FOOTNOTES:
[1] Alex. Bain, The Emotions and the Will.
[2] George Trumbull Ladd, Philosophy of Conduct.
[3] Bergson, Creative Evolution, p. 119.
[4] William Wundt, Human and Animal Psychology, p. 143.
[5] Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 120.
[6] Chas. Ellwood, Sociology and Modern Social Problems, p. 39.
[7] Ellen Key, The Renaissance of Motherhood, p. 27: “Because of her motherhood, woman’s sexual nature gradually became purer than man’s. The child became more and more the centre of her thoughts and her deeds. Thus the strength of her erotic instincts diminished. The tenderness awakened in her by her children also benefited the father. Out of this tenderness—as also out of the admiration for the manly qualities which the father developed in the defence of herself and her children—gradually arose the erotic feeling directed to this man alone. Thus love began.”
[8] Kidd, Social Evolution, p. 138.
[9] Lewes, History of Philosophy, vol. i., p. 338.
[10] Ælian: the second book, chapter vii.
“This is a Theban law most just and humane: that no Theban might expose his child or leave it in a wilderness, upon pain of death. But if the father were extremely poor, whether it were male or female, the law requires that as soon as it is born it be brought in the swaddling clouts to the magistrate, who, receiving it, delivers it to some other for some small reward, conditioning with him that he shall bring up the child, and when it is grown up take it into his service, man or maid, and have the benefit of its labour in requital for its education.”
[11] Mrs. John Martin.
[12] Heaut., I., i., 23: Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.
[13] See Appendix A.
[14] A. H. Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 9.
[15] Sir John Evans, Inaugural Address, British Association Meeting, Toronto, 1897.
[16] A. Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind, vol. ii., p. 22.
[17] “Man is affected by these four physical agents: climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of Nature.”—Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. i., p. 29.
[18] Current Anthropological Literature, vol. ii., No. 1, p. 11.
[19] Featherman, vol. ii., preface.
[20] British Central Africa, p. 472.
[21] G. Stanley Hall, The Relations between the Lower and the Higher Races.
[22] J. Deneker, The Races of Man, p. 239.
[23] Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 9.
[24] D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55. “The sequel of the sexual impulse is the formation of the family through the development of parental affection. This instinct is as strong in many of the lower animals as in human beings. In primitive conditions it is largely confined to the female parent, the father paying but slight attention to the welfare of his offspring. To this, rather than to doubt of paternity, should we attribute the very common habit in such communities of reckoning ancestry in the female line only.”
[25] The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling herself about either of these duties.—Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 324.
[26] Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 285, and Herman Müller’s Am Neste.
[27] Rengger, Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere von Paraguay, p. 354.
[28] Brehm, vol. iii., p. 206.
[29] Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. ii., p. 447.
[30] Charles Morris Woodford, A Naturalist among the Head-Hunters, p. 31.
[31] Report to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia on Papua, for 1909, Appendix D, p. 107.
[32] J. H. P. Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, 1912.
[33] Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, p. 211.
[34] Ibid., p. 214.
[35] Op. cit., i., p. 76.
[36] D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pp. 53 and 54.
[37] D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55.
[38] Dapper, L’Afrique, p. 309.
[39] Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 52.
[40] Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 609.
[41] Joseph Shooter, Kafirs of Natal, p. 88.
[42] James Dawson, Australian Aborigines.
[43] Nyendael, Ulricht, 1688, quoted by H. Ling Roth in Great Benin, pp. 35–36.
[44] Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 472.
[45] Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 202.
[46] Slaughter, Australian Aborigines, p. 39.
[47] M. Kracheninnikow, Histoire du Kamchatka, chap. xii.
[48] Henry W. Little, Madagascar, p. 60.
[49] H. H. Ploss, Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker, vol. ii., p. 257.
[50] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 258.
[51] Dale, Journal, Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxv., p. 183.
[52] Godfrey Dale, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxv., p. 182.
[53] Felix de Azara, Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. ii., pp. 93 and 115.
[54] Tutila, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. i., p. 267.
[55] Otto von Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering Straits, London, 1821, vol. iii., p. 173.
[56] Edward M. Curr, The Australian Race, vol. i., p. 70.
[57] H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands, p. 42.
[58] H. H. Romilly, The Western Pacific, p. 68.
[59] George Turner, Samoa, p. 284.
[60] R. L. Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.
[61] Samuel Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” in vol. ii. of Curr’s Australia.
[62] J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa, p. 69.
[63] Brinton, Religions of Primitive Peoples, p. 17.
[64] Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering’s Straits, vol. iii., p. 173.
[65] Spencer and Gillen, Central Australia, p. 51.
[66] Central Australia, p. 264.
[67] Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 484.
[68] Its secrecy is insured by its indecency.
[69] William Ellis, Polynesian Researches, p. 257.
[70] George Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 394.
