FOOTNOTES:

[1] Jean de la Taille de Bondaroy, “Le Blason de la Marguerite,” Paris, 1574.

[2] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” lib. i, cap. 25, Lug. Bat., 1636, pp. 87, 91.

[3] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” lib. i, cap. 26, Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 103.

[4] Mackey, “Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions,” London, n. d., p. 144.

[5] Nicols, “Faithful Lapidary,” London, 1659, pp. 32, 33.

[6] Görres, “Die christliche Mystik,” Regensburg, 1840, vol. iii, pp. 190 sqq.

[7] Virna Sheard, “The Jewelled Princess,” in Canadian Magazine.

[8] De Mély, “Les lapidaires de l’antiquité et du moyen-âge,” vol. ii, “Les lapidaires grecs,” Paris, 1898, pp. 1-50.

[9] Lucas, “The Swallowing Stones by Seals,” Science, N. S., vol. xx, No. 512, pp. 537, 538; Report of Fur Seal Investigation, vol. iii, p. 68.

[10] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Wien, 1898, p. 108.

[11] Giglioli, “Materiale per lo studio della ‘Età della Pietra,’” Archivio per l’Antropologia e l’Etnologia, vol. xxxi, p. 83, Firenze, 1901.

[12] Rose, “Handleiding tot de Kennis van diamanten,” etc., Amsterdam, 1891, p. 110.

[13] “Della storia naturale delle Gemme,” Napoli, 1730, Vol. I, pp. 131-137.

[14] Il., xxiv, 795, 796.

[15] Paper by Dr. Paul Ferez in the Revue de l’Hypnotisme, Paris, No. 10, April, 1906, p. 306.

[16] Erasmi, “Colloquia,” Lipsiæ, 1713, pp. 597-8. Suggested by Pliny, lib. xxxvii, cap. 71-73.

[17] Morris Jastrow, “Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens,” vol. i, Giessen, 1905, p. 374.

[18] Morris Jastrow, l. c., p. 462.

[19] Delitzsch, “Assyrisches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1896, p. 604.

[20] “Aegyptische Goldschmiedearbeit,” ed. by Heinrich Schäffer, Berlin, 1910, pp. 25-32; necklace figured on Pl. V, other objects on Pls. V-VII.

[21] Ibid., p. 14, Pl. II, figs. 3a, 3b.

[22] See Reisner, “Catalogue générale des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Amulets” Le Caire, 1907.

[23] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 393.

[24] Kropatschek, “De amuletorum apud antiquos usu,” Gryphiæ, 1907, p. 24 (Paris papyrus, 2630).

[25] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 943.

[26] Seler, “Codex Borgia: Eine altmexicanische Bilderschrift,” Berlin, 1904, vol. i, p. 16.

[27] Francisci Ruei, “De gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, f. 4.

[28] “Histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses; par un prêtre de l’Oratoire,” Paris, 1702, p. 320.

[29] Blum, “Das altjüdische Zauberwesen,” Strassburg, 1898, p. 91.

[30] A projection serving to fasten down the belt.

[31] Compleat Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Skeat, Oxford, 1894 vol. i, p. 139.

[32] Matthæi Paris, “Historia major,” London, 1684, p. 318.

[33] “Le Grand Lapidaire” of Jean de Mandeville, Vienna, 1862, pp. 126-128.

[34] Güdermann, “Das jüdische Unterrichtswesen,” Wien, 1873, p. 225.

[35] “Ethics of the Dust,” New York, 1886, p. 96.

[36] See also the writer’s pamphlet: “The Folk-Lore of Precious Stones,” Chicago, 1894; a paper read before the Folk-Lore Congress held at the World’s Columbian Exhibition, and describing the Kunz Collection exhibited in the Anthropological Building there. This collection is now in the Field Museum, Chicago.

[37] King’s version in his “Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1865, p. 392.

[38] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 10.

[39] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. 22.

[40] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secretz des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 8 recto.

[41] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1560, p. 460.

[42] Cardani, “De gemmis,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323.

[43] Valentini, “Museum museorum oder die vollständige Schau-Bühne,” Franckfurt am Mayn, 1714, vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 34; figure of air-ship on p. 35.

[44] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Vienna, 1898, p. 376. Figured in S. Muller’s “Ordn. af Danm. Olds.,” i, Pl. XV, Figs. 252 sq.

[45] Ovidii, “Metamorphoses,” lib. ii, 11. 340 sqq. Some have proposed to read Redanus instead of Eridanus and have seen in the former name the designation of a stream flowing into the Vistula.

[46] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 7.

[47] Bk. xviii, 11, 295-298, trans. of William Cullen Bryant.

[48] Du Chaillu, “The Viking Age,” New York, 1889, vol. ii, p. 314. (Figs. 1210, 1211, 1212.)

[49] Sendelii, “Electrologiæ,” Elbingæ, 1725, Pt. I, p. 12, note.

[50] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. 22.

[51] Johannis de Cuba, “Hortus Sanitatis,” [Strassburg, 1483] tractatus de lapibus, cap. vii.

[52] Belleau, “Œuvres poétiques,” ed. Marty-Laveaux, Paris, 1878, vol. ii, pp. 172 sqq. The poem in which this tale occurs is the “Amours et nouveaux eschanges des pierres précieuses,” written in 1576 and dedicated to Henri III.

[53] Rose, “Aristotles de lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo,” in Zeitschr. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi, p. 431.

[54] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 436.

[55] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 325.

[56] Kropatschek, “De amuletorum apud antiquos usu,” Gryphiæ, 1907, p. 16.

[57] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam lectu digna,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323. “De gemmis.”

[58] Rumphius, “Amboinsche Rariteitkamer,” Amsterdam, 1741, p. 308.

[59] Goethe Westösterlicher Divan I, Segenspfänder.

[60] “Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X,” codice original, Madrid, 1881, fol. 77, p. 49.

[61] Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, p. 158.

[62] Arakel, “Livre d’histoire,” chap. liii; transl. in Brosset, “Collection d’historiens arméniens,” St. Pétersburg, 1874, vol. i, pp. 544, 545.

[63] Josephi Gonelli, “Thesaurus philosophicus, seu de gemmis,” Neapoli, 1702, p. 112.

[64] “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 230.

[65] Agatharcides, “De Mare Erythræo,” §2. The topaz of the ancients was unquestionably the gem commonly called chrysolite at present (olivine, peridot).

[66] Diodorus Siculus, lib. iii, cap. 38.

[67] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 32.

[68] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 16.

[69] Volmar, Steinbuch, ed. by Hans Lambel, Heilbronn, 1877, p. 22.

