]
Nov.	[Grey accepts office]	[278]
	[His cabinet]	[279]
	[The regency bill]	[281]
Feb., 1831.	[Althorp's first budget]	[283]
	[Public demand for reform]	[285]
	[Draft of the first reform bill]	[287]
	[System of representation in the unreformed house]	[288]
	[Popular excitement: second reading of the bill]	[291]
	[Dissolution of parliament]	[292]

[CHAPTER XIV.]

The Reform.

1831.	[General election]	[293]
24 June.	[Second reform bill introduced]	[294]
8 Oct.	[Rejection by the lords]	[296]
	[Reform bill riots]	[296]
	[Attempts at compromise in the lords]	[299]
12 Dec.	[Final reform bill introduced]	[300]
	[Gradual loss of the king's confidence in the ministry]	[302]
9 May, 1832.	[Grey resigns]	[302]
	[Wellington unable to form a ministry]	[303]
	[The king recalls Grey]	[304]
4 June.	[Third reading of the bill]	[304]
	[Scotch and Irish reform bills carried]	[306]
26 Oct.	[The cholera epidemic]	[309]
1831.	[The census]	[311]
	[State of Ireland]	[312]
	[O'Connell's agitation]	[312]
	[The "tithe-war" in Ireland]	[314]
	[Legislation for Ireland]	[316]
	[The Kildare Place Society]	[317]

[CHAPTER XV.]

Fruits of the Reform.

1832.	[General election]	[318]
1833.	[Irish coercion bill]	[320]
	[Irish Church temporalities bill]	[322]
	[Ministerial changes]	[325]
	[Abolition of colonial slavery]	[326]
	[Factory acts]	[327]
	[The East India Company act]	[328]
	[Bank charter act]	[330]
	[Formation of judicial committee of the privy council]	[332]
	[Act for the abolition of fines and recoveries]	[333]
1831, 1832, 1833.	[Althorp's budgets]	[334]

[CHAPTER XVI.]

Religious Movements and Poor Law Reform.

1833.	[The Tractarian movement]	[336]
1832.	[First meeting of the British Association]	[338]
	[Foundation of the Catholic Apostolic Church]	[339]
1834.	[The "new poor law"]	[340]
	[Creation of a central poor law board]	[343]
	[Ministerial discord]	[344]
9 July.	[Grey's resignation]	[346]
	[Formation of Melbourne's ministry]	[347]
16 Oct.	[Destruction of the houses of parliament]	[349]
14 Nov.	[Melbourne's resignation]	[350]
	[Wellington's provisional government]	[351]
Dec.	[Peel's cabinet]	[352]
	[The Tamworth manifesto]	[353]

[CHAPTER XVII.]

Peel and Melbourne.

Jan., 1835.	[General election]	[354]
Feb.	[Abercromby elected speaker]	[354]
	[The "Lichfield House compact"]	[356]
April.	[Peel's resignation]	[356]
	[Melbourne's second ministry]	[357]
	[Exclusion of Brougham]	[357]
	[Municipal corporations act]	[360]
Jan., 1836.	[Cottenham lord chancellor]	[363]
	[Conflict with the lords on Irish bills]	[365]
	[Tithe commutation act (English)]	[365]
	[Reformed marriage law]	[366]
	[Registration system]	[366]
1835, 1836.	[Crusade against Orange lodges]	[367]
1836.	[The paper duties lowered]	[369]
	[Committee on agricultural distress]	[370]
1836, 1837.	[Agitation in Ireland]	[371]
1837.	[Irish municipal bill]	[372]
	[Church rates]	[373]
	[Burdett secedes from the whig party]	[374]
20 June.	[Death of William IV.]	[375]

[CHAPTER XVIII.]

Foreign Relations under William IV.

July, 1830.	[The revolution of July]	[376]
	[Recognition of Louis Philippe by the Powers]	[377]
Sept.	[Belgian provinces in revolt]	[379]
20 Dec.	[Protocol of London]	[381]
June, 1831.	[Election of Leopold as King of the Belgians]	[383]
Aug.	[War between Belgium and Holland]	[384]
	[French troops enter Belgium]	[384]
Nov.	[British and French fleets blockade the Scheldt]	[386]
Nov., 1833.	[Convention between Holland and Belgium]	[387]
1830.	[Insurrections in Switzerland, Poland, Italy, etc.]	[387]
1831, 1832.	[Capture of Warsaw; Polish constitution abolished]	[388]
7 April, 1831.	[Peter leaves Brazil for Portugal]	[388]
	[Carlist rebellion in Spain]	[389]
22 April, 1834.	[The quadruple alliance]	[389]
26 May.	[Miguel renounces his claims]	[390]
9 Oct., 1831.	[Capodistrias (Greek president) assassinated]	[392]
1832.	[Otto of Bavaria becomes King of Greece]	[392]
1831.	[War between Ibrahim and the Sultan]	[393]
1833.	[Treaties of Kiutayeh and Unkiar Skelessi]	[394]
8 Sept.	[Secret convention at Münchengrätz]	[395]

[CHAPTER XIX.]

British India.

1801.	[Annexation of the Karnátik]	[397]
1803.	[Assaye and Argáum]	[399]
1805.	[Resignation of Lord Wellesley]	[399]
10 July, 1806.	[Mutiny at Vellore]	[400]
	[Lord Minto's pacific policy]	[401]
1801-10.	[Treaties with Persia]	[402]
	[Elphinstone in Afghánistán]	[403]
1813.	[Lord Moira appointed governor-general]	[404]
	[The Pindárí war]	[405]
1818.	[Subjugation of the Pindárís]	[407]
	[First Burmese war]	[408]
	[Abolition of satí]	[410]
	[Extirpation of thagí]	[411]
	[Defence of Herat]	[412]
	[Communication with India]	[413]
	[Burnes's mission to Kábul]	[413]

[CHAPTER XX.]

Literature and Social Progress.

	[The "Lake school"]	[416]
	[Scott's novels]	[418]
	[Minor poets: philosophical works]	[420]
	[Newspapers and reviews]	[422]
	[Essayists and historians]	[425]
	[The arts: painting, sculpture]	[427]
	[Scientific discoveries]	[428]
	[University reform]	[429]
	[Formation of London University]	[431]
	[Improvements in agriculture]	[433]
	[Steam navigation]	[434]
	[The first railways]	[435]
	[Geographical discovery]	[436]
	[Philanthropy]	[436]
	[Canada]	[437]
	[South Africa]	[438]
	[Convict settlements in Australia]	[438]
	[Development of Australia]	[439]

Appendix I.	[On Authorities]	[443]
II.	[Administrations, 1801-37]	[451]

MAPS.

(At the End of the Volume.)

[Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation after the reform.]
[Spain and Portugal, illustrating the Peninsular war.]
[India.]