[71] Charlevoix, History of Paraguay, vol. i., p. 405.
[72] Fison and Howitt, The Kamilario and Kurnai, p. 190.
[73] Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 46.
[74] John Moore Davis, “Aborigines of Australia,” in Brough Smyth, vol. ii., p. 311, Aborigines of Victoria.
[75] William Ellis, Tour through Hawaii, p. 300.
[76] Sir John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilization, p. 3.
[77] Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.
[78] Lucien Young, U. S. N., The Real Hawaii, p. 78.
[79] John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, p. 206. Dean C. Worcester, The Philippine Islands, p. 208.
[80] Mémoires sur les Chinois, tome ii., p. 396.
[81] Ts’in Chi Hoang, Emperor of China, 220–210 B. C., was King of Ts’in, 246–221 B. C. Hirth, p. 334.
[82] Se Ma Ts’ien, Traduits et Annotés, par Edouard Chavannes, tome ii., p. 130.
[83] H. A. Giles, Chinese Biographical Dictionary.
[84] Li-Ki, chapter i.
[85] She-King, part iii., book ii., ode 1., verse 3, translated by James Legge.
[86] She-King, part i., book viii., ode 7, verse 3.
[87] Chu’un Ts’ew, book v., year xix., par. 4.
[88] Ibid., book x., year xii., par. 9.
[89] Demetrius Charles Boulger, History of China, vol. ii., p. 314. Palatre, p. 6.
[90] P. G. Palatre, Annales de la Sainte-Enfance, tome xii., p. 304.
[91] Lettres Edif., vol. x., p. 363.
[92] P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 16.
[93] Te-i-lou, tome i., 2e partie, Tao-yng-hoei-Koei-taio, p. 16.
[94] P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 44, note No. 2, which reads: “Foochow—‘The Prefect and the local magistrates have within the last few days issued a stringent proclamation against the practice of female infanticide. It provides that all parents guilty of destroying a child shall be punished according to the law against the destruction of descendants, which, it seems, provides sixty blows and a year’s imprisonment, as the proper punishment. A midwife, who destroys a child, is to be punished by strangulation. Neighbours who know of the commission, and do not report it, are to be punished as accessories to murder; and the Tepo are to be punished in the same way. A vigorous execution of this proclamation would do much to remedy the evil; but it remains to be seen whether the proclamation is more than a periodical fulmination, with the probability that it is not.’ Foochow Herald.” Also note No. 1, p. 45, which reads:
“From the Foochow Herald. ‘The following proclamation was recently issued by the Prefect of Foochow, and is, we understand, extensively circulated throughout the city and suburban districts.
“‘“Weng, acting Prefect of Foochow, issues an emphatic proclamation.
“‘“It has been found that the drowning of newly-born female infants is of frequent occurrence in places under this prefectural jurisdiction. As a reason for this cruel and outrageous behaviour towards their children, the poor allege that they are without the means to support them; the rich that they dread the expense of providing them with dowries. The Acting Prefect has repeatedly issued prohibitory proclamations since assuming charge of this post, and has also instructed the magistrates to arrest delinquents. It has been reported of late that in the neighbourhood of Shang Kan, under the jurisdiction of the Min magistrate, the practice of female infanticide still exists; it is further reported that in one spot over ten infants have been found drowned, so that there is every reason to believe that this vicious practice extends to other places too. It is the Prefect’s duty to draw up the most stringent supervisory regulations in order to the reclaiming of people from this rooted habit. The Prefect has instructed the magistrates to act in this spirit, and has now to issue this proclamation peremptorily forbidding the practice.
“‘“Wherefore now know ye all, gentry, elders, scholars, civil and military, and all persons whatsoever in this prefecture, that it is your duty to act one and all of you in accordance with the spirit of the following Regulations, and exercise a watch upon each other. If any families are found drowning their female infants, it will assuredly be at once reported to the magistrates, who will severely punish the act in accordance (with law). If any persons favour or connive at this practice and do not act upon the instructions, on the discovery or report of a case the hundred-men, neighbours, and relatives will be held equally accountable. No leniency will be shown. Tremble at this! Obey this! Do not disobey! A special proclamation.”’
“Rules relating to midwives:
“‘Female infanticide must always be practiced immediately after birth, and is generally committed by the midwife, but even if the parents do it themselves, the midwife must know. The leading gentry and the hundred-men are hereby charged henceforward to take notice of midwives in their respective villages who may dare to assist in drowning female infants. The leading gentry, the hundred-men, members of families, and neighbours are authorized to ascertain and send in the names of such midwives, and apply for their punishment as accomplices.’
“Extract from The Shanghai Courier and China Gazette, number of the 24th of November, 1877.”
[95] Dr. Joseph Lauterer, China. Das Reich der Mitte, p. 130.
