Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates, 3rd ed. Volume 4

by George Grote

P.

Παιδεραστία, iii. [20 n.], iv. [359].

[Pain], see [ἀλυπία], [Pleasure].

[Paley], remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. [377 n.]

Panætius, style, i. [406 n.];
on Phædon, [288], [334 n.];
Plato’s immortality of the soul, ii. [423 n.];
dialogues of Sokratici viri, i. [112 n.]

[Parmenidês], metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i. [23 n.], [89];
the absolute, [19-24], iii. [104];
Herakleitus opposed to, i. [37];
ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, [19];
ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, [24];
ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, [ib.] n.;
non-ens, iii. [243 n.];
opposition to Homo Mensura, [113];
phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. [23 n.];
mind, [26];
theology, [19], [25];
physics, [7 n.], [90 n.];
two physical principles, [24];
doctrine defended by Zeno, [93], [99], iii. [58];
relation of Demokritus to, i. [66];
with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, [89];
refutation of, in Sophistês, iii. [211], [223];
summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, [196 n.];
and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. [118].

Parmenidês, the, date, i. [309], [315], [316 n.], [338 n.], iii. [71 n.], [244 n.];
authenticity, i. [307-11], [320], [327], [338 n.], [401 n.], iii. [68 n.], [69], [88 n.], [185 n.];
criticism of dialogue generally, [82];
its character, [56];
purpose negative, [71], [85 n.], [85], [93], [97], [108], i. [125];
the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. [68];
attack not unnatural, [71];
its dialectic, compared with Zeno’s, i. [100];
scenery and personages, iii. [58];
Sokrates impugns Zeno’s doctrine, [59];
and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, [ib.];
objections, [ 60-7];
no object in nature mean to the philosopher, [61], [195 n.];
ideas, how participable by objects, [63], [72], iv. [138];
analogous difficulty of predication, i. [169];
not merely conceptions, iii. [64], [74];
“the third man,” [64 n.];
not mere types, [65];
not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, [ib.], [72];
cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, [66];
which gods have, [67], [68 n.];
dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, [68];
exercises required from students, [79];
provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced, [ib.];
nine demonstrations from unum est and unum non est, [81], [340];
criticism of antinomies, [82], [85 n.], [88 n.], [99 n.];
exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies, [91];
more formidable than problems of Megarics, [92];
these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, [94];
different meanings of the same proposition in words, [95], [97 n.];
first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of Unum non multa, [96], [101];
second, demonstrates Both of what the first demonstrated Neither, [98], [101];
third mediates, [100], [101];
but unsatisfactory, [102];
Plato’s imagination of the Instantaneous, [100];
found no favour, [102];
the fourth and fifth, [101], [102];
the sixth and seventh, [103];
unwarranted steps in the reasoning, [105];
seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, [104];
eighth and ninth, [106];
conclusion compared to enigma in Republic, [108];
compared with Sophistês and Politikus, [187 n.], [259];
Philêbus, [97 n.], [340 n.], [343];
Republic, iv. [138];
Euthydêmus, ii. [200].

[Particulars], doctrine of Herakleitus, i. [29];
the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, [407];
Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. [320];
universals amidst, [257];
and universals, different dialogues compared, [ib.];
difficulties about one and many, [339];
natural coalescence of finite and infinite, [340];
illustration from speech and music, [342];
explanation insufficient, [343];
no constant truth in, iv. [3 n.];
fluctuate, [50];
ordinary men discern only, [49], [51];
see [Phenomena].

[Pascal], on King Nomos, i. [381 n.];
Cartesian theory, ii. [401 n.];
justice, i. [231 n.];
authority, iv. [232].

Πάθη, must be known after οὐσία, ii. [243 n.]

[Pathology] of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv. [260].

[Pausanias], the gods jealousy, iv. [164 n.]

[Peloponnesian] war, iii. [406].

[Pentateuch], allegorical interpretation of, iv. [157 n.];
relation to Greek schemes, [256].

[Pentathlos], the, ii. [114];
expert of Plato and Aristotle, [119 n.]

[Percept] and concept, relative, iii. [75];
prior to the percipient, [76 n.]

[Perception], doctrine of Parmenides, i. [26];
Empedokles, [44];
Theophrastus, [46 n.];
Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, [58];
Diogenes of Apollonia, [62];
Demokritus, [77];
Plato, iii. [159];
different views of Plato, [163];
sensible, province wider in Politikus than Theætêtus, [256];
knowledge is sensible, [111], [113], [154], [173 n.];
identified with Homo Mensura, [123], [162 n.];
sensible perception does not include memory, [157];
argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, [ ib.];
knowledge lies in the mind’s comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, [161];
difference from modern views, [162];
objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato’s ens, [229], [231].

[Pergamus], library of, i. [270 n.], [280 n.]

[Periander], iv. [7].

Περιέχον of Herakleitus, i. [35 n.];
compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, [56 n.]

[Perikles], upheld the claims of intellect, ii. [373];
rhetorical power, [370], [371].

[Peripatetic] school at the Lykeum, i. [269];
change after death of Theophrastus, [272];
loss of library, [270];
see [Lykeum].