[70] Alberti Magni, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Borgnet, Parisiis, 1890, vol. v, p. 43. De mineralibus, lib. ii, tract. 2.

[71] Bauer, “Edelsteinkunde,” Leipzig, 1909, p. 750.

[72] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secretz des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 9 recto.

[73] Bellucci, “Il feticismo primitivo in Italia,” Perugia, 1907, pp. 22-25.

[74] “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, f. 8.

[75] St. Hildegardæ, “Opera Omnia,” in Pat. Lat. ed Migne, vol. cxcvii, col. 1254.

[76] “De gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, f. 52.

[77] “Philosophi opera quædam lectu digna,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 322. “De gemmis.”

[78] Anonymous writer in Ital. MS. of the fourteenth century in the author’s library; fol. 41 p. verso.

[79] See page [278] for description of this diamond by St. Epiphanius.

[80] Finot, “Les lapidaires indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 9.

[81] Finot, “Les lapidaires indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 8.

[82] Finot, l. c., p. 9.

[83] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 433.

[84] New edition of the Babylonian Talmud, ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), Baba Batra, New York, 1902, p. 207.

[85] Ratzel, “Völkerkunde,” Leipzig, 1885, vol. i, p. 36.

[86] Dr. Julius Ruska, “Das Steinbuch aus der Kosmographie des al-Kazwini,” Beilage zum Jahresbericht 1894-5 der Oberrealschule Heidelberg, p. 35. See Aristoteles De Lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo, ed. Rose, Z.f.D.A. New Series VI, pp. 364, 365, 389, 390. The “other writer” is probably Ahmed Teifashi.

[87] The work on precious stones attributed to Aristotle was composed in Arabic probably in the ninth century.

[88] Teifashi, “Fior di pensieri sulle pietre preziose,” Firenzi, 1818, p. 13.

[89] Proc. of the Royal Irish Academy, 2d Ser., Polite Literature and Antiquities, vol. ii, Dublin, 1879-1888, p. 303.

[90] Epiphanii, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 5.

[91] Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, fol. 101.

[92] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 48; Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. xliii.

[93] Fol. 55 recto of Ital. MS., 14th Century. Reference is to Bela IV (1235-1270). Lo reo dilugaria bela loqale in di nostri tempi regna.

[94] Weil, “Biblische Legenden,” p. 225.

[95] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 328. “De gemmis.”

[96] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secrets des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 11.

[97] “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 60.

[98] George H. Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial-room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, p. 239; Fig. 5.

[99] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 38.

[100] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323. “De gemmis.”

[101] S. Hildegardæ, Opera omnia; in. Pat. Lat. ed. J. P. Migne, vol. cxcvii, Parisiis, 1855, col. 1251.

[102] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1560, pp. 442-3.

[103] Chalfante, “Early Chinese Writing,” Mem. of Carnegie Museum, vol. iv, No. 1, Pittsburg, 1906, p. 10 and Pl. XX, No. 275. See also Pl. X, No. 132; pei, “shell,” “value,” as shells were used as money in very ancient times.

[104] Chalfante, “Early Chinese Writing,” Pl. XXII, No. 299.

[105] “Catalogue of the Woodward Collection of Jades and other Hard Stones,” by John Getz, Privately printed (New York), 1913, p. 11, No. 24.

[106] Zelia Nuttall, “The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilization,” Cambridge, Mass., 1901, p. 195. Archæological and Ethnographical Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, vol. ii.

[107] The Bishop Collection. “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, privately printed, 1906, vol. i, pt. iii, “Jade as a Mineral,” by George Frederick Kunz, p. 117. Nos. 421 and 646 of the collection are excellent examples of this special jade.

[108] The Bishop Collection. “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 12. Privately printed and edition limited to 100 copies. For a description of this monumental work see “The Printed Catalogue of the Heber R. Bishop Collection of Jade,” by George Frederick Kunz, supplement to the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for May, 1906, Occasional Notes, No. 1.

[109] See Fischer, “Ueber die Nephritindustrie der Maoris in Neuseeland,” Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. xv, Braunschweig, 1884, pp. 463-466.

[110] King’s version in his Natural History of Precious Stones, London, 1865, p. 382.

[111] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, p. 328.

[112] Epiphanius, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fols. 7, 8.

[113] Birlinger, “Kleinere deutsche Sprachdenkmäler,” in Germania, vol. viii (1863), p. 302.

[114] Bartolomæi Anglici “De proprietatibus rerum,” London, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495, lib. xvi, cap. 51, De Jaspide. Old English version by John of Trevisa.

[115] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Wien, 1898, pp. 22, 24.

[116] Dupont, “L’homme pendant les âges de la pierre,” Brussels, 1872, pp. 156 sqq.

[117] Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial-room in Pueblo Bonito,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, p. 237.

[118] Ward, “Seal Cylinders of Western Asia,” Washington, D. C., 1910, p. 121; citing Jastrow, “Religion,” p. 303.

[119] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secretz des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 11, recto.

[120] The Timæus of Plato, ed. by R. R. Archer-Hind, London, 1888, p. 302, note.

[121] Plinii, “Historia naturalis,” Venetiis, 1507, fol. 269 verso, lib. xxxvi, cap. 16.

[122] Plinii, l. c., fol. 254, verso, lib. xxxiv, cap. 14.

[123] King’s metrical version in his “Natural History of Gems,” London, 1865, p. 226.

[124] John of Trevisa’s version (made in 1396) of Bartholomæus Anglicus’ “De proprietatibus rerum,” London, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495, lib. xvi, cap. 43, De Magnete.

[125] Bartolomæi Anglici, “De proprietatibus rerum,” l. c.

[126] Lucian, Imag. I.

[127] Klaproth, “Lettre à M. le Baron A. de Humboldt sur l’invention de la boussole,” Paris, 1834, p. 20.

[128] From El Kazwini’s “Adjâïl el makluquat”; cited in marginal note, vol. i, pp. 310, 311, of El Damu’s “Hayat el hayauân,” Cairo, 1313 (1895).

[129] Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, p. 192.

[130] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 51; Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. xxxviii.

[131] Chiocci, “Museum Calceolarium,” Veronæ, 1622, p. 227.

[132] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 264, lib. ii, cap. 113.

[133] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 51.

[134] “Les secrets de la Lune,” Paris, 1571.

[135] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” lib. vii, Basileæ, 1560, p. 464.

[136] “Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,” ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge; Smithsonian Inst.; Bur. Am. Ethn., Bull. 30; Washington, 1910, Pt. 2, p. 331.

[137] Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 299, 300.

[138] Sancti Eusebii Hieronymi “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, vol. iv, Parisiis, 1865, col. 545.