[96] Robert K. Douglas, Society in China, p. 253.
[97] Alexis Krausse, China in Decay, p. 38.
[98] Arthur Judson Brown, New Forces in Old China, chap. v.
[99] H. A. Giles, Civilization of China, p. 96.
[100] Brinkley, vol. i., p. 61.
[101] Kojiki, introduction, p. xl.
[102] Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xi.
[103] Kojiki, section xxv.
[104] Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xl.
[105] Captain F. Brinkley, Japan, p. 89.
[106] G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia, p. 75.
[107] Ibid., p. 83.
[108] Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., translated by W. G. Aston.
[109] Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., p. 181, by W. G. Aston.
[110] Capt. F. Brinkley, Japan, vol. v., p. 194.
[111] Id., vol. v., p. 195.
[112] W. E. Griffis, Japanese Nation in Evolution, p. 268.
[113] Quoted by Garrett Droppers in “The Population of Japan in the Tokugawa Period,” extract from Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxi., p. 253.
[114] Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 56.
[115] Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 57.
[116] A. K. Faust, Christianity as a Social Factor in Modern Japan, p. 47.
[117] E. J. Harrison, The Fighting Spirit of Japan, p. 350.
[118] Karbara Ekken, Wisdom and Women of Japan, p. 45.
[119] S. L. Gulick, Institutions of the Japanese, p. 100.
[120] J. K. Goodrich, Our Neighbours: The Japanese, p. 32.
[121] Leonard W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, p.1.
[122] Hall.
[123] L. W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, preface, p. ix.
[124] A. H. Sayce, Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, p. 253.
[125] Sayce, The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, pp. 466–469.
[126] E. de Srazec, Découvertes en Chaldée, plates 48, and 48 bis.
[127] Sayce, The Religions of Egypt and Babylonia, p. 466.
[128] R. W. Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 162.
[129] H. de Genouillac, Tablettes Sumériennes Archaïques, p. xxii.
[130] Ibid., p. xxxii., Tablet 12.
[131] H. de Genouillac, Revue Assyriologie, vol. viii., p. 18.
[132] P. Dhorme, Revue d’Assyriologie, tome vii., p. 2.
[133] Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 395.
[134] C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters.
[135] L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi.
[136] M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’Antiquité,” Jour. Asiatique, tome vii., p. 1.
[137] David Gordon Lyon, Studies in the History of Religions, article on “The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code,” p. 342.
[138] C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters, pp. 41 and 42. Laws of Hammurabi, Col. III., i. 22 to Col. IV., i. 22.
[139] M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’Antiquité,” Jour. Asiatique, tome viii., p. 74.
[140] The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon about 2250 B. C., trans. by Robt. F. Harper, p. 71.
[141] C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Doomsday Book, pp. 26, 27, 28.
[142] Dr. Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 393.
[143] William Hays Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 154.
[144] René Dussaud, Les Sacrifices Humaines chez les Canaanéens.
[145] A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present, p. 479.
[146] A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present, p. 484.
[147] G. Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, pp. 311–314.
[148] G. Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 52.
[149] Harris Papyrus, No. 500, British Museum; Maspero, Études Égyptiennes.
[150] F. Chabas, Œuvres Divers, tome i., pp. 183–214.
[151] A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 150.
[152] J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 86.
[153] W. M. Flinders Petrie, Egyptian Tales.
[154] L. W. King and H. R. Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 71.
[155] Porphyry, De Abstin., book ii., chapter lv.
[156] King and Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 73.
[157] The Historical Library of Diodorus, the Sicilian, vol. i., par. 6, p. 79, trans. by G. Booth.
[158] The Historical Library of Diodorus, trans. by G. Booth, vol. i., p. 82.
[159] Terme et Malfalcon, p. 34.
[160] Maspero, p. 215.
[161] Diodorus Siculus, i., 90; E. A. W. Budge, The Mummy, p. 180.
[162] Maspero, p. 216.
[163] Adolf Erman, Egyptian Religion, p. 139.
[164] Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Grenfell & Hunt, vol. iv., p. 244; Adolf Deissman, Light from the Ancient East, p. 154.
[165] Isaac Taylor, The Origin of the Aryans, p. 182.
[166] M. M. Kunte, Aryan Civilization, p. 124.
[167] F. A. Steel, India Through the Ages, p. 15.
[168] Sankhayana-Grihya-Sutra, Khanda 20.
[169] Manu, ix., 96.
[170] Sir Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 387.
[171] Anaryan, Early Ideas, p. 11.
[172] Journal of the Asiatic Society, vol. xiii., p. 104.
[173] Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 24.
[174] Satapatha-Brahmana, intro. xxxvi.
[175] Manava-dharma-castra, Lect. iv., Nos. 184 and 185.
[176] A. C. Burnell, intro. to the Ordinances of Manu, p. xxiv.