[Persian] and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. [8];
and Athens compared, iv. [312];
invasion, [311], [313];
customs blended with Spartan in Cyropædia, i. [222];
government, [235].

Phædon the Eretrian, i. [148].

Phædon, the, authenticity, i. [334 n.];
first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, [288];
date, [ 309-313], [315], ii. [377 n.];
affirmative and expository, [377];
much transcendental assertion, iii. [56];
purpose, ii. [382 n.];
antithesis and complement of Symposion, iii. [22];
scenery and interlocutors, ii. [377];
Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, [379];
value of exposition, [398];
no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, [384];
life a struggle between soul and body, [386], [388], [422];
emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. [389];
death emancipates, ii. [386], [388];
yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, [415];
philosophy gives partial emancipation, [387];
purification of soul, [388], i. [159];
inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. [38-9], [71].;
pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, [375];
pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense, [ ib.];
courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different principles, ii. [308 n.];
the soul a mixture, refuted, [390];
soul’s pre-existence admitted, [ib.], iii. [122];
soul is essentially living and therefore immortal, ii. [413];
proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, [414];
depends on assumption of Ideas, [412];
metempsychosis of ordinary men only, [387], [415], [425];
Plato’s demonstration fails, iii. [16];
not generally accepted, ii. [426];
Sokrates’ intellectual development, [391];
turned on different views as to a true cause, [398];
illustration of Comte’s three stages of progress, [407];
Sokrates’ early study, [391];
genesis of knowledge, [ ib.];
first doctrine of Cause, rejected, [ ib.], [399];
second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, [393], [401], [403];
doctrine laid down in Philêbus, [407 n.];
Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, [394], [407];
Anaxagoras’ nous, as understood by Sokrates, [402 n.];
causes efficient and co-efficient, [394], [400];
third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, [396], [403], [407], iv. [239 n.];
multitude of ideas, ii. [410];
the only causes, [396];
truth resides in ideas, [411];
discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct, [397], [411];
ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, [ ib.];
Sokrates’ equanimity before death, [416], [417];
Sokrates’ soul — islands of the blest, [416];
Sokrates’ last words and death, [417];
burial, [416];
compared with Apology, i. [422 n.], ii. [ 419-21];
Symposion, [382], iii. [16-19];
Menon, ii. [249];
Phædrus, [ib.], iii. [16-19];
Politikus, [262], [265 n.];
Republic, ii. [383], [412], [414 n.];
Timæus, [383], [407 n.], [ 411-12].

Phædrus, its date, i. [263], [304-10], [313-4], [315], [319], [ib. n.], [323], [326 n.], [327], [330], ii. [227], [228 n.], iii. [36 n.], [38];
ancient criticism on, i. [319 n.];
considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, [302];
assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, [319], [329 n.];
much transcendental assertion, iii. [56];
Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, [29];
derivation of ἔρως, [308 n.];
of μαντικὴ and οἰωνιστική, [310 n.];
Eros, a variety of madness, [11];
Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, [ib.];
mythe of pre-existent soul, [12], [14 n.];
soul’s κνῆσις compared to children’s teething, [399 n.];
reminiscence of the Ideas, [13], [17], iv. [239 n.];
operation of pre-natal experience on man’s intellectual faculties, iii. [13];
reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. [422], iii. [4], [14];
debate on Rhetoric, [26];
Sokrates’ theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, [28];
writing and speaking, as art, [27];
is it teachable by system, [28];
Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, [29];
Lysias unfairly treated in, [ 47-8], [408], [410 n.], [411 n.];
Sokrates’ reason for attachment to dialectic, [258 n.];
the two processes of dialectic, [29], [39];
exemplified in Sokrates’ discourses, [29];
essential to genuine rhetoric, [30], [34];
rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, [30], [34];
analogy to medical art, [31];
includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, [32], [41], [45];
books and lectures useless, [33], [34], [49], [51], [ 53-5];
may remind, [33], [50];
rhetorician must acquire real truth, [33], [34];
theory more Platonic than Sokratic, [38];
rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, [33];
dialectician alone can teach, [37];
idéal, cannot be realised, [51];
except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, [52];
dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied, [40];
Plato’s idéal a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, [45];
unattainable, [42], [46];
comparison with the rhetorical teachers, [44];
charge against rhetorical teachers not established, [47];
compared with Republic, Gorgias, Euthydêmus, ii. [229];
Menon, [249];
Phædon, [ib.], [423], iii. [17-8], iv. [239 n.];
Symposion, iii. [1], [11], [15], [ 17-19];
Sophistês, [257];
Politikus, [ ib.], [265 n.];
Philêbus, [398];
Timæus and Kritias, [53];
Leges, iv. [324].

[Phenicians], iv. [330 n.], [352];
appetite predominant in, [38].

[Phenomena], early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. [2];
doctrine of Xenophanes, [18];
Parmenides, [20], [24], [66];
of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, [23 n.];
of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, [24];
doctrine of Zeno, [93];
Leontine Gorgias, [104 n.];
Herakleitus, [29];
Anaxagoras, [59 n.];
Demokritus, [68];
Kyrenaics, [197];
the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. [78];
Aristotle, i. [24 n.];
see [Particulars].