[139] Pfizmeier, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Edelsteinen und des Goldes,” Sitzungsbericht d. phil. hist. Kl., Wien, vol. lviii, 1868, p. 200.

[140] Pfizmeier, l. c., p. 201.

[141] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien; Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII,” Leipzig, 1882, p. 70.

[142] Epiplianii, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 5.

[143] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. xxvi.

[144] Pannier, “Les lapidaires français,” Paris, 1882, pp. 246, 264, 295. Cited in Schofield, “The Pearl,” Pub. of Mod. Lang. Asso. of Am., vol. xxiv, Pt. 4, p. 599.

[145] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. I, Calcutta, 1879, p. 199.

[146] “Le grand lapidaire de Jean de Mandeville,” from the ed. of 1561, ed. by J. S. del Sotto, Vienne, 1862, p. 8.

[147] Taw Sein Ko, communication from his “Burmese Necromancy.”

[148] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 328.

[149] Epiphanii, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 6.

[150] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fols. 46, 47.

[151] Bartolomæi Anglici, “De proprietatibus rerum,” London, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495, lib. xvi, cap. 86, De Saphiro.

[152] Old English for spider.

[153] Bartolomæus Anglicus, l. c.

[154] The subject of the origin, development and reform of the carat-weight has been fully treated by the author in the Trans. of the Soc. of Min. Engineers, 1913, pp. 1225-1245, “The New International Metric Diamond Carat of 200 milligrams.”

[155] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 50, note of Pictor Villengensis.

[156] Bellucci, “Il feticismo primitivo in Italia,” Perugia, 1907, pp. 25, 26.

[157] Volmar, “Steinbuch,” ed. by Hans Lambel, Heilbronn, 1877, p. 19.

[158] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, pp. 266-268.

[159] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, pp. 169, 170.

[160] De Boot, l. c., p. 270.

[161] Hendley, “Indian Jewelry,” London, 1909, p. 158.

[162] Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 61, 62, pl. opposite p. 56.

[163] Kunz, l. c., see pl. 2, fig. A.

[164] Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial-room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, pp. 196-252.

[165] Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial-room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico,” pp. 223, 224.

[166] Pepper, l. c., p. 227.

[167] Burke, “The Medicine-men of the Apache,” Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-1888, Washington, 1892, p. 589.

[168] Fernie, “Precious Stones for Curative Use,” Bristol, 1907, p. 269.

[169] From “The Sacred Beetle,” by John Ward, London, 1902, Plate VIII, Nos. 46, 58, 89, 275, 276, 446.

[170] Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, pp. 234-235.

[171] The Metropolitan Museum of Art; the Murch Collection of Egyptian antiquities; supplement to the Bulletin of the Met. Mus. of Art, January, 1910.

[172] Middleton, “Engraved Gems of Ancient Times,” Cambridge, 1891, p. 151.

[173] Diodori Siculi, “Bibliothecæ historicales,” ed. Dindorf, Parisiis, 1842, vol. i, p. 65; lib. i, cap. 75.

[174] Æliani, “De animalibus,” lib. x, cap. 15.

[175] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Wien, 1898, pp. 155, 156.

[176] Konrad v. Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 448; see also Johannis de Cuba, “Hortus Sanitatis” [Strassburg, 1483], tractatus de lapidibus, cap. xliii.

[177] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 19.

[178] Fischer and Wiedemann, “Ueber Babylonische ‘Talismane’ aus dem hist. Mus. im steierisch-landschaftl. Joanneum zu Graz,” Stuttgart, 1881, p. 9.

[179] See Ward, “The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia,” Carnegie Institution Pub., Washington, D. C., 1910, pp. 1-5.

[180] Ward, l. c., p. 5 and pp. 5-8.

[181] Fischer and Wiedemann, “Ueber Babylonische Talismane,” Stuttgart, 1881, p. 11. See Pl. I, fig. 3.

[182] A. Evans, in “Journal of Hellenic Studies,” vol. xiv (1893), p. 270.

[183] Trebelii Pollionis, De XXX tyrannis, Lipsiæ, p. 295.

[184] Ad illum. catech., Hom. II, 5.

[185] Krause, “Pyrgoteles,” Halle, 1856, pp. 197-8.

[186] Caii Plinii Secundi, Naturalis Historia, ed. Harduin, Parisiis, 1741, vol. ii, p. 489.

[187] King, Catalogue of Engraved Gems, Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 81, No. 302, 1885.

[188] Dissert. apol. de quibusdam Alexandri Severi numismat., p. 59. Cited in Dictionnaire de l’arch. chrét., vol. i, Pt. II, Paris, 1907, cols. 1789, 1790, where the amulet is figured.

[189] Camilli Leonardi, Speculum Lapidum, Venetia, 1502.

[190] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1885, vol. iii, pp. 326, 327.

[191] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum Lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, ff. lvi-lvii.

[192] From an anonymous Italian treatise in a fourteenth century MS. in the author’s collection; fol. 40 verso, 41 recto.

[193] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Vienna, 1898, p. 338.

[194] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Vienna, 1898, p. 338.

[195] King, “The Gnostics and their Remains,” London, 1864, p. 238, figure opp. p. 115.

[196] Catalogue de l’Exposition de la Société d’Anthropologie (Exposition de 1900), p. 286.

[197] Elworthy, “The Evil Eye,” London, 1895, pp. 353, 354.

[198] Stern, “Medizin, Aberglaube und Geschlechtsleben in der Turkei,” Berlin, 1903, vol. i, p. 235.

[199] Plini, “Historia naturalis,” lib. xxxvi, cap. 3.

[200] Archæologia, vol. xxx, p. 541, London, 1844; MS. Harl. No. 80, folio 105, recto.

[201] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 336.

[202] De Mély, in La Grande Encyclopédie, vol. xxv, p. 885, art. Pierres précieuses.

[203] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” Stuttgart, 1861, p. 469.

[204] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 335.

[205] Agricola, “De natura fossilum,” lib. vi, Basileæ, 1546, p. 291.

[206] Nicols, “Faithful Lapidary,” London, 1659, p. 107.

[207] Kluge, “Edelsteinkunde,” Leipsic, 1860, p. 366.

[208] Fernie, “Precious Stones for Curative Wear,” Bristol, 1907, p. 109.

[209] The opal is said to preserve its wearer from disease; and hence, in the East, is much used in the form of amulets.

[210] From “Gems of Beauty,” by the Countess of Blessington, London, 1836.

[211] Sir Walter Scott, “Novels,” The Janson Society, New York, 1907, vol. xxiii, pp. 126-138.

[212] Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 6.

[213] Plinii, l. c.

