LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The Czarina of Russia[Frontispiece]
FACING PAGE
Ancient Chinese crown with pearls. Ancient Chinese pearl rosary. Chinese priests keeping guard over the tombs of the kings, in Mukden, where the crowns are preserved[4]
Grecian pearl and gold necklace[8]
Front cover of Ashburnham manuscript of the Four Gospels[16]
Francis I, King of France, 1494–1547. Isabelle de Valois[19]
  (From photographs by A. Giraudon)
Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Queen of Hungary[24]
Facsimile of title-page of decrees of Venetian Senate regulating the wearing of pearls[27]
Lady Abinger. Mrs. Adair. Baroness de Forest. Hon. Mrs. Renard Gréville. Marchioness of Lansdowne. Lady Londonderry. Lady Wimborne[30]
  (From photographs, copyright by Lafayette, Ltd., London)
Venezuela shell. Panama shell[36]
Shells from Venezuela with attached pearls. Exterior view of same. X-ray photograph of shell, printed through exterior of shell and showing encysted pearls[39]
Mexican pearl-oyster with adherent pearl. Group of encysted pearls in shell of Australian pearl-oyster. Mexican pearl-oyster with encysted fish. Group of encysted pearls (oriental). Reverse of same group, showing outline of the individual pearls[42]
Cross section of an irregular pearl, magnified 80 diameters. Cross sections of pearls, magnified 30 diameters. Thin section of mother-of-pearl, magnified, showing sponge borings which traversed the pearl shell. Structure of conch pearl produced by fracturing, magnified 80 diameters[53]
Pearls from common clam of eastern coast of America. Pearl “nuggets” from the Mississippi Valley. Wing pearls from the Mississippi Valley. Dog-tooth pearls from the Mississippi Valley[55]
Actual sizes of pearls from ⅛ grain to 160 grains[57]
Brooches made of petal, dog-tooth, and wing pearls[58]
Gray pearls in the possession of an American lady and brooch from Tiffany & Co.’s exhibit, Paris Exposition, 1900[60]
Shell of pearl-oyster with attached pearl[68]
Pinna or wing shell. Pearl-oyster of Ceylon[72]
Shell and pearls of the common conch[76]
Cargo boat in pearl fishery of the Persian Gulf. Huts of mats and palm leaves, the homes of the pearl fishermen at Menamah, Bahrein Islands, Persian Gulf[87]
Agha Mohammed (1666–1725). Shah Sulaiman (1647–1694)[88]
Arab pearl-divers at work in the Persian Gulf[90]
His Imperial Majesty, Mohammed Ali, Shah of Persia[94]
The “Prince of Pearls”; the late Rana of Dholpur in his pearl regalia[101]
The late Maharajah of Patiala[108]
Facsimiles of notices of pearl-fishing at Marichchikadde, in English and Cingalese110–[111]
Unloading oysters from the vessels into the kottus at Marichchikadde, Ceylon. The pearling fleet on the shore at Marichchikadde, Ceylon. Hindu workmen preparing to drill pearls, Marichchikadde, Ceylon[115]
Indian pearl merchants ready for business. Children of Persian pearl dealers[120]
Street scene in Marichchikadde, the pearling camp of Ceylon. Return of the fleet from the pearl reefs to Marichchikadde, Ceylon[126]
Pearls presented by the Imam of Muscat to President Van Buren[131]
Necklace and earrings from the treasury of the Emir of Bohkara[136]
Carved “Jerusalem Shell” from the Red Sea[142]
Cap of State, from looting of summer palace, Pekin, in 1860[145]
Fishing for the awabi (abalone) shells at Wada-no-hara, Japan[148]
  (From “The Burlington Art Magazine”)
Old print showing four methods of catching pearl-bearing mollusks[160]
Madame Norischkine née Straudman. Duchesse Elizabeth (Constantin).
(From a photograph by Ch. Bergamasco, St. Petersburg) (From a photograph by A. Pasetti, St. Petersburg)
Daughter of General Sobelieff, first Countess Beauharnais		[163]
Scotch pearl rivers[167]
Great Cameo Pearl[170]
Dowager Czarina of Russia. Grand Duchess Vladimir.