Philêbus, authenticity, iii. [369 n.];
date, i. [307-9], [311-3], [315], iii. [369 n.];
peculiarity, [382];
illustrates logical partition, [254], [344];
merit as a didactic composition, [365], [368 n.];
method contrasted with Theætêtus, [335 n.];
recent editions, [365 n.];
reading in p. 17a, [341 n.];
subject and persons, [334];
protest against Sokratic elenchus, [335];
happiness and good used as correlative terms, [ ib.];
good, object of universal desire, [ ib.], [371], [392 n.];
what mental condition will ensure happiness, [335];
is it pleasure or wisdom, [ ib.], [337];
pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, [336], [396];
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, [338];
or intelligence without pleasure or pain, [339];
such a life conceivable, at least second-best, [349];
Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, [372];
emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, [389];
contrast with other dialogues, [398];
good a tertium quid, [339], [361];
pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, [347];
intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, [348], iv. [221];
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. [374];
analogy of intelligence and pleasure, [ 360];
intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, [348], [361];
pain, disturbance of system’s fundamental harmony, pleasure the restoration, [348];
pleasure pre-supposes pain, [349];
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, [ ib.];
desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, [350];
true pleasures attached to true opinions, [351];
can pleasure be true or false, [286 n.], [351], [352], [356], [380], [ ib. n.], [382];
false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, [353], [369 n.];
to Plato the absolute the only real, [385];
true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, &c., [356];
pure pleasures admit of measure, [357];
directive sovereignty of measure, [391], [393];
pleasure not identical with ἀλυπία, [353], [377];
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, [354];
allusion in οἱ δυσχερεῖς, [389 n.];
intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper, [355], [391];
but more pleasure in health, [356];
intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, [362];
same view enforced by Hedonists, [378], [387 n.];
Aristotle on, [376 n.];
drama, feelings excited by — φθόνος, [355 n.];
pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, [357];
Aristippus and Aristotle on, [378 n.];
pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means. [373], [377 n.];
Plato’s doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, [387], [390 n.];
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, [389];
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, [ ib.];
comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, [367];
forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, [391];
difficulties about one and many, [339];
natural coalescence of finite and infinite, [340];
illustration from speech and music, [342];
explanation insufficient, [343];
classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, [341];
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, [368];
but feebly applies, [369];
quadruple distribution of existences, [346];
varieties of intelligence, classified, [358];
dialectic the purest, [360];
classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, [394];
difference from other dialogues, [395];
rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, [360], [380];
arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, [359], [394];
unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, [361];
good a mixture, [ ib.];
this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. [407 n.], iii. [365];
all cognitions included, [362];
but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, [ ib.];
five graduated constituents of good, [364], [397];
Plato’s in part an eclectic doctrine, [366];
blends ontology with ethics, [ ib.];
does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, [371];
compared with Euthydêmus, [374 n.];
Protagoras, [379], [391];
Gorgias, [ 379-81];
Phædrus, [398];
Symposion, [370 n.], [398];
Parmenidês, [97 n.], [340 n.], [343];
Sophistês, [369 n.];
Politikus, [263], [369 n.];
Republic, [370], [373 n.], [395];
Timæus, [397 n.];
Leges, iv. [301].

[Philo], etymologies, iii. [308 n.];
hypothetical propositions, i. [145 n.];
allegorical interpretation, iv. [157 n.]

[Philolaus], i. [9].

Φίλον, πρώτον, see [Amabile primum].

[Philosophers], ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii. [219];
charged with pride, i. [153 n.];
secession from Athens, [111 n.];
contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. [52], [145 n.], iii. [183], [274], iv. [51-4];
uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by citizens, [54];
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. [224];
forced seclusion of, iv. [59];
require a community suitable, [ib.];
philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, [54];
model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, [47];
divine men, iii. [187];
the fully qualified practitioner, ii. [114], [116], [119];
not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, [181];
value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, [190];
dissenters, upheld, [375];
life, a struggle between soul and body, [386];
ascetic life, [388], i. [158];
exempted from metempsychosis, ii. [387], [416], [425];
rewarded in Hades — mythe in Gorgias, [361];
stages of intellectual development, [391];
value of exposition, [398];
Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. [4], [6];
Sokrates as representative of Eros Philosophus, [15], [25];
distinguished from ἰδιώτης, iv. [104 n.];
not distinguishable from sophists, ii. [210], [211 n.];
alone can teach, iii. [37], [40];
as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds pre-occupied, [39];
realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, [52];
alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, [290 n.];
test of, the synoptic view, iv. [76];
compared with rhetors, iii. [178];
masters of debates, [179];
determine what forms admit of intercommunion, [208];
live in region of ens, [ ib.];
contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. [48];
distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave, [ 67-70];
distinctive marks of, [51];
no object in nature mean to, iii. [61].

[Philosophia prima] of Aristotle, i. [358 n.], iii. [230 n.], [382].