[177] Q. Curtius Rufus, book 9, chapter i.
[178] Ibid.
[179] Diodorus Siculus, book 17, chapter xci.
[180] Strabo, book xv., c. i. par. 30.
[181] Asiatic Researches, vol. iv., p. 342.
[182] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 318.
[183] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxviii., part 1, p. 323.
[184] Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 324. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[185] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 327. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[186] Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 328, par. 66. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[187] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 329, par. 72. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[188] Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 340, par. 171. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[189] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, pp. 361–362. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
[190] Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 374. Letter from Futteh Mahommed Jemadar to Lieut.-Col. A. Walker, received on the 21st of October, 1807.
[191] Records of Government, Allahabad, 1871, vol. v., no. 2, p. 116.
[192] Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 499.
[193] George Aaron Barton, A Sketch of Semitic Origins, p. 269.
[194] Archibald Duff, The Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews, p. 17.
[195] D. Chwolson, The Semitic Nations, p. 25.
[196] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. i., p. 43.
[197] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii., p. 362.
[198] M. L. Milloue, Le Sacrifice, Conférences faites au Musée Guimet, p. 3.
[199] Lord Avebury, Marriage, Totemism, and Religion, preface, p. vi.
[200] R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic, p. xiii.
[201] Wm. Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. ii., p. 220.
[202] Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. i., p. 229.
[203] Father Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, vol. ii., p. 344.
[204] Francisco de Jerez, Conquista del Peru, under cover of Biblioteca ed Aurores Españoles, vol. xxvi., part 2, p. 327.
[205] P. Lafaitau, quoting Le Moyne in Mœurs des Sauvages Américains, vol. i., p. 181.
[206] Narrative of Le Moyne, transl. from the Latin of De Bry, p. 13, Boston, 1875.
[207] Antonio de Herrera, The General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America, commonly called the West Indies, vol. ii., pp. 347–348.
[208] Wm. Strachey, The History of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, p. 84.
[209] R. Brough Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, vol. ii., p. 311
[210] W. Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India, vol. ii., p. 169.
[211] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 172.
[212] W. H. Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, vol. i., p. 133.
[213] R. Cain, “Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluquas,” the Indian Antiquary, vol. viii., p. 219, Bombay, 1879.
[214] J. J. M. de Groote, The Religious System of China, vol. ii., book i., p. 679.
[215] R. A. S. MacAlister, The Excavation of Gezer, pp. 405–6, 432.
[216] Ernest Sellin, “Tell Ta’Annek,” Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vols. l.-li., 1904–1906.
[217] Driver, Modern Research as Illustrating the Bible, p. 68.
[218] W. K. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 128.
[219] H. C. Trumbull, Threshold Covenant, p. 49.
[220] Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1144.
[221] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.
[222] Theodor Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvolker, vol. ii., p. 197.
[223] H. C. Trumbull, The Threshold Covenant, p. 146.
[224] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.
[225] Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.
[226] Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.
[227] W. Crooke, The Religion, etc., Northern India, vol. ii., p. 174.
[228] The Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. vi., p. 51, Boston, New York, and London, 1893.
[229] E. Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., preface, p. viii.
[230] J. F. McCurdy, Jewish Encyclopædia.
[231] A. Kuenen, The Religion of Israel, p. 102.
[232] Genesis xxii., 13.
[233] Renan, History of the People of Israel, p. 63.
[234] Genesis xvii., 10.
[235] P. C. Remondino, History of Circumcision, p. 31. Remondino cites Benjamin—David brought 200 prepuces to Saul to show the number of slain Philistines.
[236] Remondino, p. 32.
[237] Exodus, chap. xii.
[238] Joshua, chap. xxiv., v. 14.
[239] Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 149.
[240] Judges, chap. ix.
[241] Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 150.
[242] Judges, chap. xii., v. 38–39.
[243] Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 278.
[244] 2 Samuel, chap. xxi.
[245] Ewald, History of Israel, vol. iv., p. 90.
[246] 2 Kings, chap. xvi., v. 3; and 2 Chronicles, chap. xxviii., v. 3.
[247] 2 Kings, chap. xxi., v. 6.
[248] Hosea, chap. vi., v. 6.
[249] Ibid.
[250] Jeremiah, chap. vii., v. 21 et seq.
[251] Micah, chap. vi., v. 6 et seq.
[252] R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xvi.
[253] The Sabeans were inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Sheba, located in south-western Arabia. According to the records of Mohammed Abu-Taleb Dimeshqi, the Sabeans’ sacrifices were made to the planets when they reached their point of culmination. They sacrificed either a man or a woman according to the divinity who was being worshipped. To the Sun, a selected girl was sacrificed; to the Moon, a man with full face. To Jupiter, a boy three days old, the child of the girl who was sacrificed to the Sun. To Mercury they sacrificed a young man of brownish colour who was a scribe and well educated; to Mars, a very red man with a red head; to Venus, a beautiful woman. These sacrifices were connected with various preparations and mysterious ceremonies.
