FOOTNOTES

[1] This, and all other technical terms used, will be explained in an alphabetical glossary at the end of the book.

[2] “Canal and River Engineering,” p. 315.

[3] See, Geikie’s “Text Book of Geology,” 1882, p. 72.

[4] Information on this subject will be found in Mr. J. H. Collins’ work, “The Hensbarrow Granite District.” Truro, 1878.

[5] “Text Book of Geology,” 1882, p. 85.

[6] “Aids in Practical Geology,” 1893, page 36.

[7] See E. S. Dana, “Minerals and How to Study Them,” 1895, p. 154.

[8] Consult “Applications of Geology,” etc., by Prof. Ansted, 1865, p. 116, et seq.

[9] “Industrial Resources of the Tyne, Wear and Tees,” 1864, p. 204.

[10] R. H. Scott, “Elementary Meteorology,” 1883, p. 137.

[11] Report of British Association for 1846, Part II., p. 17.

[12] Geological Magazine, N.S., Dec. III., Vol. V, 1888, pp. 26 et seq.

[13] Such as “The Study of Rocks,” by F. Rutley: “Aids in Practical Geology,” by Prof. Grenville Cole; “Tables for the Determination of the Rock-forming Minerals,” by Prof. Lœwinson Lessing; “Petrology for Students,” by A. Harker; and especially “Microscopic Physiography of the Rockmaking Minerals,” by Rosenbusch (transl. Iddings).

[14] Consult the works on petrology previously mentioned.

[15] The mode of preparation of thin rock sections for examination by the microscope is described in much detail in the works of Mr. Rutley and Professor Cole previously alluded to; also in “Outlines of Field Geology,” by Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882, p. 202 et seq.

[16] 16th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. (1894–95), pt. IV., p. 532.

[17] 16th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. (1894–95), pt. IV., p. 539.

[18] “Testing of Materials of Construction,” 1888, p. 438.

[19] British Clayworker, April, 1896, Supplement, p. iv.

[20] Op. cit. p. iv.

[21] 16th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Pt. IV., 1895, p. 532.

[22] Engineering News (U.S.), Dec. 13th, 1894.

INDEX, &c.