[Philosophy], is reasoned truth, i. [vii-x];
Ferrier on scope and purpose of, [viii n.];
necessarily polemical, [viii];
modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive results, direct proofs, [366];
usually positive systems advocated, iii. [70];
difference of ancient and modern problems, [52];
chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. [409 n.];
its beginning, i. [375 n.], [382], ii. [404], [407 n.];
free judgment the first condition for, i. [382], [395 n.], ii. [368], iii. [152 n.];
negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. [130];
preponderated in Plato’s age, [123];
early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, [384];
brought down from heaven by Sokrates, [x];
Greek, in its purity, [xiv];
Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities, [84], [90], [340 n.];
advantages, [90];
contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, [384 n.];
early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, [xv n.];
polytheism the first form of, [2];
Aristotle contrasts “human wisdom” with primitive theology, [3 n.];
Indian, [378 n.];
compared with Pre-Sokratic, [107];
analogy of Greek with Indian, [160 n.], [162];
difficulties of early, iii. [184 n.];
opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. [86];
common repugnance to its rationalistic element, [3], [ 59-60], [261 n.], [279 n.], [387 n.], [388], [437], [441], iv. [57];
encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. [219];
new epoch, by Plato’s establishment of a school, i. [266];
its march up to or down from principia, [403];
the protracted study necessary, an advantage, [ ib.];
definition first sought for in Erastæ, ii. [117];
the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, [112];
a province by itself, [119];
the supreme art, [120];
to be studied by itself exclusively, [229];
claim of locus standi for, [367];
relation to politics, [224], [227], [229], [230 n.];
comparative value of, and of practical ([q.v.]) life, [365 n.], [368 n.], [ib.], iii. [182], i. [204];
antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. [365];
issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, [369];
ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. [93], [152], [309];
Aristotle on blending mythe with, [255 n.];
gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. [386];
analogy of Eros to, iii. [10], [11], [14];
Eros the stimulus to, [18];
different view, Phædon, Theætêtus, Sophistês, Republic, [ib.];
antithesis of emotion and science, [61];
ideas exist or philosophy impossible, [68];
should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. [351];
should not be taught at a very early age, iv. [60], [76];
studies introductory to, [ 70-75];
difference in Leges, [275 n.];
Plato’s remarks on effect of, [207];
Republic contradicts other dialogues, [ 207-11];
Plato more a preacher than philosopher in Republic, [129], [131];
difference between theorist and preceptor, [ ib.];
Plato’s altered tone in regard to, in later life, [273].

[Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic], i. [ 1-83];
value, [xiv];
form compared with the Indian, [107];
studied in the third and second centuries B. C. , [92];
importance of Aristotle’s information about, [85];
Plato’s criticism on, [87 n.];
relation of early schemes, [86];
Aristotle’s relation to, [85];
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, [87];
Timæus resembled Ionic philosophy, [88 n.];
theories in circulation in Platonic period, [91];
Ionians attended to material cause only, [88];
defect of Ionic principles, [89];
little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, [93];
physics discredited by growth of dialectic, [91];
new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, [105].

[Phlogiston] theory, ii. [164 n.]

Φρόνησις, ii. [120 n.], iii. [301 n.], [370 n.]

Φθόνος, meaning, iii. [356 n.]

Φύσις, of Demokritus, i. [70 n.];
in sense of γένεσις, denied by Empedokles, [38 n.];
φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii. [294 n.], iv. [310 n.];
see [Nature].

[Physics], transcendentalism in modern, i. [400 n.];
creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, [52];
aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. [219 n.], [397 n.];
Thales, i. [4];
Anaximander, [4-7];
Anaximenes, [7];
Pythagorean, [12];
Xenophanes, [18];
Parmenides, [24], [90 n.];
his phenomena the object of modern, [23 n.];
and ontology, radically distinct points of view, [ ib.];
reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, [ ib.];
Herakleitus, [27], [32];
Empedokles, [38];
attraction and repulsion illustrate his love and enmity, [40 n.];
Anaxagoras, [49], [57];
denied simple bodies, [52 n.];
atomic doctrine, [65], [67];
early, discredited by growth of dialectic, [91];
retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, [88 n.];
theories in circulation in Platonic period, [91];
Eudoxus, [255 n.];
early study of Sokrates, ii. [391];
Sokrates avoided, i. [376];
Cynics’ contempt for, [151];
and Aristippus’, [192];
see [Kosmos].

[Physiology], of Empedokles, i. [43];
Theophrastus, [46 n.];
Anaxagoras, [58];
Diogenes of Apollonia, [60 n.], [62];
Demokritus, [76];
of Timæus subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. [256];
of Plato, see [Body];
compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, [260].

[Plants] for man’s nutrition, iv. [248];
soul of, [ ib.]

Platæa, iii. [406].