[214] Hesselquist, “Voyages and Travels in the Levant,” English trans., London, 1766, pp. 273, 274.

[215] Alberti Magni, Opera Omnia, ed. Borgnet, Parisiis, 1890, vol. v, p. 42.

[216] Communication of Dr. Frederick Knab, citing Castellani and Chalmers, “Manual of Tropical Medicine,” 1910.

[217] Batman, “Uppon Bartholome,” London, 1582, p. 264, lib. xvi, cap. 73.

[218] Shakespeare, “Twelfth Night,” Act ii, Sc. 4.

[219] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1560, p. 445.

[220] Rose, “Aristoteles De lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo,” in Zeitschr. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi, p. 391. See also Avicenna, “Liber canonis,” Basileæ, 1556, p. 182, lib. ii, Tract. ii, cap. 20.

[221] Garcias ab Orta, “Aromatum historia” (Lat. version by Clusius). Antverpiæ, 1579, p. 172. The Portuguese original was published in Goa, in 1563.

[222] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. I, Calcutta, 1879, pp. 122, 125.

[223] Justi Lepsii, “De fraude et vi,” cap. v, §8; cited in Pindar, “De adamante,” Berolini, 1829, p. 58.

[224] Aldrovandi, “Museum metallicum,” Bononiæ, 1648, p. 949.

[225] Vita di Benvenuto Cellini, ed. Carpani, Milano, 1806, p. 445.

[226] Amos, “The Great Oyer of Poisoning,” London, 1846, pp. 336 sqq.

[227] Aldrovandi, “Museum metallicum,” Bononiæ, 1648, p. 949.

[228] Child, “The English and Scottish Popular Ballads,” Boston, 1882-96, vol. i, pp. 187 sqq.

[229] Child, l. c.

[230] Against thee.

[231] Ravii, “Specimen Arabicum,” Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1784, pp. 97, 98.

[232] Andreæ Baccii, “De gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis,” Latin trans. by Wolfgang Gabelchover, Francofurti, 1603, pp. 63, 64.

[233] “De gemmis errores vulgares,” Lipsiæ, 1688, sect. ii, §12.

[234] Rose, Aristoteles De lapidibus and Arnoldus Saxo, Zeitschr. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi, 1875, pp. 360, 361.

[235] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1554, lib. vii, pp. 191, 205.

[236] Ginsburg, “Legends of the Jews,” Eng. trans., Phila., 1909, vol. i, p. 162. See also Levy, “Dictionary of the Targumim,” etc., New York and London, 1903, vol. ii, p. 836, s. v. מַרְגָלִית. Pirke d’R. El., ch. xxiii.

[237] Ginsburg, l. c., p. 298.

[238] Claudii Æliani, “De animalium natura,” lib. viii, cap. 22, ed. Gesner, Tiguri, 1568, pp. 182, 183.

[239] Grimm, “Wörterbuch,” vol. ii, col. 1244.

[240] “Lithica,” line 270.

[241] De Mely, “La traité des fleuves de Plutarche,” in Revue des Études Grecques, vol. v (1892), p. 331.

[242] Luciani, “De Syria dea,” cap. 32.

[243] Rose, “Aristoteles de lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo,” Zeitschr. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi, 1875, pp. 375, 376.

[244] The abbey to which Hildegard gave the tablet was probably that built by Theodoric II and destroyed by the Reformers in 1572. The first building was of wood and was erected by Theodoric I in 923 or 924; this was ravaged by the Frisians not many years later.

[245] Creuzer, “Antik geschnittene Steine vom Grabmahl der heiligen Elizabeth,” Leipsic and Darmstadt, 1834, pp. 25, 26.

[246] Arnobio, “Il tesoro delle gioie,” Venice, 1602, p. 34.

[247] See the English translation of his “Chu-fan-chï,” by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, St. Petersburg, 1911, p. 72.

[248] “Die Reisebeschreibung des R. Benjamin von Tudela,” ed. by L. Grünhut and Marcus N. Adler, Jerusalem, 1903, pt. ii, trans., p. 17.

[249] Beckmann, “History of Inventions,” English trans., London, 1846, vol. ii, p. 433.

[250] Garcias ab Orta, “Aromatum historia” (Lat. version by Clusius), Antverpiæ, 1579, lib. i, p. 174.

[251] Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 17.

[252] Platonis, “Hippias major,” ed. Didot, vol. i, p. 745.

[253] Norton’s “Ordinall”; in Ashmole “Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum,” London, 1652, p. 27.

[254] Christiani Mentzelli, “Lapis Bononensis,” Bilefeldiæ, 1675.

[255] See Kunz, “The Phosphorescence of the Diamond,” Trans. N. Y. Academy of Sciences, vol. x, p. 50, 1890-91; Kunz and Baskerville, “The Action of Radium, Actinium, Roentgen rays, and Ultra Violet Light in Minerals and Gems,” Science, vol. xviii, No. 468, pp. 769-783, December 18, 1903.

[256] See page [172].

[257] Boyle, “Works,” London, 1744, vol. ii, p. 85. The experiments were made October 27, 1663, and the results were communicated to the Royal Society the next day, the diamond which had been used being shown to the members at that time.

[258] “Journal des Sçavans,” 1739, pp. 438, 439, of Amsterdam edition, citing “Hist. de l’Acad. Roy. des Sciences,” 1735 (vol. xxxviii).

[259] See Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. xiv, p. 260; 1895.

[260] “Diamonds,” a lecture delivered before the British Association at Kimberley, Sept. 5, 1905; London, 1905, p. 37. See also the same author’s “Diamonds,” London and New York, 1909, pp. 96-101.

[261] Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 183, 184.

[262] “Collection des anciens alchemistes grecs,” ed. by M. Berthelot, trans., p. 336-338; text pp. 351, 352, Paris, 1887, 1888.

[263] “Sur un procédé antique pour rendre les pierres précieuses et les vitrifications phosphorescentes,” Annales de Chimie et Physique, 6th ser., vol. xiv, pp. 429-432.

[264] Moryson, “An Itinerary containing his Ten Yeeres Travell through the Twelve Dominions,” etc., Glasgow, 1907-8, vol. i. p. 216.

[265] Burton, “Supplementary Nights,” London, 1886, vol. iii, p. 354, note.

[266] Pausaniæ, “Descriptio Græciæ,” ed. Schubart, vol. ii, Lipsiæ, 1883, pp. 54, 55, lib. ii, cap. 21, 12.

[267] Luciani, “Vera Historia,” lib. i, 26.

[268] Balz, “Die sogenannte magische Spiegel und ihr Gebrauch”; Archiv für Anthrop. N.S., vol. ii, p. 45, 1904.

