FOOTNOTES:
[1] Edwin MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes (Camden, N. J., 1900). This book is a mosaic of primary and secondary sources dealing with the entire area, rather than a standard biographical treatment of its particular subject.
[2] Merle Curti, The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959), pp. 417-441. This entire fifteenth chapter is devoted to both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of "leadership."
[3] Wealth, i.e., liquid assets, was not necessarily a criterion on this agrarian frontier, where a man's assets were not easily convertible into cash. Hence, property was the main economic source of value.
[4] The records of the first State and county officers are found in the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 768-772, and John Blair Linn, Annals of Buffalo Valley (Harrisburg, 1877), pp. 558-563. Some data are also available in Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties.
The tax listings were located in the Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, XIX, 437, 468, 557, and 618-622. Mrs. Russell also collected a listing for the years 1774 to 1800 for Northumberland County. Court records, pension claims, Meginness' Otzinachson (1889) and Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania provided the remaining data.
[5] MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, p. 19.
[6] Ibid., pp. 20-21. MacMinn also calls the senior Antes the father of the Unity Conferences of Christian Endeavor and presents a copy of a letter written on Dec. 17, 1741, calling for a New Year's Day meeting of Christians in Germantown in 1742 in support of this statement. Of his minor judicial role, MacMinn offers this account published in Christopher Saur's Pensylvanische Berichte for May 16, 1756: "Were such magistrates more numerous, the poor would not have cause to complain and to weep over gross injustices which they have to suffer because persons are respected."
[7] Ibid., p. 248.
[8] Meginness, Otzinachson (1889), p. 484. See also, MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, p. 324.
[9] MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, pp. 316, 413; and Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, p. 769.
[10] Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties, p. 472.
[11] "Eleanor Coldren's Deposition," pp. 220-222.
[12] Linn, Annals of the Buffalo Valley, p. 95; and Meginness, Otzinachson (1889), p. 473.
[13] MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, p. 316.
[14] Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties, p. 473.
[15] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 770.
[16] MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, pp. 416-420. See also Alex. Patterson to John Dickinson (October 28, 1783) in the Zebulon Butler Papers, Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Patterson, speaking of Antes' failure to arrest Zebulon Butler, said of Antes: "The Sheriff has not done his duty nor do I believe he intends it being. A party man among which I am sorry to see so little principels of humanity or honnor, Men who wish for popularity at the Expense of the Propperty and perhaps blood of their fellow Citizens...."
[17] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 768-772, and MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, pp. 330, 395, and 413.
[18] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 769.
[19] Ibid., p. 771.
[20] Ibid., pp. 769, 771; Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties, pp. 473-474; and Colonial Records, XI, 367.
[21] Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, XIX, 618.
[22] MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes, pp. 12 and 420.
[23] Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, XIX, 437.
[24] Colonial Records, XII. 137.
[25] Fithian: Journal, p. 81.
[26] Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties, p. 473. The full account of Hamilton's military service is given in the Hamilton Pension Papers in the Wagner Collection, Muncy Historical Society. Hamilton had also been a member of the group commissioned to lay out a road from Bald Eagle Creek to Fort Augusta. Linn, History, p. 472.
[27] Ibid., p. 474, and Meginness, Otzinachson (1889), p. 474.
[28] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 770.
[29] Linn, History of Centre and Clinton Counties, p. 472.
[30] Ibid., p. 473.
[31] Ibid.; Yeates, Pennsylvania Reports, I, 498; and Russell, "Signers of the Pine Creek Declaration of Independence," p. 4.
[32] Becker, Beginnings of the American People, p. 180.
[33] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, pp. 217-218. The petition was dated June 21, 1778. The situation had been further complicated by the enlistment the previous summer of many of the able-bodied men to aid Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts. These men, "early in the service of their Country from the unpurchased land on the West Branch of the River Susquehanna," deprived the valley of its available manpower.
[34] See [Chapter Two] for a fuller description of the Great Runaway.
[35] Helen Herritt Russell, "The Great Runaway of 1778," The Journal of the Lycoming Historical Society, II, No. 4 (1961), 3-10. This article contains a few additions to an article by the same name by Mrs. Russell published in The Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings and Addresses, XXIII (1960), 1-16.
[36] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 518-522.
[37] Smith, Laws, II, 195.
[38] Robert Fleming and Frederick Antes, as previously noted, had been elected in 1777 and 1784, respectively.
[39] Dunaway, History of Pennsylvania, pp. 176, 196. Of these fifty-eight, twenty-eight came from the frontier counties of York, Berks, Bedford, Cumberland, and Northumberland.
[40] Wallace, Pennsylvania: Seed of a Nation, pp. 105-106.
[41] As previously noted, Henry Antes had been appointed judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions in 1775, and Frederick Antes and Fleming had been elected in 1780 and 1785, respectively. Frederick Antes was president judge.
[42] Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, III, 770.