The following passage, showing the extreme of horrible barbarism, describes one of their sacrificial ceremonies; it is from Dr. D. Chwolsohn’s Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (vol. ii., pp. 28–29).
“On the 8th of August the Sabeans pressed the wine for the gods and called it by many different names. On this day they sacrificed to the gods, in the middle of the forenoon, a new-born male child. First the child was slaughtered, then boiled until it became very soft, when the flesh was taken off (the bones). The flesh was then kneaded with fine flour, oil, saffron, spikenard and other spices, and, according to some, with raisins. It was then made into small cakes of the size of a fig, and baked in a new oven. This was used by the participants in the mystery of Shemal.... No woman, no slave or son of a slave, or no idiot was allowed to eat of it. To the killing and the preparation of the child only three priests were admitted. Everything remaining, such as the bones and other things not eatable, the priests offered as a burnt sacrifice to the gods.”
[Ab (August) Den 8. dieses Monats pressen sie neuen Wein für die Götter und legen ihm viele verschiedene Namen bei. An diesem Tage opfern sie in der Mitte des Vormittags den durch Standbilder dargestellten Göttern ein neugeborenes männliches Kind. Zuerst wird der Knabe geschlachtet und dann gesotten, bis er ganz weich wird, dann wird das Fleisch abgenommen und mit feinem Mehl, Safran, Spikenard, Gewürznelken und Oel (nach der andern Lesart: Rosinen) zusammengeknetet, daraus werden kleine Brode, von der Grösse einer Feige, gemacht (oder geknetet) und in einem neuen (oder eisernen) Ofen gebacken. Dies dient den Theilnehmern an dem Mysterion des Schemal (zur Speise) für das ganze Jahr. Es darf aber kein Weib, kein Sklave, kein Sohn einer Sklaven und kein Wahnsinniger etwas davon essen. Zu dem Schlachten und Zurichten dieses Kindes werden blos drei Priester zugelassen. Alles aber, was von seinen Knochen, Gliedmassen, Knorpeln, Arterien und Nerven übrig geblieben ist, verbrennen die Priester den Göttern zum Opfer.]
[254] R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xxvii.
[255] George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.
[256] George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.
[257] Aghani, vii., 150, quoted by W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 222.
[258] Sale, Introduction to Koran.
[259] Koran, chapter 5, p. 86.
[260] Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. 243.
[261] E. W. Lane, Selections from the Kur-an, Introduction, p. xxi.-xix.
[262] Hamasa, quoted by W. Robinson Smith in Kinship and Marriage, p. 293.
[263] Porphyry, book 2, chap. lvi.
[264] Ammianus, book xxxi., chapter xvi.
[265] Procopius, Bell. Pers., part i., chap. xix.
[266] W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 296.
[267] Trans. by George Sale, Al Koran, chap. vi., p. 114.
[268] Ibid., chap. xvi., p. 218.
[269] Ibid., chap. lxxxi., pp. 480–481.
[270] “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” by Sheik Burhan-ad-deen Alee, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., p. xxxiii.
[271] Id., book x., vol. ii.
[272] “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” vol ii., book x., par. 3.
[273] Id., vol. ii., book x., par. 6.
[274] The commentary of Ahmed Ben Mohammed Khadooree, published A.H. 420 and an authoritative work on the duties of a magistrate.
[275] The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. ii., book ix., chap. ii.
[276] The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., book iv., chap. xiv., pp. 385, 386.
[277] J. P. Mahaffy, Social Life of the Greeks.
[278] Andrew Lang, Homeric Studies.
[279] Thomas D. Seymour, Life in the Homeric Age, p. 139.
[280] Id., p. 139.
[281] Hesiod, Theogony, 483–4; Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.
[282] Pausanias, book 8, chap. viii.
[283] Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, book i., caput 3, par. 5.
[284] Pausanias, book 8, chap. xxviii.
[285] Ibid., book i., chap. xlvi.
[286] Apollodorus, book ii, caput 7, par. 4. Pausanias, book viii., chap, xlviii.
[287] Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.
[288] Apollodorus, book iii., caput 5.
[289] Plato, B. Jowett, vol. iv., p. 216.
[290] Ibid., vol. i., p. 91.
[291] Gortyniorum Leges, Daremberg and Saglio.
[292] “Law Code of the Cretan Gortyna,” American Journal of Archæology, vol. i., p. 335.
[293] Euripides, transl. by Arthur S. Way, vol. iii., p. 345.
[294] Wm. Botsford, Development of the Athenian Constitution, p. 10.
[295] Plutarch, Life of Alcibiades.
[296] Heliodorus, Ethiopica.
[297] G. Glotz, Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.