[Plato], life, little known, i. [246];
birth, parentage, and education, [247], [306 n.];
early relations with Sokrates, [248];
service as a citizen and soldier, [249];
political life, [251];
political changes in Greece during life, [1];
travels alter death of Sokrates, [253];
permanently established at Athens, [254];
teaches at the Academy, [ib.];
received presents, not fees, iii. [218 n.];
his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. [255];
many subsequently politicians, [261 n.];
Eudoxus, [255];
Aristotle, [260];
Demosthenes, [261 n.];
visits the younger Dionysius, [258], [351], [194 n.];
relations with Dionysius, [255];
disappointments, [280];
varying relations with Isokrates, ii. [331 n.], iii. [35];
his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. [117 n.], [153 n.];
alleged ill-nature, [117 n.];
antipathy to Antisthenes, [151], [152 n.], [165];
alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. [22 n.], iv. [146 n.], [312 n.];
rivalry with Lysias, iii. [408], [410 n.], [411 n.];
death, i. [200];
Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, [xiv];
St. Jerome on, [xv];
criticism on early Greek philosophy, [87 n.];
relation to predecessors, [91];
theories in circulation in his time, [ib.];
Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, [89];
relation to Sokrates, [344 n.], ii. [303];
Pythagoreanism, i. [10 n.], [15 n.], [87], [344 n.], [346 n.], [347], [349 n.], ii. [426 n.], iii. [368], iv. [424 n.];
Herakleitus, i. [27], ii. [30];
Demokritus, i. [66 n.], [82 n.], iv. [355 n.];
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. [87];
physics retrograded with, [88 n.];
analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. [389 n.];
resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. [157 n.], [256];
little known of him from his Dialogues, i. [260], [339];
personality only in his Epistles, [349];
valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, [339 n.];
his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, [265];
scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, [346];
lectures at the Academy, never published, [360];
miscellaneous character of audience, effect, [348];
lectures, [347];
De Bono, [ib.], [349];
on principles of geometry, [349 n.];
circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, [323 n.];
did not write till after death of Sokrates, [326], [334], [443 n.];
proofs, [ 327-334];
variety, [339], [342], [344], ii. [155 n.], iii. [26 n.], [54], [179 n.], [259], [265 n.], [400], [420];
style, i. [405];
prolixity, ii. [100 n.], [276], iii. [259], [369 n.], iv. [325 n.];
poetical vein predominant in some works, i. [343], iv. [153 n.];
mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. [16];
comic vein, [410 n.];
builds on metaphor, i. [353 n.], iii. [65 n.], [351], [364];
rhetorical powers, [178 n.], [392 n.], [408], [409], [410];
irony, ii. [208];
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, [404 n.];
both sceptical and dogmatical, i. [342];
his affirmative and negative veins distinct, [399], [400 n.], [403], [420];
in old age the affirmative vein, [408];
altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. [273], [320], [379], [424], i. [244];
intolerance, [423], iii. [277], iv. [157], [159], [379], [430];
inconsistencies, i. [xiii], ii. [29], [303], [345], [416 n.], iii. [17], [172 n.], [273], [277], [332], [372], iv. [24], [219], [ 379-86], [396];
absence of system, i. [xiii], [340 n.], [344], [375];
untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, [xi], [360], [401];
assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, [349], [357], ii. [56 n.];
this assumption intelligible in his day, i. [357];
a champion of the negative dialectic, [372];
devoted to philosophy, [333];
his aim, [406];
is a searcher, [375], iii. [158 n.];
search after knowledge the business of his life, i. [396];
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, [405];
anxiety to keep up research, ii. [246];
combated commonplace, i. [398 n.];
equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. [219];
anachronisms, i. [335], ii. [20 n.], iii. [411];
colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. [356 n.], [369], iii. [46], iv. [311];
probably never read Thucydides, iii. [410 n.];
acquiescence in tradition, iv. [230-3], [242 n.];
relation to popular mythology, i. [441 n.], ii. [416], iii. [265 n.], iv. [24], [155 n.], [196], [238 n.], [325], [328], [337], [398];
theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. [393];
reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. [266 n.];
latest opinion in Epinomis, [421 n.], [424 n.];
agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. [248 n.];
see [Canon], [Dialogue], [Epistles], &c.

[Platonists], influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. [390 n.];
pleasure a form of evil, [ib.];
erroneous identification of truth and good, [391 n.]

[Pleasurable], Beautiful a variety of, ii. [45];
inadmissible, [45-7];
and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, [371];
is it identical with good, [289].