Abrasion tests, [146]
Absorption of bricks, [132]
Acids defined, [76]
Actinolite, [69]
Air, chemical composition of, [105]
Albite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
Almandite, [68]
Aluminium, under blowpipe, [73]
Anorthite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
Aragonite, [49]
Bases defined, [76]
Basic bricks, [90]
dolomite for, [55]
magnesite for, [56]
Biotite mica, [43]
under blowpipe, [73]
Black bricks, [101]
Blowpipe, [58]
Blue bricks, [101]
Bluish-black brick-earths, [27]
Boulder clay, [50]
Bourges, Oxford clay of, [24]
Bovey Heathfield clays, [20]
Bracknell bricks, [135]
Brick earths, artificial mixing, [42]
artificial mixtures, [94], [95]
bluish-black, [27]
boulder clay, [50]
brown, [27]
chalk pebbles in, [50]
changes in character on being dug into, [2], [5], [10]
chemical composition of, [23], [52], [83], [84], [85]
chemistry of, [58], [75]
chert in, [41], [42]
coprolites found in, [51]
Cornwall, [35]
Crayford, [1]
Devon, [35]
Erith, [1]
estuarine, [21]
fluviatile—[Chapter I.], [1–16]
fossil shells in, [50]
Ilford, [1]
Kimeridge clay, [26]
lacustrine—[Chapter II.], [17–21]
Lincolnshire, [21]
London clay, [33]
marine, [22]
mineral constitution, [28]
minerals found in (see [Kaolin], [Felspar], [Quartz], [Flint], [Mica], [Iron], [Calcite], [Aragonite], [Selenite], [Dolomite], [Salt], etc.).
Northamptonshire, [21]
North-Eastern France, [20]
Oxford clay, [33]
Reading mottled clay, [19]
of river terraces, [12]
salt in, [25]
sea-shore, [25]
section of fluviatile brick-earths, [10]
several kinds of fluviatile, discussed, [14], [15]
Switzerland, [89]
Thames Valley, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
value of chemical analyses of, [28], [29]
Brickmaking: earths suitable for (see [Brick-earths])
Bricks, abrasion tests, [146]
absorption of, [132]
basic, [90]
Bracknell, [135]
colour of, [100]
Dinas, [81]
discolouration of, [114]
durability of, [103]
effect of conflagrations on, [117]
efflorescence on, [110]
London stock, [97]
micro-structure of, [29], [118], [128]
rubber, [29]
specific gravity, [146], [149]
Staffordshire blue, [99]
Stourbridge, [82]
strength of, [136]
vegetable growth on, [113]
weathering of, [105], [113]
British Museum, fossils in, from brick-earths, [3], [26]
Bronzite, [69]
Brown brick-earths, [27]
Burning bricks, [94]
changes produced by, [98]
temperature, [89]
Calc spar, [49]
Calcite, [39], [49]
behaviour in kiln, [39]
micro-structure of, [131]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Californian magnesite, [56]
Carbon dioxide in quartz, [41]
Carbonate of lime (see [Calcite], [Aragonite])
Chalk in brick-earths, [1]
mixed with brick-earths, [53]
pebbles in brick-earths, [50]
Chateauroux, Oxford clay of, [24]
Chemical affinity, [76]
analyses of brick-earths, [28]
analysis, [77]
composition of air, [106]
composition of brick-earths, Dinas, [52]
composition, china clays, [78]
composition of fire-clays, [80]
composition of Kieselguhr, [92]
composition of magnesian limestones, [90]
composition, pottery clays, [82]
composition of slates, [87]
disintegration of rocks, [20]
re-agents, [60], [63], [71]
Chemistry of brick-earths, [58], [75]
Chert, [41]
Cheshire, salt in clays in, [25]
China-clays, behaviour in the kiln, [36]
chemical composition, [78]
Cornwall, [35], [36], [37]
Devon, [35]
China-clay (see [Kaolin] and [Felspar])
thickness of, [38]
China-stone, decomposed, [37]
Colour in the kiln, [98], [99]
Colouring matter of bricks, [45]
of bricks, [53]
Colour of bricks (see [Blue], [Black], etc.).
Coprolites: impure varieties of phosphate of lime
found in brick-earths, [51]
Cornish granite, [35]
Cornwall, china-clays, [35], [36], [37]
Cracks formed in bricks, [52]
Crayford, brick-earth at, [1]
Dartmoor granite, [55]
Denudation, agents of, described, [6], [7]
of sea-cliffs, [22]
Devon, china-clays, [35]
Diatomaceous earth, [42], [91]
Dinas bricks, [52], [81]
Discolouration of bricks, [114], [135]
Dolomite in brick-earths, [55]
micro-structure of, [131]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Drying bricks, [94]