[269] Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” Mexico, 1829, vol. i, pp. 2, 3; vol. ii, pp. 6, 12, 16, 17; lib. i, cap. 3; lib. v, cap. 3, 9, 11, 12.

[270] Spartiani, “Vita Didii Juliani,” cap. 7.

[271] Reichelti, “De amuletis,” Argentorati, 1676, p. 36.

[272] “Synodum episcoporum Patricii, Auxilii et Issernani,” in Migne, Patr. Lat., vol. liii, Parisiis, 1865, col. 825.

[273] Hincmari, “Opera Omnia,” in Migne, Patr. Lat., vol. cxxv, col. 7; De devortio Lotharii et Tetbergæ.

[274] London, 1905, pp. xxiv, xxx.

[275] Ibn Kaldoun, in Notices et Ext. de MSS. de la Bib. Imp., vol. xix, p. 221.

[276] See Barrett, “The Magus,” London, 1801, p. 135.

[277] Jâmi’s “Salamân and Absal,” trans. by Edward Fitzgerald, Boston, 1899, p. 84.

[278] Description of the Regalia of Scotland, by Sir Walter Scott, Bart., Edinburgh, n. d., p. 13.

[279] Johannis Saresberensis, “Policraticus,” Lyon, 1513, fols. lxxvii, verso, lxxviii, recto, lib. ii, cap. 28.

[280] Johannis Saresberensis, l. c., fol. lxxvi, recto, lib. ii, cap. 28.

[281] “The Hermetic and Alchemical writings of Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, called Paracelsus the Great,” trans. by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894, vol. i, p. 224.

[282] “Unterricht vom Gebrauch des Erdspiegels, 1658” (Aus dem Kapuziner-Kloster in Immenstat. Eine Handschrift des Kapuziner-Paters Franziscus Seraph. Heider daselbst); in “Handschriftlichen Schätze aus Kloster Bibliotheken,” Köln am Rhein, 1734-1810 (reprint).

[283] Sloane MS. 3851, f. 50b.

[284] Jonson, “The Alchemist,” ed. Hathaway, New York, 1903, pp. 101, 145, note.

[285] Kiesewetter, “Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition,” Leipzig, 1893, p. 472.

[286] Kiesewetter, “Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition”, p. 473.

[287] Wieri, “De prestigiis demonum,” Basileæ, 1563, p. 121.

[288] “The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee,” ed. by Halliwell, London, 1842 (Camden Soc. Pub.), p. 9, note (“Compendious Memorial,” p. 516).

[289] A true and faithful Relation of what passed for Many Yeeres between Dr. John Dee and Some Spirits. With preface by Meric. Casaubon, London, 1659, p. 1.

[290] See B. M. Dalton’s notes in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2d ser., vol. xxi, 380-383. Sloane MS. A. 3188.

[291] Casaubon’s “Relation,” p. 73.

[292] Rist, “Die Aller-Edelste Zeit-Verkürtung der ganzen Welt,” Franckfurt on dem Mayn, 1668, p. 255.

[293] Butler, “Hudibras,” Part II, Canto III, 11, 235-8, and 631-4. This second part was issued in 1663, four years after Casaubon’s publication of Dee’s journal.

[294] Miscellanea graphica: Representations of Ancient Medieval and Renaissance remains in the Possession of Lord Londesborough; introd. by Thomas Wright, London, 1857, p. 81.

[295] Aubrey, “Miscellanies,” London, 1890, pp. 156, 157. (There is a figure on p. 156.)

[296] Glanvil, “Saducismus Triumphatus,” London, 1726, p. 281.

[297] Aubrey, “Miscellanies,” London, 1890, p. 155.

[298] Carlyle, “Works,” Ashburton ed., vol. xvi, p. 509; from Vie de Joseph Balsamo, traduite d’après l’original Italien, ch. ii, 111 (Paris, 1791).

[299] Kiesewetter, “Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition,” Leipzig, 1893, p. 476.

[300] George IV, cap. lxxxiii.

[301] Brinton, “Essays of an Americanist,” Philadelphia, 1890, p. 165.

[302] Burke, “The Medicine-men of the Apache,” Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-1888, Washington, 1892, p. 461.

[303] Fraser, “The Golden Bough,” pt. i, “The Magic Art,” vol. i, London, 1911, p. 176.

[304] Lang, “The Making of Religion,” London, 1898, pp. 91-92.

[305] Thomas, “Crystal Gazing,” London, 1905, p. 48.

[306] Nuttall, “The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilization,” Cambridge, Mass., 1901, p. 80.

[307] Tcheraz, “Notes sur la mythologie Armenienne,” in Trans. of the Ninth Cong. of Orient. (1892), London, 1893, vol. ii, p. 832.

[308] Tcheraz, l. c., p. 835.

[309] Proc. Soc. of Psych. Research, vol. viii, p. 470.

[310] Proc. of the Soc. for Psych. Research, vol. v, p. 507.

[311] Thomas, “Crystal Gazing,” London, 1908, Lang’s preface, pp. xi, xii.

[312] Thomas, l. c., p. xxi.

[313] Proc. of the Soc. for Psych. Research, vol. viii, p. 473.

[314] Shepharial, “The Crystal and the Seer,” London [1900?], p. 14.

[315] John Melville, “Crystal Gazing,” London, 1910, pp. 20, 21.

[316] Shepharial, “The Crystal and the Seer,” London [1900?] pp. 11-13.

[317] Melville, “Crystal Gazing,” London, 1910, p. 47.

[318] Atkinson, “Practical Psychomancy and Crystal Gazing,” Chicago [1908], p. 46.

[319] See Leadbeater, “The Astral Plane,” London, 1910, p. 14.

[320] Verner, “How to Know Your Future,” London [1910?], p. 16.

[321] See Hereward Carrington’s Correspondence Course of Instruction in Psychic Development, Lesson 24, New York, 1912.

[322] Kunz, “The Occurrence and Manipulation of Rock Crystal,” Scientific American, vol. lv, pp. 103, 104 (Aug. 14, 1886). Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sciences, May 30, 1886.

[323] Kunz, “The Occurrence and Manipulation of Rock Crystal.”

[324] Gratacap, “The Mystic Crystal Sphere,” in the American Museum Journal, January, 1913, p, 24; plate on p. 22.

[325] Montfaucon, Les monumens de la monarchie Française. Paris, 1729, p. 15.

[326] Montfaucon, l. c.

[327] Cochet, “Le tombeau de Childeric Ier roi des Francs,” Paris, 1859, pp. 16 sqq.

[328] Cochet, op. cit., p. 305.