[Pleasure], an equivoque, iii. [377 n.];
meaning as the summum bonum, [338];
Plato’s various doctrines compared, [385 n.];
is the good, ii. [292], [305], [347 n.];
agreement with Aristippus, i. [ 199-201];
right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. [293];
virtue a right comparison of pain and, ib., [305];
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, [294];
actions conducive to, are honourable, [295];
Sokrates’ reasoning, [307];
not ironical, [314];
not Utilitarianism, [310 n.];
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, [308], [347];
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, [309];
compared with Gorgias, [306 n.], 345-6;
Republic, [210], [350 n.];
not identical with Good, [345], iii. [380 n.], iv. [62];
Sokrates’ argument untenable, ii. [351];
its elements depreciated, [355];
arts of flattery aiming at immediate, [357];
Expert required to discriminate, [345], [347];
science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, [357 n.], iii. [357], [369 n.], [376 n.], [391], iv. [301];
is it good, iii. [335], [337];
pleasures unlike each other, [336], [396];
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, [338];
life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, [349], [372];
less cognate than intelligence to good, [339], [347], [361];
not identical with ἀλυπία, [338 n.], [353], [377];
is of the infinite, [347];
is the indeterminate, [348];
pre-supposes pain, [349], [389 n.];
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, [349];
is the restoration of the system’s harmony, [348];
antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, [350];
true, attached to true opinion, [351];
same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, [382];
can they be true or false, [351], [352], [385], [380 n.], [382];
false, are pleasures falsely estimated, [352], [384];
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, [354];
intense, not compatible with cognition, [363];
Aristotle on, [376 n.];
same view enforced by Hedonists, [378], [387 n.];
intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, [356], [391];
but more pleasure in health, [356];
feelings excited by drama, φθόνος, [355 n.];
true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, [356];
of geometry, painless, ib., [387 n.];
of intelligence more valuable than of sense, [375 n.], [386 n.], iv. [85], [89], [118];
analogy of cognition and, iii. [360];
true, admit of measure, [357], [369 n.];
is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, [357];
Aristippus and Aristotle on, [378 n.];
is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, [373], [377 n.];
good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, [361];
only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, [362];
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, [389];
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, [374];
Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, [375];
both ἀλυπία and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end, [377];
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, [389];
doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, [387], [390 n.];
of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. [85], [89];
of φιλομάθεια superior to φιλοκέρδεια and φιλοτιμία, [85], [89], [118];
neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, [86];
pure pleasure, unknown to most men, [87];
more from replenishment of mind than of body, [88];
citizens should be tested against, [285];
Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, [288];
good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, [ 292-7], [299], [303];
at least an useful fiction, [ ib.];
a form of evil, Platonists’ doctrine, iii. [390 n.];
Speusippus on, [386 n.], [390 n.];
Kyrenaic theory, i. [196];
Antisthenes, iii. [390 n.];
Cynics’ contempt for, i. [154];
Aristotle, iii. [386 n.];
Epikurus, ii. [355 n.], iii. [387 n.];
Lucretius, [387 n.];
Cicero, [389 n.];
Prof. Bain, [383 n.]

[Plotinus], i. [376 n.], iii. [84 n.]

[Poets], censured by Herakleitus, i. [26];
Xenophanes, [16];
the art is one, ii. [127];
arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, [125];
and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, [127], [129];
deliver wisdom without knowing it, [285];
the great teachers, [135];
really know nothing, [ib.];
Strabo against, iv. [152 n.];
appeal to maxims of, ii. [178];
importance of knowledge of, [283];
Plato’s forced interpretations of, [286], [ ib. n.];
relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. [149];
ancient quarrel between philosophy and, [93], [151];
Plato’s feelings enlisted for, [93];
Plato’s aversion to Athenian dramatic, [316], [350];
peculiar to himself, [317];
Aristotle differs, [ib. n.];
change for worse at Athens began in, [313];
censured, ii. [355], iv. [91], [130 n.];
their mischievous imitation of imitation, [91];
retort open to, [153 n.], [154 n.];
mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. [126], iv. [92], [152], [349];
only deceive their hearers, [91];
credibility upheld by Plato, [161];
must avoid variety of imitation, [26];
orthodox type imposed on, [24], [153], [155], [ 292-6], [323], [349];
to keep emotions in a proper state, [169];
Plato’s expulsion of, censured, iii. [3];
actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato’s idéal, iv. [ 149-53];
mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. [16];
poetic vein of Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology, ii. [421];
Aristophanes on function of, iv. [306 n.]

[Political] art, its use, ii. [206], iii. [415];
Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. [361];
society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. [376];
ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. [362];
treated together by Plato, iv. [133];
apart by Aristotle, [138];
Plato’s and Aristotle’s new theory of, to resist King Nomos, i. [393];
relation to philosophy, ii. [224], [227], [229], [230 n.], [365 n.], [368 n.], [ib.], iii. [179], [183], iv. [51-4], i. [181 n.], [182];
to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. [229];
Lewis on ideals, iv. [139 n.];
see [Government], [Monarchy], [Ruler].

Politikus, authenticity, i. [307], [316 n.], iii. [185 n.], [265 n.];
date, i. [309], [410], [313], [315], [325];
purpose, iii. [188], [253], [257 n.], [261];
value, [190];
relation to Theætêtus, [187];
scenery and personages, [185];
in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, [195];
province of sensible perception narrower in Theætêtus, [256];
importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances, [255];
the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, [260];
necessity of declaring standard, [262];
Plato’s views on mensuration, [260];
Plato’s defence against critics, [262];
the mythe of the kosmos, [265 n.];
causes principal and auxiliary, [266];
the king the principal cause, [ ib.];
Plato does not admit received classification of governments, [267];
three kinds of polity, [278];
true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific, [268];
unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, [ ib.];
of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad, [270], [278];
true government, by the one scientific man, i. [273], iv. [280], [310 n.];
counter-theory in Protagoras, iii. [275];
government by fixed laws the second-best, [269];
scientific governor, unlimited by laws, [269];
distinguished from general, &c., [271];
aims at forming virtuous citizens, [272];
maintains ethical standard, [273];
natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, [ib.];
excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, [ib.];
courage and temperance assumed, [282];
compared with Lachês, [282-4];
Charmidês, [ib.];
Menon, [283];
Protagoras, [262], [275];
Phædon, [262], [265 n.];
Phædrus, [257], [265 n.];
Parmenidês, [259];
Theætêtus, [184 n.], [187], [256];
Kratylus, [281], [329];
Philêbus, [262], [369 n.];
Republic, [257 n.], [279].