[298] Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.
[299] Hesiod, Works and Days.
[300] Terence, Adelphi, act v., scene iii.
[301] Musonius, quoted by Glotz.
[302] Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.
[303] Heaut., Terence., act iv., scene i.
[304] Aristophanes, Thesmophor., act v.
[305] Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book i.
[306] Euripides, Ion, 1489.
[307] Plautus, Cestellaria.
[308] Plautus, Casina.
[309] Longus, Daphnis, book i.
[310] Plautus, Cistellaria, act i., scene i.
[311] Poetarum Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta. Ed. Didot, p. 57; Athenæus, Trans. C. D. Yonge, vol. ii., p. 804.
[312] Poet. Comic. Græc. Frag., p. 687; Athenæus, vol. ii., p. 794.
[313] Ibid., p. 710; Ibid., p. 575.
[314] Thesmophoriazusæ, 502, 516.
[315] Euripides, Ion, line 144.
[316] Xenophon, Œconomicus, chapter iv., par. 5.
[317] Ælian, liber ii., caput vii.
[318] Plutarch, Lycurgus (Dryden trans.), vol. i., p. 82.
[319] Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. vii.
[320] Livy, i., 4.
[321] Thos. Collett Sandars, Institutes of Justinian, p. 3.
[322] Sandars, p. 4.
[323] Gibbon, vol. iv., p. 341: “The law of nature instructs most animals to cherish and educate their youthful progeny. The law of reason inculcates to the human species the returns of filial piety. But the exclusive, absolute and perpetual dominion of the father over his children is peculiar to the Roman jurisprudence and seems to be coeval with the foundation of the city.”
[324] Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. 15.
[325] W. A. Hunter, Roman Law, p. 190, calls the conclave of neighbours a “humane and interesting exception.” John P. McLennon, in Primitive Marriage, says it is a “fine example of good old savage law.” According to Hunter, infanticide receives its first customary check when the destruction of males and the eldest female is forbidden: the ancient tribes preferring rather to steal their wives than to rear them.
[326] Dionysius Halic., bk., ii., par. 26.
[327] “Numa Pompilius,” Plutarch, Dryden’s Translations, vol. ix., p. 106: “He is also much to be commended for the repeal, or rather amendment, of that law which gives power to fathers to sell their children; he exempted such as were married, conditionally that it had been with the liking and the consent of their parents; for it seems a hard thing that a woman who had given herself in marriage to a man she judged free, should afterwards find herself living with a slave.”
[328] Valerius Maximus, edition of 1678, lib. v., cap. viii. According to Niebuhr, the story was disbelieved, and the historian himself says it is an invention by those who found it difficult to believe that after three consulships and as many triumphs, Cassius was still in his father’s potestas. Hist. of Rome, vol. ii., p. 167.
[329] Stephen, Hist. of the Criminal Law of England, p. 1.
[330] Ortolan.
[331] Madame Dacier observes upon this passage, that the ancients thought themselves guilty of a heinous offence if they suffered their children to die without having bestowed on them some of their property; it was consequently the custom of the women, before exposing children, to attach to them some jewel or trinket among their clothes, hoping thereby to avoid incurring the guilt above mentioned, and to ease their consciences.
[332] Madame Dacier says that the meaning of this passage is this: Chremes tells his wife that by having given this ring, she has done two good acts instead of one—she has both cleared her conscience and saved the child; for had there been no ring or token exposed with the infant, the finder would not have been at the trouble of taking care of it, but might have left it to perish, never suspecting it would be inquired after, or himself liberally rewarded for having preserved it. (Bohn trans.) See chapters xii. and xiii.
[333] This he says by way of palliating the cruelty he was guilty of in his orders to have the child put to death.
[334] Greenidge, Roman Public Life.
[335] Becker’s Gallus, p. 178.
[336] According to Festus (De Verborum Significatione), there was a celibate fine. Cicero, De Leg., iii., 3, and Val. Max., ii., 9, i.
[337] Becker’s Gallus, p. 179.
Apæcides—“I’ faith, money’s a handsome dowry.” Periphanes—“Indeed it is, when it isn’t encumbered with a wife.”—Plautus, Epidicus, act ii., scene i.
[338] Becker’s Gallus, pp. 42 to 46; Suetonius, Claudius, p. 25; Horace, Epistle, ii., 2, 27; Martial, xii., 57, 14; Plautus, Merc., iii., 4, 78; Roman Life Under the Cæsars, Emile Thomas, p. 59.
[339] M. Dezobry, Rome au Siècle d’Auguste, Plautus, Hecyra, Prologue.
[340] “Those funerals with their horns and trumpets meeting in the Forum” was Horace’s idea of the height of noise.
[341] Becker’s Gallus, p. 46; Martial, vii., 61.