[329] Cochet, op. cit., p. 302; figure.

[330] Cochet, op. cit., p. 303, No. 1.

[331] Simon, “Observations sur les sépulchres antiques découverts dans plusieures contrées des Gaules,” p. 5; pl. ii, fig. 14.

[332] See Wylie’s “Fairford Graves,” pl. iv, fig. 1, pl. v, fig 2; Akerman’s “Remains of Pagan Saxondom,” Roach Smith’s “Collectanea antiqua”; Douglas’ “Nenia Brittanica,” and Hillier’s “Antiquities of the Isle of Wight.”

[333] Akerman, op. cit., p. 10.

[334] Journal of the Archæological Institute, vol. ix, p. 179.

[335] Akerman, op. cit., pp. 39, 40.

[336] Miscellanies upon various subjects, by John Aubrey, to which is added “Hydrotaphia, or Urn Burial,” by Sir Thomas Browne, London, 1890, p. 244; chap, ii.

[337] Lady Wilde, “Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland,” Boston, 1888, p. 209.

[338] Life Work of Sir Peter le Page Renouf, Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 342. In the vignette to chapter 93, to illustrate the protection afforded, a buckle with human hands seizes the arm of the deceased and prevents him from going toward the East, the inauspicious direction for departed souls, pl. xxv (Papyrus, Louvre iii, 93).

[339] Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 259.

[340] Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 261.

[341] The deceased was identified with Osiris.

[342] Budge, “The Mummy,” Cambridge, 1894, p. 263.

[343] Birch, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in Alnwick Castle, London, 1880, p. 224.

[344] Pierret, “Le livre des Morts,” Paris, 1882, p. 138.

[345] “Life Work of Sir Peter le Page Renouf,” Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 76, note.

[346] Ibid., Paris, 1907, vol. iv, p. 295.

[347] Æliani, “Varia historia,” lib. xiv, cap. xxxiv, Lug. Bat., 1731, Pars altera, p. 977.

[348] Fossey, “La Magie Assyrienne,” Paris, 1902, p. 301; see Rawlinson, “Cun. insc. of West. Asia,” vol. iv, 18, No. 3.

[349] Delitzsch, “Assyrisches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1896, p. 74, s. v. elmêshu.

[350] Jensen, “Assyrisch-Babylonische Mythen und Epen,” Berlin, 1900.

[351] Ward, “Seal Cylinders of Western Asia,” Carnegie Institution Pub., Washington, D. C., 1910, pp. 232, 234.

[352] For a fuller description of this valuable relic, and a discussion of the meaning of the inscription, see “On the ancient inscribed Sumerian (Babylonian) axe-head for the Morgan Collection in the American Museum of Natural History,” by George Frederick Kunz, with translation by Prof. Ira Maurice Price and discussion by Dr. William Hayes Ward. Bulletin of the Museum, vol. xxi, pp. 37-47, April 6, 1905.

[353] Montfaucon, “L’antiquité expliquée,” vol. ii, Pt. II, 1719, pp. 324, 325; Plate 136.

[354] “The Questions of King Milinda,” tr. from the Pâli by T. W. Rhys Davids, vol. ii, Oxford, 1894, p. 128.

[355] Buddha.

[356] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, pp. 715, 717.

[357] Bhuddist Suttas, trans. from Pali by T. W. Rhys Davids; “Sacred Books of the East,” vol. xi, Oxford, 1881.

[358] Lib. ii, cap. 11. Luciani Opera, ex recog. C. Jacobitz, vol. i, Leipzig, 1884, p. 56.

[359] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 79.

[360] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, pp. 645, 647.

[361] Heuen Tsang, “Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales,” French trans. by Stanislas Julien, Paris, 1857, vol. i, p. 461.

[362] Gaina Sutras, trans. from Prakrit by Hermann Jacobi; “Sacred Books of the East,” vol. xxii, Oxford, 1884, pp. 227, 233.

[363] Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, p. 33.

[364] Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, pp. 33, 34.

[365] Finot, “Les lapidaries indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 175.

[366] Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604 (fol. 16 verso).

[367] Philostrati, “De Vita Apollonii,” lib. iii, cap. 36.

[368] Personal communication from Taw Sein Ko.

[369] The Bishop Collection: “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 54, The “Yushuo” of T’ang Jing-tso, trans. by Stephen W. Bushnell.

[370] The Bishop Collection: “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 36.

[371] Kobert, “Ein Edelstein der Vorzeit,” Stuttgart, 1910, p. 26.

[372] Alfred Marston Tozzer, “Navajo Religious Ceremonials,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, pp. 323-326, 329, Plate II.

[373] Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” Mexico, 1830, vol. iii, p. 297.

[374] Sahagun, l. c., 1829, vol. i, p. 18; lib. i, cap. xiii.

[375] Garcilasso de la Vega, “Histoire des Incas.” Fr. trans. by Jean Baudoin, Amsterdam, 1715, vol. ii, pp. 255-257.

[376] Ibid., p. 347.

[377] “A Remarkable Jadeite Adze,” American Association for the Advancement of Science. Kunz, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1890, pp. 278-280.

[378] “Nephrit und Jadite,” Stuttgart, 1880.

[379] The Bishop Collection, “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, pt. iii, “Jade as a Mineral,” by George Frederick Kunz, p. 177. This immense mass of nephrite which forms part of the Heber Bishop Collection loan of jade is now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

[380] Kunz, “Chalchiuitl: a note on the jadeite discussion,” Science, vol. xii, No. 298.

[381] Gesneri, “De figuris lapidum,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 107 verso, 108 recto.

[382] “De ornatu oris, nasi et aurium,” Gottingæ, 1832, p. 43.

[383] “Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,” ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge; Smithsonian Inst., Bur. of Am. Ethn. Bull. 30. Pt. I, p. 458; Washington, 1910.

[384] “Historia de las Indias,” in “Bib. de autores españoles,” vol. xxii, Madrid, 1852, p. 202.

[385] Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” Mexico, 1829, vol. ii, pp. 389-391, lib. ix, cap. xvii.

[386] Klot, “Ueber den Nützen und Gebrauch der alten geschnittenen Steine,” Altenburg, 1768, p. 57.

[387] Erasmi Stellæ, “Interpretamentum Gemmarum,” 3d ed., Erfurti et Lipsiæ, 1736, p. 27.

[388] Agricolæ, “De natura fossilium,” lib. vi, Basileæ, 1546, p. 289.

[389] Gesner, “De figuris lapidum,” Tiguri, 1565, ff. 112v, 113r.

[390] “Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier,” La Haye, 1718, vol. i, p. 48; Voyages en Perse, liv. i, chap. iv.

