CONTENTS.
| PAGE | ||
| Introduction, | [9] | |
| CATTLE | ||
| Importance of supplying Cattle with pure Water, | [15] | |
| Remarks on feeding Cattle, | [17] | |
| The Barn and Feeding Byre, | [21] | |
| Milking, | [24] | |
| Knowledge of Agricultural and Animal Chemistry important to Farmers, | [25] | |
| On Breeding, | [30] | |
| The Bull, | [34] | |
| Value of different breeds of Cows, | [35] | |
| Method of preparing Rennet, as practised in England, | [36] | |
| Making Cheese, | [37] | |
| Gloucester Cheese, | [38] | |
| Chester Cheese, | [39] | |
| Stilton Cheese, | [40] | |
| Dunlop Cheese, | [41] | |
| Green Cheese, | [42] | |
| Making Butter, | [44] | |
| Washing Butter, | [45] | |
| Coloring Butter, | [46] | |
| Description of the Organs of Digestion in Cattle, | [47] | |
| Respiration and Structure of the Lungs, | [53] | |
| Circulation of the Blood, | [54] | |
| The Heart viewed externally, | [55] | |
| Remarks on Blood-letting, | [58] | |
| Efforts of Nature to remove Disease, | [67] | |
| Proverbs of the Veterinary Reformers, | [70] | |
| An Inquiry concerning the Souls of Brutes, | [72] | |
| The Reformed Practice—Synoptical View of the Prominent Systems of Medicine, | [75] | |
| Creed of the Reformers, | [79] | |
| True Principles, | [80] | |
| Inflammation, | [88] | |
| Remarks, showing that very little is known of the Nature and Treatment of Disease, | [94] | |
| Nature, Treatment, and Causes of Disease in Cattle, | [105] | |
| Pleuro-Pneumonia, | [107] | |
| Locked-Jaw, | [115] | |
| Inflammatory Diseases, | [121] | |
| Inflammation of the Stomach, (Gastritis,) | [121] | |
| Inflammation of the Lungs, (Pneumonia,) | [122] | |
| Inflammation of the Bowels, (Enteritis.—Inflammation of the Fibro-Muscular Coat of the Intestines,) | [124] | |
| Inflammation of the Peritoneal Coat of the Intestines, (Peritonitis,) | [125] | |
| Inflammation of the Kidneys, (Nephritis,) | [125] | |
| Inflammation of the Bladder, (Cystitis,) | [126] | |
| Inflammation of the Womb, | [126] | |
| Inflammation of the Brain, (Phrenitis,) | [127] | |
| Inflammation of the Eye, | [128] | |
| Inflammation of the Liver, (Hepatitis,) | [128] | |
| Jaundice, or Yellows, | [130] | |
| Diseases of the Mucous Surface, | [132] | |
| Catarrh, or Hoose, | [133] | |
| Epidemic Catarrh, | [134] | |
| Malignant Epidemic, (Murrain,) | [135] | |
| Diarrhœa, (Looseness of the Bowels,) | [136] | |
| Dysentery, | [138] | |
| Scouring Rot, | [139] | |
| Disease of the Ear, | [140] | |
| Serous Membranes, | [140] | |
| Dropsy, | [141] | |
| Hoove, or "Blasting," | [144] | |
| Joint Murrain, | [147] | |
| Black Quarter, | [149] | |
| Open Joint, | [151] | |
| Swellings of Joints, | [152] | |
| Sprain of the Fetlock, | [153] | |
| Strain of the Hip, | [154] | |
| Foul in the Foot, | [154] | |
| Red Water, | [157] | |
| Black Water, | [160] | |
| Thick Urine, | [160] | |
| Rheumatism, | [161] | |
| Blain, | [162] | |
| Thrush, | [163] | |
| Black Tongue, | [163] | |
| Inflammation of the Throat and its Appendages, | [163] | |
| Bronchitis, | [164] | |
| Inflammation of Glands, | [164] | |
| Loss of Cud, | [166] | |
| Colic, | [166] | |
| Spasmodic Colic, | [167] | |
| Constipation, | [168] | |
| Falling down of the Fundament, | [171] | |
| Calving, | [171] | |
| Embryotomy, | [175] | |
| Falling of the Calf-Bed, or Womb, | [176] | |
| Garget, | [177] | |
| Sore Teats, | [178] | |
| Chapped Teats and Chafed Udder, | [178] | |
| Fever, | [178] | |
| Milk or Puerperal Fever, | [182] | |
| Inflammatory Fever, | [183] | |
| Typhus Fever, | [186] | |
| Horn Ail in Cattle, | [189] | |
| Abortion in Cows, | [191] | |
| Cow-Pox, | [194] | |
| Mange, | [195] | |