Durability of bricks, [103]
Efflorescence on bricks, [110]
Electric furnace, [33]
Elephants’ remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
Erith, brick-earth at, [1]
Estuarine brick-earths, [21]
Expansion of bricks and variations of temperature, [115]
Felspar, [34]
chemical composition of, [34]
micro-structure of, [129]
under blow-pipe, [73]
Ferruginous matter (see [Iron])
Fire-bricks, Dinas, [52]
earths suitable for making, [21]
effect of lime in, [53]
Kieselguhr for, [42], [91]
strength of, [136]
Fire-clays, chemical composition of, [80], [81]
Newcastle-on-Tyne, [80]
tests, [148]
Welsh localities, [81]
Fishes, fossil, [25]
Flint, [39], [41]
behaviour of in the kiln, [42], [43]
implement: an implement, or tool, made of flint—in the sense indicated in this work an implement made by pre-historic man.
implements, found in brick-earths, [3], [5]
micro-structure of, [129]
origin of, [41]
Fluid inclusions in quartz, [41]
Fluorine in clays, [59]
Fluviatile brick-earths: brick-earths that have been deposited in rivers
Fossil shells, carbonate of lime in, [50]
shells found in brick-earths, [4]
sponges, in flint, [42]
Fusion of brick-earths in the kiln, [29], [31]
Gault clay, [51]
Glaze, micro-structure of, [119], [120]
Glazing, salt, [57]
Granite, Cornish, [35]
Dartmoor, [35]
Granites, weathering of, [36]
Greece, magnesite in, [56]
Green bricks, [101]
Grizzly bear’s remains found in brick-earth, [2]
Gypsum in brick-earths, [54]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Heat, bricks affected by, [117]
Hippopotamus remains found in brick-earth, [2]
Ilford, brick-earth at, [1]
Infusorial earth, Tuscany, [92]
Iron, [44]
a constituent of brick-earths, [44]
behaviour in the kiln, [45]
bricks, Saarbrücken, [92]
micro-structure of, [130]
mode of occurrence in brick-earths, [45]
under blow-pipe, [73], [74]
vapour in the kiln, [46]
pyrites, [46], [131]
pyrites, behaviour in the kiln, [48]
pyrites, under blow-pipe, [74]
pyrites, weathering of in bricks, [48]
Jurassic estuarine clays, [21]
Kangaroo rats, fossil, [25]
Kaolin: a hydrous silicate of alumina, derived chiefly from the decomposition of felspars
Kaolin, [31]
behaviour in the kiln, [32], [33]
chemical composition of, [78]
micro-structure, [32], [33]
under blow-pipe, [73]
“Kaolinised” matter, [33]
Kilns, temperature in, [98]
Kieselguhr: a diatomaceous earth
Kieselguhr, [91]
chemical composition of, [92]
of the Isle of Skye, [42]
Kimeridge clay brick-earth, [26]
Labradorite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
Lacustrine brick-earth: that laid down or deposited in lakes
brick-earths—[Chapter II.], [17–21]
brick-earths, formation of, [17], [18]
Lime, builder’s, [52]
in bricks, [52]
in manufacture of fire-bricks, [53]
Limestone, a flux, [54]
Limonite, under blow-pipe, [73]
Lincolnshire brick-earths, [21]
Loam: sandy clay
London stock bricks, [97], [140]
Magnesian limestones, chemical composition of, [90]
limestone (see [Dolomite])
Magnesite, [55]
behaviour in the kiln, [56]
Californian, [56]
in Greece, [56]
Styrian, [56]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Malachite, [67]
Malm bricks, [53], [86]
Manganese, under blow-pipe, [74]
Marcasite, [46], [47]
behaviour in the kiln, [48]
weathering of, [47], [48]
Marine brick-earths: those laid down or deposited on the sea-floor
Marine brick-earths, not so variable in character as river, lacustrine, or estuarine, [23]
brick-earths—[Chapter III.], [22–27]
brick-earths, origin of, [23]
Marl: clay containing much lime.
Mica, [43]
behaviour in the kiln, [44]
micro-structure of, [130]
under blow-pipe, [73]
Microscopes, [121]
Microscopes, use of, [59]
useful in analysing earths, [30]
Micro structure as a means of determining fusibility of minerals and brick-earths, [43]
of bricks, [118], [128]
Minerals, their behaviour in the kiln (see [Kaolin], [Felspar], [Quartz], [Flint], [Mica], [Iron], [Calcite], [Aragonite], [Selenite], [Dolomite], [Salt], etc.).
behaviour under the blow-pipe (see [Quartz], [Felspar], [Mica], [Calcite], etc.).