[342] Gaius, ii., 286: “Unmarried persons who by the lex Julia are debarred from taking inheritances and legacies were in olden times considered capable of taking fideicommissa. Likewise childless persons, who by the lex Papia lose half their inheritance and legacies because they have no children, were in the olden time considered capable of taking fideicommissa in full. But afterward by the senatus consultum Pegasianum they were forbidden to take fideicommissa as well as inheritances and legacies. And those were transferred to those persons named in the testament who had children, or if none of them had children, to the populus, just as the rule is regarding legacies and inheritances.”
[343] Tacitus, Ann., iii., p. 28.
[344] Suetonius, Octavius, par. 65.
[345] Suetonius, Life of Claudius, par. 27.
[346] Velia was a town in Liguria destroyed by a mountain slide. It was near the present town of Piacenza, about an hour’s railway ride from Milan. In 1747 the inscription was found, one of the longest that has come down to us, containing six hundred and thirty lines in seven columns.
[347] The usual rate in provinces was twelve per cent. Pliny, Epist., x., 62 (duodenis assibus). Later, Alex. Severus lent money to the poor to enable them to buy land at three per cent.
[348] Tacitus, Ann., iv., 27.
[349] Pliny’s Letters, Letter 72, vol. ii.
[350] Tertullian, Epst., 9.
[351] Digest, xlviii., 9, 5.
[352] De Verborum Significatione, p. 188, edition Lipsiæ, 1880. Line six reads: “Lactaria columna in foro olitorio dicta, quod ibi infantes lacte alendos deferebant.”
[353] M. A. Seneca, Opera. Biponti, 1783.
[354] Hunter, Spartianus, part xvii., p. 67.
[355] Julianus, 611; Walker, p. 77.
[356] Gerardus Noodt, Opera Omnia, 1767. Cornelius Van Binkershoek, Opera Omnia, 1761.
[357] Abdy and Walker, Institutes of Justinian, Appendix A. Ortolan, p. 325.
[358] Duruy, vol. v., p. 175.
[359] Cambridge University Press, p. 122.
[360] Duruy, vol. v., p. 467. E. E. Bryant, Life of Antoninus Pius, p. 122, refers to the inscription at Aquileia of a “præfectus alimentorum” as indicative of what Pius had done.
[361] Hunter, p. 68.
[362] Gibbon, vol. i., p. 497.
[363] Zosimus, book ii., says parents were obliged to sell their children to pay the tax collectors.
[364] Codex Theodosianus, xi., 27, 1–2.
[365] Chapter xx., p. 407, vol. i.
[366] Justinian Code, viii., 52, 2. Quod si exponendam putave it; animadversoni, quæ constituta est, subjacebit.
[367] Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 1. E. A. Freeman, Historical Studies.
[368] Charles Loring Brace, Gesta Christi, p. 111.
[369] W. E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, vol. ii., p. 27.
[370] Barnabas, Epistle, chapter xix.
[371] Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxvii., p. 30.
[372] Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxix., p. 31.
[373] Athanagoras, Plea, chapter xxxv., p. 419.
[374] A. J. Dogour, Recherches sur les Enfants Trouvés, p. 61.
[375] Tertullian, Apologeticus, par. 90.
[376] Tertullian, Ad Nationes, chapter xv.
[377] Clement of Alexandria, Pædagogus, chapter iii., p. 3.
[378] Minucius Felix, Oct., chapters xxx. and xxxi.
[379] Vision of Paul, par. 40.
[380] Codex Theodosianus, xi., xxvii., 1.
[381] Ibid., lib. ii., tit. 27.
[382] Ibid., lib. v., tit. 7 and 8.
[383] Codex Theodosianus, chapter iii., title 3.
[384] Codex Theodosianus.
[385] Terme et Monfalcon, p. 79.
[386] Acta Conciliorum Parisiis, 1715. Tome i., p. 1789. Chapters Concilium Vasense, Anno Christi 442, chapters 9 and 10.
[387] Terme et Monfalcon, p. 80.
[388] S. A. Dunham, Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 8.
[389] Matthew xxviii., 19, 20.
[390] Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, book iii., chapter i.
[391] Theodoretius, History of the Church, book iv., chapter xxx.
[392] Smith and Chetam, Dict. of Ch. Antiq. Missions (see also Socrates, Ecc. Hist., vii., 30; Ozanam, Civilisation chez les Francs, p. 51).
[393] Thomas Moore, History of Ireland, vol. i., p. 49.
[394] Guizot, Civilization, vol. i., p. 429.
[395] La Boulaye, Recherches sur la condition de la femme depuis les Romains jusque au nos jours.
[396] Ammian. Marcell., xvii., 8.
[397] Codex, second edition of Hessels and Kern, xxviii., section 4, and the Wolfenbuttel edition as quoted by Garabed Artin Davoud-Oghlou, Histoire de la législation des Anciens Germains, vol. i., p. 496.