Πολυπράγμων, ii. [362 n.]

[Polybius], on music, iv. [306].

[Polytheism], early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. [2];
believed in after genesis of philosophy, [3];
hostile to philosophy, [86];
substitution of physical forces for, ii. [402];
Euripides’ Hippolytus illustrates popular Greek religious belief, iv. [163 n.]

[Population], Malthus’ law of, iv. [201];
recognised by Plato and Aristotle, [202].

[Porphyry], on Metempsychosis, ii. [426 n.]

[Poste, Mr.], on Philêbus, iii. [365 n.], [369 n.], [381 n.], [384 n.], [390 n.], [396 n.], [397 n.];
abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, [ib.]

[Potential] and actual, Aristotle’s distinction, iii. [134];
ens equivalent to, [204].

[Power], controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. [135];
Aristotle’s arguments not valid, [ 136-8];
Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, [139 n.];
doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, [140], [143];
defended by Hobbes, [143];
Brown on, [138 n.]

[Practical] life disparaged, ii. [355], iii. [329];
and philosophy, ii. [365 n.], [368 n.], [ib.], iii. [179], [183], iv. [51-4], i. [181 n.], [182];
uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by citizens, iv. [54];
condition of success in, ii. [359];
influence of belief on, i. [180 n.];
Boissier on, [157 n.]

[Prantl], objection to Homo Mensura, iii. [151 n.];
Timæus, iv. [255 n.];
Megarics, i. [129 n.], [132 n.]

[Praxiphanes], on Kritias, iv. [265 n.]

[Prayer], danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. [12];
Sokrates on, and sacrifice, [17], [417], [419];
Sokrates prays for undefined favours — premonitions, [28];
Sokrates’ belief, iv. [394];
heresy that gods appeased by, [376], [384];
general Greek belief, [392], [394];
Herodotus, [ib.];
Epikurus, [395];
Aristotle, [ib.]

[Predicables], iii. [77 n.]

[Predication], predicate not recognised in Plato’s analysis, iii. [235];
only identical, legitimate, [223], [232 n.], [251];
coincidence in Plato, ii. [46 n.];
analogous difficulty in Parmenidês, i. [169];
error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. [241];
misconception of function of copula, [221], i. [170 n.];
arguments against, iii. [206], [212], [221];
Aristotle on, i. [166], [170];
after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, [166], [169];
Stilpon against accidental, [167];
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, [168 n.];
Menedêmus disallowed negative, [170];
see [Proposition].

[Pre-existence] of all animals, included in Plato’s proof of soul’s immortality, ii. [414].

[Pre-Sokratic], see [Philosophy].

[Priestley, Dr.], character of, i. [403 n.]

[Principle], march of philosophy up to or down from, i. [403];
of Thales, [4];
Anaximander, [5];
Anaximenes, [7];
Pythagoreans, [9-12], [14];
Parmenides, [24];
Herakleitos, [27];
Empedokles, [38];
Diogenes of Apollonia, [60];
defect of the Ionic philosophers, [38].

[Prinsterer, G. van], iii. [412 n.]

[Prodikus], as a writer and critic, iii. [304], [308 n.];
less a sophist than Sokrates, [219];
the choice of Herakles, ii. [267 n.]

Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. [323 n.];
didactic or rhetorical homilies, [322];
to every important law, [321], [383];
as type for poets, [323].

[Proklus], borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. [85 n.];
interpretation of Plato, [xi];
on Leges, iv. [355 n.];
Kritias, [265 n.];
Parmenidês, iii. [64 n.], [80 n.], [80], [90 n.];
Kratylus, [294 n.], [310 n.], [323 n.];
distinction of divine and human names, [300 n.];
analysis of propositions, [237 n.]

[Promêtheus], mythe, ii. [267].

[Property], private, an evil, iv. [327], [333];
perpetuity of lots of land, [326];
succession, [405];
modes of acquiring, [397];
length of prescription, [415];
direct taxation according to, [331];
qualification for magistracies and votes, [ib.], [333];
limited inequality tolerated as to movable, [330];
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, [331];
see [Communism].

[Prophesy], Plato’s theory of liver’s function, iv. [246];
see [Inspiration].

[Proposition], analysis of, iii. [213];
imperfect, [230], [235];
intercommunion of forms of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, [213-4];
no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, [222];
quality of, [235], [248];
Plato’s view of the negative erroneous, [236], [239];
Ideas τῶν ἀποφάσεων, [238 n.];
are false possible, [232];
Plato undertakes impossible task, [249];
some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, [ ib.];
hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. [145];
Philo, [ ib. n.];
contradictory, impossible, [166];
the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, [168 n.];
see [Copula], [Predication].