| Hide-bound, | [196] | |
| Lice, | [196] | |
| Importance of keeping the Skin of Animals in a Healthy State, | [197] | |
| Spaying Cows, | [201] | |
| Operation of Spaying, | [204] | |
| SHEEP | ||
| Preliminary Remarks, | [209] | |
| Staggers, | [219] | |
| Foot Rot, | [220] | |
| Rot, | [221] | |
| Epilepsy, | [222] | |
| Red Water, | [223] | |
| Cachexy, or General Debility, | [224] | |
| Loss of Appetite, | [224] | |
| Foundering, (Rheumatism,) | [224] | |
| Ticks, | [225] | |
| Scab, or Itch, | [225] | |
| Diarrhœa, | [227] | |
| Dysentery, | [227] | |
| Constipation, or Stretches, | [228] | |
| Scours, | [230] | |
| Dizziness, | [231] | |
| Jaundice, | [232] | |
| Inflammation of the Kidneys, | [232] | |
| Worms, | [233] | |
| Diseases of the Stomach from eating Poisonous Plants, | [233] | |
| Sore Nipples, | [234] | |
| Fractures, | [234] | |
| Common Catarrh and Epidemic Influenza, | [235] | |
| Castrating Lambs, | [236] | |
| Nature of Sheep, | [237] | |
| The Ram, | [238] | |
| Leaping, | [239] | |
| Argyleshire Breeders, | [239] | |
| Fattening Sheep, | [240] | |
| Improvement in Sheep, | [244] | |
| Description of the Different Breeds of Sheep, | [249] | |
| Teeswater Breed, | [249] | |
| Lincolnshire Breed, | [250] | |
| Dishley Breed, | [250] | |
| Cotswold Breed, | [250] | |
| Romney Marsh Breed, | [251] | |
| Devonshire Breed, | [251] | |
| Dorsetshire Breed, | [251] | |
| Wiltshire Breed, | [252] | |
| South Down Breed, | [252] | |
| Herdwick Breed, | [253] | |
| Cheviot Breed, | [253] | |
| Merino Breed, | [253] | |
| Welsh Sheep, | [254] | |
| SWINE. | ||
| Preliminary Remarks, | [255] | |
| Natural History of the Hog, | [259] | |
| Generalities, | [262] | |
| General Debility, or Emaciation, | [263] | |
| Epilepsy, or Fits, | [264] | |
| Rheumatism, | [264] | |
| Measles, | [265] | |
| Ophthalmia, | [266] | |
| Vermin, | [266] | |
| Red Eruption, | [267] | |
| Dropsy, | [267] | |
| Catarrh, | [267] | |
| Colic, | [268] | |
| Diarrhœa, | [268] | |
| Frenzy, | [268] | |
| Jaundice, | [269] | |
| Soreness of the Feet, | [269] | |
| Spaying, | [270] | |
| Various Breeds of Swine, | [271] | |
| Berkshire Breed, | [271] | |
| Hamphire Breed, | [271] | |
| Shropshire Breed, | [272] | |
| Chinese Breed, | [272] | |
| Boars and Sows for Breeding, | [272] | |
| Rearing Pigs, | [273] | |
| Fattening Hogs, | [275] | |
| Method of Curing Swine's Flesh, | [277] | |
| APPENDIX | ||
| On the Action of Medicines, | [279] | |
| Clysters, | [281] | |
| Forms of Clysters, | [283] | |
| Infusions, | [286] | |
| Antispasmodics, | [287] | |
| Fomentations, | [287] | |
| Mucilages, | [289] | |
| Washes, | [289] | |
| Physic for Cattle, | [290] | |
| Mild Physic for Cattle, | [291] | |
| Poultices, | [292] | |
| Styptics, to arrest Bleeding, | [296] | |
| Absorbents, | [296] | |
| Forms of Absorbents, | [297] | |
| VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, embracing a List of the various Remedies used by the Author of this work in the Practice of Medicine on Cattle, Sheep, and Swine, | [299] | |
| General Remarks on Medicines, | [312] | |
| Properties of Plants, | [315] | |
| Potato, | [316] | |
| TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOGS—Preliminary Remarks, | [323] | |
| Distemper, | [325] | |
| Fits, | [326] | |
| Worms, | [327] | |
| Mange, | [328] | |
| Internal Abscess of the Ear, | [329] | |
| Ulceration of the Ear, | [329] | |
| Inflammation of the Bowels, | [329] | |
| Inflammation of the Bladder, | [330] | |
| Asthma, | [331] | |
| Piles, | [331] | |
| Dropsy, | [332] | |
| Sore Throat, | [332] | |
| Sore Ears, | [332] | |
| Sore Feet, | [333] | |
| Wounds, | [333] | |
| Sprains, | [333] | |
| Scalds, | [334] | |