[391] José Ignacio Miró, “Estudio de las piedras preciosas,” Madrid, 1870, pp. 135, 136.

[392] Lassels, “The Voyage of Italy,” Paris, 1670, Pt. II, p. 344.

[393] Lassels, l.c., p. 339.

[394] Scotto, “Itinerario d’Italia,” Roma, 1747, p. 314.

[395] José Ignacio Miró, “Estudio de las piedras preciosas,” Madrid, 1870, pp. 136, 137, 229.

[396] Cartularium abbathiæ de Whiteby, Surtees Soc. Pub., vol. lxix, pp. xvi-xx.

[397] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” lib. v, Basileæ, 1560, p. 370.

[398] Dr. Baelz, of the Imperial University of Tokyo, in Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1904, pp. 523-547.

[399] Mason, “Burmah, its People and Natural Productions,” Rangoon, 1860, pp. 109, 110.

[400] Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour, trans. by Clement R. Markham, London, 1859, p. 38, Hakluyt Soc. Pub.

[401] Chiocci, “Museum Calceolarium,” Veronæ, 1622, p. 251.

[402] Kircher, “Mundus Subterraneus,” Amstelodami, 1665, p. 36; Tabula IV, Fig. 6.

[403] Creuzer, “Antik geschnittene Steine vom Grabmahl der heiligen Elizabeth,” Leipsic and Darmstadt, 1834, p. 25.

[404] Barbier de Montault, “Le Trésor de l’Abbaye de Sainte-Croix de Poitier”; in Mém. de la Soc. d’Antiq. de l’Ouest, Sec. Ser., vol. lv, 1881, pp. 105, 106; Poitiers, 1882.

[405] Italian MS. of the fourteenth century in the author’s library; fol. 41 b.

[406] Ravenshaw, “Antiente Epitaphs,” London, 1878, p. 110.

[407] Ravenshaw, “Antiente Epitaphs,” London, 1878, p. 113.

[408] See Audsley, “Handbook of Christian Symbolism,” London, 1865, pp. 135-137.

[409] Flavii Josephi, “De Antiq. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. viii, 9; Opera, ed. Dindorf, Parisiis, 1845, vol. i, pp. 100, 101.

[410] “Ant. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. vii, 5, Flavii Josephi Opera, Basileæ, 1544, p. 75.

[411] Sancti Patri Epiphanii, “De XII Gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, ff. 12-14. Edited by Conrad Gesner from a unique MS. in his possession.

[412] Ginsburg, “Legends of the Jews,” Eng. trans., Phila., 1909, vol. i, p. 34.

[413] See J. L. Myers in the “Encyclopædia Biblica,” vol. iv, pp. 4799-4812.

[414] See Gimma, “Della storia naturale delle gemme,” Napoli, 1730, vol. i, pp. 208, 209.

[415] Hommel, “Altisraelitische Ueberlieferung,” pp. 281, sqq.; Erman, “Aegypten,” Tübingen, 1885, p. 402.

[416] Aureli Augustini, “Opera Omnia,” vol. iii, Part I, col. 637; Patrologiæ Latinæ, ed. Migne, vol. xxxviii, Paris, 1864.

[417] “Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1870, p. 333.

[418] Procopius, ed. Dindorf, Bonnae. 1833, vol. i, p. 445; “De bello Vandalico,” lib. ii, cap. 9.

[419] Procopius, ed. Dindorf, Bonnae, 1833, vol. i, p. 445; “De bello Vandalico,” lib. ii, cap. 9.

[420] For an account of the immense booty taken by the Arabs, under Sa’ad, on this occasion, see Rawlinson, “Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1876, pp. 564-566. The total value has been placed as high as $125,000,000.

[421] C. H. Emerson, “Psychocraft” [Portland, Me., 1911].

[422] “Der Midrasch Bemidbar Rabba,” German transl. by Dr. Aug. Wünsche, Leipzig, 1885, pp. 15, 16. Parasha II. Of the tarshish it is said the color resembled that of “the costly stone with which women adorn themselves,” possibly the pearl is signified. Hebrew text in “Sepher Midrash Rabba,” Vilna, 1845, pt. iii, “Sepher Bemidbar,” p. 23.

[423] There are two evident transpositions in the text of Josephus between the fifth and sixth and the eighth and ninth stones respectively.

[424] Alford, “The Greek Testament,” vol. iv, Pt. 2, p. 594.

[425] Rabani Mauri, “Opera Omnia,” vol. v, col. 470. Patrologiæ Lat., vol. cxi, Parisiis, 1864.

[426] “New Edition of the Babylonian Talmud,” ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), New York, 1902, p. 210. Baba Batra.

[427] Brückmann, “Abhandlung von Edelsteinen,” 2d ed., Braunschweig, 1773, p. 358.

[428] Flavii Josephi, ed. Dindorf, Parisii, 1847, vol. ii, p. 97; “Antiq. Jud.,” lib. iii, cap. 7, paragraph 7. In the second century, Clemens Alexandrinus (lib. v, cap. 6) repeats this idea of Josephus, adding that the four rows in which the gems were disposed signified the four seasons of the year.

[429] Sancti Hieronymi, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1877, vol. i, col. 616; Epistola lxiv, paragraph 16.

[430] Lücke, “Versuch einer Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannes,” Bonn, 1852, p. 964.

[431] Patrologiæ Græcæ, ed. Migne, vol. cvi, Parisiis, 1863, cols. 433-438.

[432] Georgius Vitringa, “Nauwkeurige onderzoek van de goddelyke Openbaring der H. Apostels Johannes,” Dutch trans. of Latin by M. Gargon, Amsterdam, 1728, vol. ii, p. 681.

[433] Sancti Patris Epiphanii episcopi Cypri ad Diodorum Tyri episcopum, “De XII. Gemmis, quæ erant in veste Aaronis,” ed. Gesner, Tiguri, 1565.

[434] Rabani Mauri, “Opera Omnia,” vol. v, col. 465; in Patrologiæ Latinæ, ed. Migne, vol. xvi, Paris, 1864.

[435] Poujet fils, “Traité des pierres précieuses,” Paris, 1762, p. 4.

[436] Poujet fils, l.c.

[437] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt II, Calcutta, 1881, pp 619, 621

[438] The star-sapphire has already been described on pp. 106, 107.

[439] Eliphas Lévi, “Rituel de la haute magie,” Paris, 1861.

[440] For this number, and for the succeeding multiples of thirteen, the gem is believed to counteract the malign influence of the number.

[441] Wilhelmus Eo, “Coronæ Gemma Nobilissima,” Newheusern, 1621, pp. 38-9.