[Protagoras], character of, ii. [265 n.];
not represented in Euthydêmus, [202];
less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. [219];
not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. [288 n.], [290 n.], [296 n.], [303], [314];
relation to Herakleitus, iii. [159 n.];
Homo Mensura, [113];
see [Relativity];
combated by Demokritus, i. [82];
taught by lectures, ii. [203], [301];
Περὶ τοῦ ὄντος, iii. [153 n.];
as a writer and critic, [304], [308 n.];
treatise on eristic, i. [125 n.];
theory of vision, iv. [237 n.];
on the gods, [233 n.]

Protagoras, the, date, i. [304-7], [308], [77], [312], [315], [321], [327], [328], [331 n.], ii. [228 n.], [298 n.];
purpose, [277], [278 n.];
two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, [299];
difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, [300];
introduction illustrates Sokrates’ mission, [263];
question unsolved, [297], [316];
scenery and personages, [259];
Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, [260], iii. [217 n.];
not noticed at the close, ii. [298];
Sophists as teachers, [261];
danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach, [262];
visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, [264];
Protagoras questioned, [ ib.];
is virtue, teachable, [266];
intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, [ib.];
Protagoras’ mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, [267];
its value, [276];
social art conferred by Zeus, [268], iii. [275];
Protagoras’ discourse, ii. [269];
its purpose, [274];
prolix, [275];
parodied by Sokrates, [283];
mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a community, [274], iii. [274];
justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, ii. [269];
virtue taught by parents, &c., [272];
quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, [ib.];
analogy of learning the vernacular, [273];
theory of punishment, [270];
combines the two modern theories, [270 n.];
why genius not hereditary, [271], [272], [274];
Sokrates analyses, [276];
how far is justice like holiness, [278];
intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary, [279];
Sokrates’ reasons insufficient, [ib.];
Protagoras’ prolix reply, [280], [281], [284];
Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, [282], [287];
dialectic superior to rhetoric, [282];
Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, [284];
Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta, [283];
Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, [ib.];
interpretation of a song of Simonides, [ib.];
forced interpretation of poets, [285];
poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, [285];
Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, [ib.];
colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, [287];
courage differs materially from rest of virtue, [285], [304 n.], iv. [283 n.];
Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. [288];
Aristotle on, [170 n.];
courage a right estimate of terrible things, [296], [307];
the reasoning unsatisfactory, [313];
knowledge is dominant agency in mind, [290];
no man does evil voluntarily, [292];
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, [294];
pleasure the good, [289], [292], [305], [344-50];
agreement with Aristippus, i. [199-201];
right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. [293], iii. [391];
virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. [293], [305];
actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, [295];
reasoning of Sokrates, [307];
not ironical, [314];
not Utilitarianism, [310 n.];
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, [308];
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, [309-11], [313], [350 n.];
reciprocity of regard indispensable, [311];
ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others, [312];
permanent and transient elements of human agency, [353-5];
compared with Menon, [245];
Gorgias, [306 n.], [345-8], [349-57], iii. [379];
Politikus, [262], [275], [276];
Philêbus, [380], [391];
Republic, ii. [310], [350 n.];
Timæus, [268 n.];
Leges, iv. [301].

[Prudence], relation to rest of virtue, iv. [426];
a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus’ doctrine, i. [197].

[Psammetichus], iii. [289 n.]

Ψεῦδος, derivation, iii. [301 n.]

Ψυχή, meaning, iv. [387 n.];
see [Mind], [Soul], [Reason].

[Psychology], defective in Gorgias, ii. [354];
great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. [164];
classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric, [32], [43].

[Ptolemies], i. [279], [284 n.], [285].

[Punishment], theory of, ii. [270];
combines the two modern theories, [ ib. n.];
a relief to the wrongdoer, [326], [328], [335], iv. [366];
consequences of theory, ii. [336];
its incompleteness, [363];
analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, [337];
objects to deter or reform, iv. [408];
corporal, [403].

[Pyrrho] the Sceptic, i. [154 n.]

[Pythagoras], life and doctrines, i. [8];
metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, [89];
censured by Herakleitus, [26];
Demokritus on, [82 n.];
antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. [316 n.];
see [Pythagoreans].

[Pythagoreans], the brotherhood, i. [8], ii. [374];
absence of individuality, i. [8];
divergences of doctrine, [9 n.], [14 n.];
canon of life, iii. [390 n.];
compared with Chinese philosophers, i. [159 n.];
Number, differs from Plato’s Idea, [10], [348];
modern application of the principle, [10 n.];
fundamental conception applied by Kepler, [14 n.];
Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, [15 n.];
number limited to ten, [11 n.];
καιρός, the first cause of good, iii. [397 n.];
music of the spheres, i. [14];
harmonies, [16];
geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in Timæus, [349 n.];
vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. [225 n.];
doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. [248 n.];
metempsychosis, [426 n.];
Contraries, the principles of ὄντα, i. [15 n.];
theory of vision, iv. [237 n.];
not the idealists of Sophistês, iii. [245 n.];
doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, [368];
on etymology, [304 n.], [316 n.], [323 n.];
doctrines in Plato, i. [11 n.], [16 n.], [88], [344 n.], [346 n.], [347], [349 n.], ii. [426 n.], iii. [368], iv. [424 n.];
Platonists, iii. [390 n.]