(From a photograph by Ch. Bergamasco, St. Petersburg)
Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna		[174]
Miter of Patriarch Nikon[176]
Panagia or ornament worn on the breast of a bishop in Russia[180]
Russian Boyard ladies of the seventeenth century, showing caps and other ornaments of pearls[184]
Pearl-divers of the Tuamotu Archipelago. Settlement of pearl fishermen at Hiqueru, Tuamotu Archipelago[197]
Pearling boats at Hiqueru, Tuamotu Archipelago. Australian pearl-diver (armored) coming up from the depths[204]
Opening pearl-oysters and searching for pearls, off the coast of Australia. Grading, weighing, and packing mother-of-pearl, off the coast of Australia[213]
Moro boats, used among the pearl islands of the Malay Archipelago. Raft used for pearl-fishing in the Malay Archipelago[216]
Pearling village, with youthful fishermen, Sulu Islands. Japanese diver in Dutch East Indies, come up to “blow” for a few minutes[220]
Gray pearls from Lower California, and diamonds[228]
Clara Eugenia, daughter of Philip II[237]
The Adams gold vase[248]
Negro pearling camp, on bank of an Arkansas river. Group of Arkansas pearl fishermen[254]
Brooch, Renaissance style, set with baroque pearls, from American streams[259]
Brooches and rings of fresh-water pearls from Wisconsin and Tennessee[262]
Pearl-bearing unios[266]
Pearling scene on White River, Arkansas. Pearling camp on upper Mississippi River[270]
The evolution of buttons, made from Mississippi shells[275]
Necklace of fresh-water pearls[276]
Shell of pearl-bearing abalone[280]
Shell of Dipsas plicatus, with attached metal figures of Buddha coated with nacre. Shell of Dipsas plicatus, with attached porcelain beads coated with nacre[286]
Artificial rearing-ponds for the development of pearl-oysters on the Island of Espiritŭ Santo, Gulf of California. Trays containing small pearl-oysters prepared for placing at the bottom of artificial rearing-ponds[291]
Japanese legend of the dragon and the pearl, idealized in Jade[302]
Russian eikon of the Madonna[312]
Pectoral cross of Constantine IX, Monomachus (1000–1054 A.D.)[321]
Great pearl necklace of the French crown jewels[332]
The Siamese Prince in full regalia[336]
Half-pearls: lots of three different sizes. Brooch of half-pearls and onyx, United States, 1860[343]
Pearl nose rings, Baroda, India. East Indian earring of strings of pearls and table diamonds. Grape pendants. Oriental pearls[345]
Necklace containing 126,000 seed-pearls, Louis XVI period[346]
Seed-pearls and gold; Chinese ornaments of the nineteenth century. Complete set of seed-pearl jewelry in original case[357]
Persian princess and ladies in waiting[364]
Facsimiles of the title-page and last leaf of an enactment abolishing duty on pearls, English Parliament, 1732[368]
Pearl drilling[376]
Pearl stringing[383]
Necklace of seed-pearls, United States, Civil War period[389]
Mother-of-pearl shell from Tahiti[390]
Ladies’ sewing case and scissors inlaid with half-pearls; watches incrusted with half-pearls; snuff-box, ivory inlaid with fresh-water pearls; miniature surrounded by half-pearls[395]
Evolution of a seed-pearl brooch. Seed-pearls, Indian strings. White horsehair for stringing[396]
Facsimile of letter of M. Gaston Mogeaud, Director of the Louvre[398]
Madame Thiers’s pearl necklace, bequeathed to the Louvre Museum, Paris[398]
  (From a photograph by A. Giraudon)
Antique ornaments of pearls[404]
Tyszkiewizc bronze statuette of Aphrodite[407]
Pearl earrings from Herculaneum and Pompeii[408]
Antique pearl ornaments[410]
East Indian necklace of pearls, table diamonds, glass beads, gold and enamel[413]
Crown of Reccesvinthus and other Gothic crowns of the seventh century[416]
  (From a photograph by A. Giraudon)
Her Majesty, Queen Alexandra of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India[418]
  (From a photograph by W. & D. Downey, London)
Crown of St. Edward[424]
  (From “The English Regalia,” published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Ltd., London)
The Empress Dowager of China[431]
Pearl ornaments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries[434]
Margherita, Dowager Queen of Italy[439]
Collection of black pearls belonging to an American lady[440]
Señora Carmen Romero Rubio de Diaz, wife of President Porfirio Diaz of Mexico[442]
  (From a photograph by Valleto & Co., Mexico)
Jade jar inlaid with pearls set with fine gold. Japanese decoration set with pearls[444]
Gaikwar of Baroda, 1908[450]
Mary, Queen of Scots[453]
  (From “Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart,” published by James MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow)
Queen Elizabeth of England. Elizabeth of France[456]
Pearl carpet or shawl of the Gaikwar of Baroda[460]
The Hope pearl. Weighs 1800 grains[463]
Her Grace, the Duchess of Marlborough[465]
  (From a photograph by Lafayette, Ltd., London)
The Madame Nordica collection of colored pearls[468]
Grand pearl diadem of the French crown jewels[471]
The Imperial Austrian crown[472]
The Great Sévigné of the French crown jewels[474]
Madame Nordica[476]
Mrs. George J. Gould[480]
Fresh-water pearls from Hopewell group of mounds, Ross County, Ohio[499]
Fresh-water pearls from Hopewell group of mounds, Ross County, Ohio[510]