[442] Gaffarelli, “Curiositates inauditæ,” Hamburgi, 1706, pp. 146, 147.

[443] Schindler, “Der Aberglaube des Mittelalters,” Breslau, 1858, p. 131.

[444] Reichelti, “De amuletis,” Argentorati, 1676, p. 45; citing Ficini, “De vita coelit.,” cap. 13.

[445] Mairan, “Lettres au R. P. Parrenin,” Paris, 1770, pp. 275 sqq.

[446] Mairan, l.c., pp. 199, 211.

[447] “Collection of Engraved Gems,” Metropolitan Museum of Art, Handbook No. 9, pp. 53, 54.

[448] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 80.

[449] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 83.

[450] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien,” Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 84.

[451] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 883.

[452] Morales, “De las virtudes y propiedades marvillosas de las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, fols. 15a, 15b.

[453] Rantzau, “Tractatus de genethliacorum thematum judiciis,” Francofurti, 1633, pp. 46-55.

[454] Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X; codice original, Madrid, 1881, fols. 101-109.

[455] Lane, “Arabian Society in the Middle Ages,” ed. by Stanley Lane-Poole, London, 1883, p. 98.

[456] Pantagruel, liv. v, chap. xlii, Paris, 1833, p. 341.

[457] Morales, “De las Piedras Preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604.

[458] Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, pp. 16a-16b.

[459] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum Lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, f. liv-lvi.

[460] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum Lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, f. liii.

[461] Butler, “Hudibras,” Part II, Canto III, 11, 1096-1103.

[462] Artemidori Daldiani et Achametis Sereimi Oneirocritica, ed. Regaltius, Lutetiæ, 1603, pp. 86, 87.

[463] Ibid., p. 228.

[464] Venice, 1602, p. 254.

[465] “The Hermetic and Alchemical writings of Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, called Paracelsus the Great,” trans. by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894, Vol. I, pp. 14, 225, Vol. II, p. 218.

[466] Plutarchi, “Vitæ,” ed. Sinteris, Lipsiæ, 1884, p. 339; Pericles, 38.

[467] Eusebii Pamphili, “De laudibus Constantini,” cap. v; in Eusebii, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Migne, Parisiis, 1857, cols. 1337, 1340; Patrologiæ Græcæ, vol. xx.

[468] The Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, Hakluyt Society, London, 1856, pp. 199, 200.

[469] The Fuggers of Augsburg, the jeweller bankers of the 15th and 16th centuries.

[470] Wolffii, “Curiosus amuletorum scrutator,” Francofurti et Lipsiæ, 1692, p. 363; citing Rodolphus Goclenius (De peste, p. 70).

[471] Olaus Borrichius, in the Collection Académique, Paris, 1757, tome iv, p. 338.

[472] Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X, Codice Original, Madrid, 1881, f. xi.

[473] “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, f. 8.

[474] New edition of the Babylonian Talmud, ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), Baba Barat, New York, 1902, p. 53. See also Beer, “Leben Abraham’s,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 79.

[475] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. I, Calcutta, 1879, pp. 137, 139, 141.

[476] Andrea Spigello, “De semitert.”; cited in Gimma, “Della Storia naturale delle gemme,” Napoli, 1730, vol. i, p. 208.

[477] Raumer, “Historisches Taschenbuch,” I Ser., vol. vi, Leipzig, 1835, p. 370.

[478] Josephi Gonelli, “Thesaurus philosophicus, seu de gemmis,” Neapoli, 1702, pp. 76, 77.

[479] Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X, Codice Original, Madrid, 1881, f. xv.

[480] Marbodus, l. c., f. 48.

[481] Rueus, l. c., p. 36.

[482] Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, f. 101.

[483] Andreæ Bacci, “De gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis,” Francofurti, 1603, pp. 63, 64 (annotation of Gabelchover to his Latin version).

[484] Plinii, “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 16.

[485] Psellus, “De lapidum virtutibus,” Lug. Bat., 1745, p. 32.

[486] Johannis Braunii, “De Vestitu sacerd. Heb.,” Amstel., 1680, p. 659.

[487] From an old book the title-page of which reads: “In hoc volumine de Alchemia,” etc., Norimberghe, 1541, p. 363.

[488] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien; Naharari’s Râjanighantu, Varga xiii,” Leipzig, 1882, p. 76.

[489] Teifashi, “Fior di pensieri sulle pietre preziose,” Ital. trans. by Antonio Raineri, Firenzi, 1818, p. 20.

[490] “The Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana,” London, 1848, p. 29, Hakluyt Pub. Originally published in 1596.

[491] Lettres de Voiture, ed. by Octave Uzanne, Paris, 1880, vol. i, p. 66, Letter XXIII.

[492] Josephi Gonnelli, “Thesaurus philosophicus, seu de gemmis,” Neapoli, 1702, pp. 157, 158.

[493] Claudii Galeni, “De simplic. medicament., etc.,” lib. ix, cap. 19. “Opera Omnia,” ed. C. G. Kühn, Lipsiæ, 1826, vol. xii, p. 207. See also Duffield Osborne, “Engraved Gems,” New York, 1912, pp. 138, 139.

[494] Garbe, “Die indische Mineralien”; Naharari’s “Râjanighantu,” Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 70.

[495] The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, by William Langley (or Langland). Ed. by Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Oxford, 1881, p. 16. Passus II, lines 8-15.

[496] Trimmed with fur.

[497] Handsomely.

[498] Adorned.

[499] Burning coal.

[500] Aquamarines.

[501] Poisons.

[502] Dugdale, “History of Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London,” London, 1818, vol. i, pp. 15, 16. First edition published in 1658.

[503] Alberti Magni, “Opera omnia,” ed. Borgnet, Paris, 1890, vol. v, p. 44.

[504] Labarte, “Inventaire du mobilier de Charles V,” Paris, 1879, p. 308, No. 2937.

[505] “A Ternary of Paradoxes, written originally by Joh. Bapt. Van Helmont and translated, illustrated, and amplicated by Walter Charleton,” London, 1650, p. 17.

[506] S. Hildegardæ, “Opera omnia,” in Pat. Lat. ed. by J. P. Migne, vol. cxcvii, Parisiis, 1855, col. 1255.

[507] Arnobio, “Il tesoro delle gioie,” Venice, 1602, p. 21.

[508] Bellucci, “Il feticismo in Italia,” Perugia, 1907, p. 91, note.

[509] Monardes, Semplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia (Latin version by Clusius), Antverpiæ, 1579, p. 51.

[510] Sahagun, “Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España,” vol. iii. Mexico, 1830, pp. 300, 301; lib. xi, cap. viii.

List of Frontispiece stones