| Ophthalmia, | [334] | |
| Weak Eyes, | [335] | |
| Fleas and Vermin, | [335] | |
| Hydrophobia, | [335] | |
| MALIGNANT MILK SICKNESS of the Western States, or Contgious Typhus, | [339] | |
| BONE DISORDER IN COWS, | [351] | |
INTRODUCTION.
There is no period in the history of the United States when our domestic animals have ranked so high as at the present time; yet there is no subject on which there is such a lamentable want of knowledge as the proper treatment of their diseases.
Governor Briggs, in a recent letter to the author, says, "You have my thanks, and, in my opinion, are entitled to the thanks of the community, for entering upon this important work. While the subject has engaged the attention of scientific men in other countries, it has been too long neglected in our own. Cruelty and ignorance have marked our treatment to diseased animals. Ignorant himself both of the disease and the remedy, the owner has been in the habit of administering the popular remedy of every neighbor who had no better powers of knowing what should be done than himself, until the poor animal, if the disease would not have proved fatal, is left alone, until death, with a friendly hand, puts a period to his sufferings: he is, however, often destroyed by the amount or destructive character of the remedies, or else by the cruel mode of administering them. I am persuaded that the community will approve of your exertions, and find it to their interest to support and sustain your system."
The author has labored for several years to substitute a safer and a more efficient system of medication in the treatment of diseased animals, and at the same time to point out to the American people the great benefits they will derive from the diffusion of veterinary education.
That many thousands of our most valuable cattle die under the treatment, which consists of little else than blood-letting, purging, and blistering, no one will deny; and these dangerous and destructive agents are frequently administered by men who are totally unacquainted with the nature of the agents they prescribe. But a better day is dawning; veterinary information is loudly called for—demanded; and the farmers will have it; but it must be a safer and a more efficient system than that heretofore practised.
The object of the veterinary art is not only congenial with human medicine, but the very same paths that lead to a knowledge of the diseases of man lead also to a knowledge of those of brutes.
Our domestic animals deserve consideration at our hands. We have tried all manner of experiments on them for the benefit of science; and science and scientific men should do something to repay the debt, by alleviating their sufferings and improving their condition. We are told that physicians of all ages have applied themselves to the dissection of animals, and that it was by analogy that those of Greece and Rome judged of the structure of the human body. For example, the Greeks and Arabians confined themselves to the dissection of apes and other quadrupeds. Galen has given us the anatomy of the ape for that of man; and it is clear that his dissections were restricted to brutes, when he says, that "if learned physicians have been guilty of gross errors, it is because they neglected to dissect animals." We advocate the establishment of veterinary schools, and the cultivation of our reformed system of veterinary medicine, on the broad principles of humanity. These poor animals are as susceptible to pain and suffering as we are. Has not the Almighty given us dominion over them, and placed them under our protection? Have we done our duty by them? Can we render a good account of our stewardship?