[398] A sou was worth about 1000 grains of silver and the denier had a weight of about 25 grains of silver. Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 465.
[399] Leys Salica, column 491.
[400] J. F. A. Payre, Lois des Francs, pp. 82 and 83. The kings and the nobles wore their hair long, while the plain people wore their hair short, as did the Romans for whom these barbarians had a great contempt.
[401] Dugour, p. 93; Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 613; Lallemand, p. 91.
[402] “Parentes qui cogente necessitate filios suos alimentorum gratia vendiderint ingenuiati eorum non pare juicant. Homo enim liber pretio nullo æstimatur.” Edictum Theodorici, art. 94.
[403] Thomas Hodgkin, The Letters of Cassiodorus, book viii., letter 33.
[404] Terme et Monfalcon, Hist. des Enfants Trouvés, p. 28.
[405] Terme et Monfalcon, p. 84.
[406] Lerousse, Bathilde.
[407] Lebeau, Hist. du Bas Empire, vol. vi., p. 179.
[408] The History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, vol. i., p. 414, translated by Benj. Thorpe.
[409] Laws of Hloth. and Ead., vi. Ine, vii. Æthels., v. i. By the Salic law also (tit. xxvi., art. 6) twelve was fixed as the age of responsibility.
[410] See Laws of Cnut, lxxvii.
[411] Thorpe, p. 414.
[412] Gaillard, p. 83.
[413] Muratori, Antiquates italicæ medii ævi, Mediolani, 1740, vol. iii., p. 587.
[414] Pontani, Opera, Basil, 1566, t. i., chapter xix.
[415] Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85.
[416] Histoire de Languedoc.
[417] Ramcle, p. 34.
[418] Ramcle, p. 360.
[419] Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85. Bulletin Ferussac, pact de la Geog., t. xvi., p. 66.
[420] Ramcle, p. 34. Bullarium Romanorum, t. i., p. 74.
[421] See Bull of Innocent III., 28th of April, 1198.
[422] Beckmann, Histoire des Inventions et Découvertes, tome iv.
[423] Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, “Enfans Trouvés.”
[424] Ramcle, 38. Bullarium Romanorum, Nicholas IV.
[425] Ramcle, p. 40.
[426] Cited by de Breuil.
[427] Histoire de Languedoc, tome iii., p. 43.
[428] Ramcle, p. 63.
[429] Rapport fait à l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Par MM. Dumeril et Coquebert-Monbret. Paris, 1825, p. x.
[430] Considérations sur les Enfants Trouvés, Benoiston de Chateauneuf, p. x.
[431] Gaillard, p. 90.
[432] Gaillard, p. 90.
[433] Id., p. 90. Chateauneuf.
[434] At that time Louis was at war with Germany in the Pays-Bas and in Cologne, and the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars had just been discovered.
[435] Terme et Monfalcon, p. 100.
[436] Gaillard, p. 92.
[437] Curzon, p. 11.
[438] L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, p. 229.
[439] Memorials of London and London Life, ed. by H. T. Riley, p. 549.
[440] W. J. Ashley, The English Economic History, p. 9.
[441] O. J. Dunlop and R. D. Denman, English Apprenticeship and Child Labour, p. 29.
[442] Id., p. 56.
[443] H. T. Riley, Memorials of London and London Life, p. 278.
[444] Act of Henry VIII., passed by the Common Council of London, September 27, 1556. See A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, vol. i., ed. by Ed. Arber, introduction, p. xli.
[445] H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 341.
[446] Rep., 7 and 8 Vict. c. 101, s. 13.
[447] Macaulay, History of England, vol. i., pp. 389 and 390.
[448] Chamberlayne’s State of England; Petty’s Political Arithmetic, chapter viii.; Dunning’s Plain and Easy Method; Firmin’s Proposition for the Employing of the Poor. “It ought to be observed that Firmin was an eminent philanthropist,” Macaulay observes.
[449] H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 388.
[450] The Quarterly Review, vol. lxvii., 1841, pp. 175 and 176.
[451] Alfred, History of the Factory Movement, vol. i., pp. 21, 22.
[452] Quoted in Alfred’s History of the Factory Movement, i., 43.
[453] H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, par. 226, p. 393.
[454] H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 398.
[455] W. Cooke Taylor, Factories and the Factory System, pp. 20 and 21.
[456] H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 402.
[457] Edith Abbott, Journal of American Society, 14, 37.
[458] Edith Abbott, Journal of American Society, 14, 21.
[459] Id., 14, 32.
[460] Duprat, p. 200, and Steinmetz, “Das Verhaltniss zwischen Eltern und Kindern bei den Naturvolken,” Zeitschrift für Socialwissenschaft, vol. i.
[461] Copy of triplicate report, as above indicated.