Mississippi, sediments of the Delta of, [7]
Mortar and Scum, [112]
Muscovite mica, [43]
mica, under blow-pipe, [73]
Musk-sheep remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
Natrolite, [68]
Newcastle-on-Tyne fire-clays, [80]
Newton Abbot, clays near, [20]
Northamptonshire brick-earths, [21]
Oligoclase felspar, chemical composition, [34]
felspar, under blow-pipe, [73]
Origin of fluviatile brick-earths—[Chapter I.], [1–16]
Orthoclase, [69]
felspar, chemical composition, [34]
felspar, under blow-pipe, [73]
Overburden: the material for the most part useless, overlying the good brick-earth, sand, limestone, or other rock for which the pit or quarry was exploited, and which, in the majority of cases, has to be removed to obtain the material sought for.
Oxford clay, [24], [25], [33]
Oxidising flame, [65]
Paving bricks, tests, [148]
Peterborough bricks, [24]
clays, [51]
Plants, fossil, [21], [26]
Platinum wire, [60], [63], [66]
Plesiosaurus, fossil reptile, [26]
Porcelain earths, [30]
Pottery clays, chemical composition, [82]
Power of transport of sediment by rivers, [8]
Pumice for brickmaking, [93]
Pyrite, [46]
behaviour in the kiln, [48]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Pyrometers, [99], [100]
Quartz, behaviour in the kiln, [39], [42], [43]
cavities in, [40], [41]
characters of, [39]
imperishable, [40]
micro-structure of, [128]
occurrence in brick-earths, [40]
under blowpipe, [72]
vein, [40]
Race: concretions of carbonate of lime, commonly found in brick-earths in brick-earths, [50]
Rainfall and the durability of bricks, [108]
“Rattling” tests, [148]
Reading mottled clay, [18]
Red brick, [100]
Red brick clay, [86]
Red bricks, colouring matter of, [45]
Reducing flame, [65]
Refractory minerals (see [Calcite], [Dolomite], [Magnesite], [Quartz], etc.).
Reindeer remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
Reptiles, fossil, [25]
Rhinoceros’ remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
River deposits, typical section, [10], [11]
River terraces, brick-earths of, [12], [13]
Rock crystal, [40]
Rock salt, under blow-pipe, [74]
Ruabon bricks and terra-cotta, [84]
terra-cotta, [116]
Rubbers, [29], [86]
Saarbrücken “iron bricks,” [92]
Salt, a powerful flux, [57]
behaviour in the kiln, [57]
glazing, [57]
in brick-earths, [25], [27], [56]
in quartz crystals, [41]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Schorl, [40]
Scum, [110]
Sea-shore, brick-earths from the, [25]
Selenite, [54], [131]
under blow-pipe, [74]
Septaria: tabular or rounded concretions of argillaceous limestone, commonly found in clays
Septaria, [51]
Shrinkage of brick-earth in the kiln, [85]
Silica, behaviour in the kiln, [28]
group of minerals, [39]
Slates, chemical composition of, [87]
débris for brickmaking, [87]
refuse, [47]
used in brickmaking, [47]
Snails, found in brick-earth, [4]
Specific gravity of bricks, [146], [149]
Stacking in the kiln, [97]
Staffordshire blue bricks, [99]
Stibnite, [68], [70]
Stocks, London, [140]
Stoneware, earths for making, [21]
Stourbridge bricks, [82]
Strength of bricks, [136]
Styrian magnesite, [56]
Swiss brick-earths, [89]
Temperature and weathering of bricks, [115]
in kilns, [98]
Terra-cotta earths, [19], [30]
earth, chemical composition of, [84]
expansion of in weathering, [115]
Ruabon, [116]
Tests for bricks (see [strength], [absorption], [specific gravity], [chemical composition], [micro-structure], etc.).
Thames, mineral salts in solution in the, [7]
Thames Valley brick-earths, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
Tuscany, infusorial earth, [92]
Variable character of brick-earths, [10]
Variability in character of marine brick-earths, [23], [24]
of estuarine brick-earths, [21]
of lacustrine brick-earths, [17]
Vegetable growth on bricks, [113]
Vein quartz, [40]
Volcanic ejectamenta for brickmaking, [93]
Wales, fire-clays of, [81]
Warping, [98]
“Weathering” agents which affect bricks, [6]
Weathering of brick-earths, [27]
White bricks, [100]
Yellow bricks, [101]