In almost every department of science the spirit of inquiry is abroad, investigation is active; yet, in this department, every thing is left to chance and ignorance. Men of all professions find it for their interest to protect property. The merchant, previous to sending his vessel on a voyage to a distant port, seeks out a skilful navigator to pilot that vessel into her desired haven with safety. He protects his property. We protect our property against the ravages of fire by insurance—we defend our houses from the lightning by conducting that fluid down the sides of the building into the earth. And shall we not protect our animals? Is not property invested in live stock as valuable, in proportion, as that invested in real estate? Can we permit live stock to degenerate and die prematurely from a want of knowledge of the fundamental laws of their being? Can we look on and see their heart's blood drawn from them—their flesh setoned, burned, and blistered—simply because it was the misguided custom of our ancestors?
We appeal to the American people at large. They have great encouragement to educate young men in this important branch of study; for the beneficial results will be, that the diseases of all classes of domestic animals will be better understood, and the great losses which this country sustains will, in a few years, be materially diminished. This is not all. The value of live stock will be increased at least twenty-five per cent!
Look for a moment at the amount of capital invested in live stock; and from these statistics the reader will perceive that not only the farmers, but the whole nation, will be enriched. There are in the United States at least 6,000,000 horses and mules; these, at the rate of $50 per head, amount to $300,000,000. It is also estimated that there are 20,000,000 of neat cattle; reckon these at $25 per head, and we get the snug little sum of $500,000,000. We have also 20,000,000 sheep, worth the same number of dollars. The number of swine have been computed at 24,000,000; and these, at $3 per head, give us $72,000,000. Hence the reader will see that the capital invested in this class of live stock reaches the enormous sum of $892,000,000. Add the 25 per cent. just alluded to, and we get a clear gain of $223,000,000. This sum would be sufficient to build veterinary schools and colleges capable of affording ample accommodations to every farmer's son in the Union. Hence we entreat the farming community to ponder on these subjects. They have only to say the word, and schools for the dissemination of veterinary information shall spring up in every section of the Union.
Does the reader wish to know how the farmers can accomplish this important object? We answer, there are four millions of men engaged in agricultural pursuits. Their number is three times greater than that of those engaged in navigation, the learned professions, commerce, and manufactures. Hence they have the numerical power to control the government of these United States, and of course can plead their own cause in the halls of congress, and vote their own supplies for educational purposes.
When the author first commenced a warfare against the lancet and other destructive agents, his only hopes of success were based on the coöperation of this mighty host of husbandmen; he well knew that there were many prejudices to be overcome, and none greater than those existing among his brethren of the same profession. The farmers have just begun to see the absurdity of bleeding an animal to death, with a view of saving life; or pouring down their throats powerful and destructive agents, with a view of making one disease to cure another! If the cattle doctors, then, will not reform, they must be reformed through the giant influence of popular opinion. Already the cry is, and it emanates from some of the most influential agriculturists in the country,—"No more blood-letting!" "Use your poisons on yourselves."
To the cattle-rearing interest, at the hands of many of whom the author has received aid and encouragement, the following pages are dedicated; they are intended to furnish them with practical information, with a view of preventing disease, increasing the value of their stock, and restoring them to health when sick.
In reference to our reformed system of veterinary medication, it will be sufficient, in the present place, just to glance at the fundamental principles. In the succeeding pages these principles will be more fully explained. We contemplate the animal system as a complicated piece of mechanism, subject to the uncompromising and immutable laws of nature, as they are written upon the face of animate nature by the finger of Omnipotence.
All our intentions of cure being in accordance with nature's laws, (viz., promoting the integrity of the living powers,) we have termed our system a physiological one, though it is sometimes termed botanic, in allusion to the fact that most of our remedial agents are derived from the vegetable kingdom. We recognize a conservative or healing power in the animal economy, whose unerring indications we endeavor to follow; considering nature the physician, and the doctor her servant.
Our system proposes, under all circumstances, to restore the diseased organs to a healthy state, by coöperating with the vitality remaining in those organs, by the exhibition of sanative means, and, under all circumstances, to assist, and not oppose, nature in her curative processes. Poisonous substances, blood-letting, or processes of cure that act pathologically, cannot be used by us. The laws of animal life are physiological: they never were, nor ever will be, pathological.
The agents we use are just as we find them in the forest and the field, compounded by the Great Physician. Hence the reader will perceive that our aim is to depart from the popular debilitating and life-destroying practice, and approach as near as possible to the sanative.
G. H. D.